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Chen, J.; Lu, L.; Lu, J., and Luo, Y., 2015. An early-warning system for shipping market crisis using climate index. The shipping market is always in volatility according to complex impact factors. This paper develops a new operational early warning system (EWS) model based on the economy cycle theory for predicting shipping market crises. To achieve this goal this paper analyses and extends the early warning system by constructing the 'climate index'. Taking industry capacity and profit level into account, several indicators are selected for the synthesis of climate index. These indicators are divided into three categories of the leading, coincident and lagging with time difference correlation analysis and cluster analysis approach. Advantageously accessible to extensive resources, multiple datasets are available for the selected indicators. In terms of the economic cycle theory, diffusion and composite indices of global shipping prosperity are presented by using the factor analysis, predicts composite indices and market situation with the climate index curve and signals. As an empirical example, a climate index for Shanghai container shipping market is developed in order to demonstrate its potential usefulness as an early warning system. It turns out this model can provide a powerful tool for the operators and investors to understand the market trend and avoid the price risk. Additionally, early warning software is developed to put this idea into practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ly, N.T.H. and Hoan N.T., 2018. Determination of nearshore wave climate using a transformation matrix from offshore wave data. In: Almar, R.; Almeida, L.P.; Viet, N.T., and Sall, M. (eds.), Tropical Coastal and Estuarine Dynamics. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 81, pp. 14–21. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Nearshore wave climate is important for the assessment of coastal process and morphological changes. For port engineers, nearshore wave climate is crucial for the determination of operational conditions and downtime analysis. The nearshore wave climate is often derived by translation of the 10 to 30-year offshore time series to nearshore. Direct transformation of such large amount of observations is not feasible, since it requires an extremely long computational time. This paper describes an advanced technique to quickly derive nearshore wave conditions from offshore wave data. First, determination of matrix of boundary conditions in which matrix nodes are chosen to cover wave conditions at offshore boundary. Then, simulations of wave for each condition as described in the selected matrix of offshore conditions. The results are used to determine the matrix of wave conditions for any given nearshore location. This matrix consists of factors that specify the relation between the offshore (model forcing) and nearshore (model results) wave parameters. With this matrix, offshore wave observations can be translated to any nearshore location. With this technique, a 30-year long time series of offshore wave measurement can be rapidly (less than 2 days) translated to nearshore wave conditions. This paper discusses in detail the working principles of the technique, as well important aspects such as the optimization of boundary conditions matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wang, X.; Jiang, R.; Xie, J.; Zhao, Y.; Li, F., and Zhu, J., 2019. Multiscale variability of precipitation and their teleconnection with large-scale climate anomalies: A case study of Xi'an city, China. In: Guido-Aldana, P.A. and Mulahasan, S. (eds.), Advances in Water Resources and Exploration. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 93, pp. 417–426. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. The changes of precipitation affect the urban rainstorm waterlogging and water resources management, which have important influences on the sustainable development of society. The primary objective of the paper is to provide theoretical basis for local water resources management and disaster prevention and reduction by analyzing the multiscale variability of precipitation and their teleconnection with large-scale climate anomalies in Xi'an city of China. The change characteristics of precipitation and extreme precipitation indices were investigated using Mann-Kendall test, Spearman's rank correlation and wavelet analysis. The cross wavelet transform and wavelet coherence were used to explore the correlations between the precipitation and large-scale teleconnection indices such as Arctic Oscillation (AO), Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and sunspot. Results indicate that: the precipitation was mainly concentrated in summer, followed by autumn. The annual, seasonal and monthly precipitation except June and August had decreasing trends, and the magnitudes of precipitation decrease were more pronounced in spring, April and November. The change patterns varied for extreme precipitation indices. The temporal variation in extreme precipitation indices indicated that the extreme precipitation events had mainly increased during 1971-1990 and 1991-2017, and decreased during 1951-1970 and 1951-2017, especially, increased more pronounced during 1991-2017 and decreased more pronounced during 1951-1970. The precipitation exhibited a fluctuant change from increase to decrease, then increase to decrease and finally increase trends, and there was an abrupt change point in 1965. The annual precipitation had statistically significant cycles of 3-5 year and 7-10 year at 5% significance level. The large-scale teleconnection indices affected the precipitation in Xi'an city. The phase differences between precipitation and teleconnection indices including AO and SOI were in-phase dominated, and anti-phase dominated between precipitation and teleconnection indices including ENSO and sunspot, indicating that the AO and SOI exerted positive climate impacts on the precipitation and vice-versa for ENSO and sunspot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The changes of precipitation affect the urban rainstorm waterlogging and water resources management, which have important influences on the