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Aim: The aim of this review was to critically appraise the evidence on the impact of periodontal treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) biomarkers and outcomes., Methods: A systematic search was performed in Cinhal, Cochrane, Embase and Medline for relevant articles up to July 2012. Duplicate screening and reference hand searching were performed. Data were then summarized and evidence graded in tables., Results: The search resulted in: (a) no evidence on the effects of periodontal therapy on subclinical atherosclerosis, serum levels of CD40 ligand, serum amyloid A and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, (b) limited evidence on the effects of periodontal therapy on arterial blood pressure, leucocyte counts, fibrinogen, tissue necrosis factor-α, sE-selectin, von Willebrand factors, d-dimers, matrix metalloproteinases, oxidative stress and CVD events, and (c) moderate evidence suggesting a negligible effect of periodontal therapy in reducing interleukin-6 and lipids levels, whilst a positive effect in reducing serum C-reactive protein levels and improving endothelial function., Conclusions: Periodontal therapy triggers a short-term inflammatory response followed by (a) a progressive and consistent reduction of systemic inflammation and (b) an improvement in endothelial function. There is however limited evidence that these acute and chronic changes will either increase or reduce CVD burden of individuals suffering from periodontitis in the long term., (© 2013 European Federation of Periodontology and American Academy of Periodontology.)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of within subject and within tooth variability of attachment-level measurements on hypothesis testing. Full-mouth attachment-level measurements were obtained at 4 sites per tooth in early onset periodontitis subjects (both localized N = 89 and generalized N = 139) and adult periodontitis subjects (N = 309). Variance component models utilizing iterative generalized least squares were employed to estimate the % of variance distributed at the level of the site, tooth and subject in the 3 subject populations. The data indicate that a significant % of the variance is distributed within the tooth and the subject. Ignoring the variance attributable to teeth or subjects can result in inappropriately low type I error rates for hypothesis testing. Thus, both the subjects and the tooth must be considered in the modeling of attachment level measurements. Also in studies in which a limited number of samples are taken, data analysis would be simplified if these samples were taken from different teeth.

In order to appropriately carry out a longitudinal assessment of periodontal attachment loss in individuals with untreated periodontitis, reliable criteria for determining "real" changes in attachment level (AL) are required. In the present study, 25 subjects were to be examined every 2 months for up to 2 years to determine changes in AL and to relate clinical and laboratory criteria to such changes. Trained examiners for the study underwent calibration trials to determine inter-examiner and intra-examiner reliability both before the study and at intervals during the study. It was found that AL measurements were in agreement within 2 mm more than 95% of the time. The calibration trials provided an estimate of the error in attachment loss measurements, since no "real" attachment loss had occurred. From estimates of measurement error, the probability of false positive changes were determined. It was found that acceptable false positive rates (less than 5%) could be achieved if 2 examiners each detected 3 mm change at a given site or if 2 examiners each detected 2 mm change at a site and verified that this change persisted at a subsequent examination. The results of the longitudinal trial were then compared to the probability estimates calculated from the calibration trials. It was found that probabilities of AL changes detected during the longitudinal trial for less stringent conditions than described above (e.g., single examiner, 2 examiners unconfirmed) were similar to to previously estimated false positive rates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Clinical trials for anti-gingivitis and anti-plaque agents commonly use the mean of Silness and Löe plaque indices and Löe and Silness gingival indices as response variables. The aim of this report is to determine if data from anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis clinical trials using Silness and Löe plaque indices and Löe and Silness gingival indices satisfy conditions necessary for the use of the univariate or multivariate approach to repeated measures. These conditions are multivariate normality, homogeneity of variance-covariance matrices, and for the univariate approach, a type-H variance-covariance matrix. Data from 5 separate clinical trials representing a wide range in sample size, pretreatment mean gingival and plaque indices and treatment effects were used to test these conditions. Either the univariate or multivariate approach to repeated measures was found to be appropriate for both responses of the 5 clinical trials. Thus, means of Silness & Löe and Löe and Silness gingival indices meet the necessary conditions for use of either the univariate and/or multivariate approach to repeated measures. However, significant time-treatment interactions are a common occurrence in these types of clinical trials and must be evaluated carefully. The analyses in this study were carried out using SAS. Other mainframe statistical software packages and many micro-computer statistical software packages have routines to analyze repeated measures experiments with analysis of variance methods. However, some of the packages may omit the multivariate approach to repeated measures or may not include interactions between within-subject and between-subject effects. These packages should be used with caution.