sustainable development of society. The primary objective of the paper is to provide theoretical basis for local water resources management and disaster prevention and reduction by analyzing the multiscale variability of precipitation and their teleconnection with large-scale climate anomalies in Xi'an city of China. The change characteristics of precipitation and extreme precipitation indices were investigated using Mann-Kendall test, Spearman's rank correlation and wavelet analysis. The cross wavelet transform and wavelet coherence were used to explore the correlations between the precipitation and large-scale teleconnection indices such as Arctic Oscillation (AO), Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), El Niño- Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and sunspot. Results indicate that: the precipitation was mainly concentrated in summer, followed by autumn. The annual, seasonal and monthly precipitation except June and August had decreasing trends, and the magnitudes of precipitation decrease were more pronounced in spring, April and November. The change patterns varied for extreme precipitation indices. The temporal variation in extreme precipitation indices indicated that the extreme precipitation events had mainly increased during 1971-1990 and 1991-2017, and decreased during 1951-1970 and 1951-2017, especially, increased more pronounced during 1991-2017 and decreased more pronounced during 1951-1970. The precipitation exhibited a fluctuant change from increase to decrease, then increase to decrease and finally increase trends, and there was an abrupt change point in 1965. The annual precipitation had statistically significant cycles of 3-5 year and 7-10 year at 5% significance level. The large-scale teleconnection indices affected the precipitation in Xi'an city. The phase differences between precipitation and teleconnection indices including AO and SOI were in-phase dominated, and anti-phase dominated between precipitation and teleconnection indices including ENSO and sunspot, indicating that the AO and SOI exerted positive climate impacts on the precipitation and vice-versa for ENSO and sunspot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chen, L., 2020. The green building design of subtropical ocean climate adaptability. In: Li, L. and Huang, X. (eds.), Sustainable Development in Coastal Regions: A Perspective of Environment, Economy, and Technology. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 112, pp. 50-54. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. With the increasing global warming, climate change has affected human survival and development, which has become an important problem facing the world. Therefore, green building has become the most important development trend, which is an important measure of the corresponding sustainable development strategy. Through green building, China can implement energy conservation and emission reduction strategy, which will better deal with global warming. Green building needs mult-disciplinary technology combination, which needs to set the design goal according to the local environment, form and function. By strengthening the natural regulation of climate, green buildings can better apply the environmental climate change, which will meet the requirements of energy conservation and health. This paper mainly studies the adaptability of the subtropical marine climate green building, which can better design the building in line with energy conservation, health and function. Taking Guangzhou as an example, this paper analyzes the adaptive design of green building through examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Watson, P.J., 2016. How to improve estimates of real-time acceleration in the mean sea level signal. In: Vila-Concejo, A.; Bruce, E.; Kennedy, D.M., and McCarroll, R.J. (eds.), Proceedings of the 14th International Coastal Symposium (Sydney, Australia). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue, No. 75, pp. 780-784. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. One of the most critical environmental issues confronting mankind into the foreseeable future remains the ominous spectre of climate change, in particular the pace at which impacts will occur and our capacity to adapt. Sea level rise is one of the key artefacts of climate change that will have profound impacts on global coastal populations. Although extensive research has been undertaken into this issue, there remains considerable conjecture and scientific debate about the temporal changes in mean sea level and the climatic and associated physical forcings responsible for them. Over recent years, significant debate has centered around the issue of a measurable acceleration in mean sea level, a feature central to projections based on the current knowledge of climate science. To reduce this uncertainty, it is necessary to determine the better performing analytical approaches for isolating the mean sea level signal from long, individual ocean water level time series with improved temporal resolution. This paper summarises the testing and development of an analytical tool designed specifically to enhance real-time estimates of velocity and acceleration in mean sea level derived from contemporary ocean water level data sets. The long ocean water level record at San Francisco, USA has been used to highlight the application and utility of the improved approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Watson, P.J., 2015. Development of a unique synthetic data set to improve sea-level research and understanding. One of the most fundamental, critical environmental issues confronting mankind into the foreseeable future remains the ominous spectre of climate change, in particular the pace at which impacts will occur and our capacity to adapt. Sea-level rise is one of the key artefacts of climate change that will have profound effects on global coastal populations. Although extensive research has been undertaken into this issue, there remains considerable conjecture and scientific debate about the temporal changes in mean sea level and the climatic and associated physical forcings responsible for them. In particular, over recent years, significant debate has centred around the issue of a measurable acceleration in ocean water-level records, a feature central to projections based on the current knowledge of climate science. The complexity of the dynamic influences and noise embedded within ocean water-level data sets has led sea-level research toward successively more sophisticated time series analytical techniques to estimate the trend. In the absence of an absolute knowledge of the mean sea-level signal (or trend) for a particular record, the accuracy of the trend has increasingly been inferred from the assumed sophistication of the underpinning analytical approach applied to the data record. An innovative and transparent process by which to identify the most efficient analytical technique for isolating the mean sea-level signal is to test such approaches against 'synthetic' (or custom built) data sets with a known mean sea-level signal. This paper details the development of a monthly average data set to meet the aforementioned objective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wu, Y.; Cao, H., and Feng, G., 2015. Prospective study on applications of non-equilibrium thermodynamics to climate modeling. While focusing on the ability of climate models, this paper demonstrates the role and status of atmospheric dynamics and thermodynamics in building and developing climate models. Possible reasons for the insufficiency in climate models are analyzed, and the significance of non-equilibrium thermodynamics in further development of climate models, especially of regional climate models, is put forward. Besides, in non-equilibrium thermodynamics, the second law of thermodynamics indicates that, in an isolated system, irreversible process develops along the direction of increasing entropy whatever status the system is at the beginning, while the minimum entropy production principle states that non-equilibrium open system grows toward the status with minimum entropy production, which can be used as the development criterion for the non-equilibrium open system. As the typical open non-equilibrium system, atmospheric system undoubtedly follows some of the theorems of non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Therefore, the non-equilibrium thermodynamics theory has broad applicational prospects in climate modeling and prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zhang, M., 2020. The traditional settlement and architectural space form of Hainan based on marine climate. In: Li, L. and Huang, X. (eds.), Sustainable Development in Coastal Regions: A Perspective of Environment, Economy, and Technology. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 112, pp. 15-18. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. The study of traditional marine settlements and architectural space forms has important practical value for the scientific and reasonable development and management of Hainan tourism resources, and is conducive to promoting the heritage and protection of Hainan traditional settlements and architectural space. Based on this, this paper first analyzes the inheritance and protection of the construction techniques of traditional settlements and architectural space, then studies the differences between the marine climate and environmental conditions of Hainan and the spatial forms of traditional settlements in Hainan, and finally gives the causes of the differences in the spatial forms of traditional settlements in Hainan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Duan, S.H., 2020.Three-dimensional interior design study considering the impacts of marine climate. In: Bai, X. and Zhou, H. (eds.), Advances in Water Resources, Environmental Protection, and Sustainable Development. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 115, pp. 247-249. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. In modern interior design, the three-dimensional design software, with its obvious advantages and functional characteristics, promotes the interior design work to a higher and farther direction. The information sharing function of 3D design software can realize the interactive use and comprehensive application of various kinds of information, which brings a very solid and reliable guarantee for interior design. Therefore, in the future interior design, it is necessary to increase the interactive use of 3D design software, promote it to achieve information sharing, and promote interior design more real and efficient. This paper mainly aims at the related problems of 3D indoor design under the condition of marine climate use environment, analyzes the problems and damage caused by marine environment deeply, and gives the 3D indoor design which is easy to affect under the condition of high salt spray and high corrosion in marine climate environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wang, W.-L. and Luo, B., 2020. Lingnan architecture design based on ocean climate adaptability. In: Qiu, Y.; Zhu, H., and Fang, X. (eds.), Current Advancements in Marine and Coastal Research for Technological and Sociological Applications. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 107, pp. 226-229. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. With the rapid development of national economy, interior design in coastal areas should not only meet the requirements of people to avoid wind and rain, cold and summer, but also gradually change to meet the direction of spiritual entertainment. However, there are many differences between the Coastal Ocean monsoon climate and the land climate environment, which will seriously affect the regional architecture and interior design. Lingnan is a typical marine climate area. Therefore, the interior design of Lingnan architecture needs to adapt to the marine climate, which requires us to adapt to the marine climate from multiple perspectives, such as lighting, building materials, local structures, etc. Lingnan area has the unique topography and climate characteristics of the ocean, which creates the settlement building form with the characteristics of the ocean. Frequent summer rainfall and year-round humidity are the main characteristics of marine climate in Lingnan area. At the same time, the erosiveness of sea breeze and sea steam in Lingnan area is also the main problem to be solved in interior design. By conforming to the marine climate environment, Lingnan architectural design can better meet people's psychological needs and spiritual entertainment needs. Firstly, this paper analyzes the characteristics of marine climate in Lingnan area. Then it lists the typical indoor design scheme of marine climate, which can better meet the needs of people's life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Western Australia, coastal dynamics are influenced by a major ocean boundary current system, the Leeuwin Current, which is characterised by mesoscale features. To fully understand the Leeuwin Current using satellite altimeter measurements, we must have a precise (1-2 cm) and full-spatial-scale (<100 km) geoid model. This paper focuses on a comparison between two mean dynamic ocean topography models derived from independent hydrographic climatologies, and an altimeter-observed mean sea surface referenced to recently released geoid models offshore of Western Australia (20°S to 45°S, 108°E to 130°E). The geoid models used include combined global geopotential models from the GRACE satellite mission and AUSGeoid98. The estimated mean dynamic ocean topography models are compared with independent dynamic ocean topography from CSIRO's Atlas of Regional Seas (CARS) climatology. The results show that the EIGEN-GL04C and GGM02C + EGM96 global geopotential models to degree and order 360 give the best comparisons against CARS in the Leeuwin Current region, suggesting that they should be used in the future for computing ocean transport, surface current velocities, and dynamic topography, and be used as a reference field for future computations of regional marine geoid models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guo, W., 2020. Climate adaptability of green buildings in coastal areas. In: Gong, D.; Zhang, M., and Liu, R. (eds.), Advances in Coastal Research: Engineering, Industry, Economy, and Sustainable Development. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 106, pp. 368–371. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. The survival and development of human beings cannot be separated from a dependence on the sea. However, with the increase of human activities, the natural environment, especially the coastal environment, continues to deteriorate, and human beings have to strengthen the protection of nature. Therefore, the green building movement, especially green building design adapted to the natural climate environment, has become a current research hotspot. This paper introduces design strategies for green buildings based on climate adaptability, elasticity, and technology for buildings in coastal areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mösso, C.; Gracia, V.; Mestres, M.; Sierra, J.P., and Sánchez-Arcilla, A., 2020. Sediment mobility at Fangar Bay entrance (NW Spanish Mediterranean): Management implications under present and future climates. In: Malvárez, G. and Navas, F. (eds.), Global Coastal Issues of 2020. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 95, pp. 894-899. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Managing coastal lagoons, under present and particularly future climate scenarios, requires a robust and yet effective hydro-morphodynamic coupling. This is because the limited water depth and mouth width effectively restrict water renovation and control water quality. This has been applied to a Mediterranean coastal bay where warming and anoxia events are becoming more severe associated to the global temperature increases. The proposed coupling in terms of a sediment motion initiation criteria can be used for coupling hydrodynamic and morphodynamic models and can also be applied as a proxy for a sustainable management of these and another similar coastal case. The paper explores such an approach for the Fangar bay, in the Ebro delta (Spanish Mediterranean coast). However, the technique and conclusions can be applied to any micro-tidal semi-enclosed domain exposed to increasing warming and constrained by morphodynamic evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Du, H. and Lv, T., 2019. Dynamic updating algorithm of temporal oriented marine climate database. In: Guido-Aldana, P.A. and Mulahasan, S. (eds.), Advances in Water Resources and Exploration. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 93, pp. 518–523. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. In order to improve the information management ability of marine climate data, a dynamic updating model of temporal oriented marine climate database is constructed, and a dynamic updating method of temporal oriented marine climate database based on association rule feature decomposition and marine climate data integration fusion technology is proposed. The temporal oriented marine climate database is collected by using the method of Internet of things networking and sensor node networking, and the dynamic updating and fusion of temporal oriented marine climate database information is carried out by using the distributed phase space recombination method, and the statistical features of temporal oriented marine climate database are extracted, and the similarity model of large scale temporal oriented marine climate database feature distribution is formed. The machine learning method is used to carry out the fuzzy iteration of temporal marine climate database, and the piecewise linear test and statistical regression analysis method are used to realize the quantitative recurrent analysis of temporal oriented marine climate database, and the dynamic updating and feature reconstruction of temporal oriented marine climate database are carried out in the recurrent graph. The simulation results show that the dynamic updating of temporal oriented marine climate database is stable and the degree of information fusion is good. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the information management ability of marine climate data, a dynamic updating model of temporal oriented marine climate database is constructed, and a dynamic updating method of temporal oriented marine climate database based on association rule feature decomposition and marine climate data integration fusion technology is proposed. The temporal oriented marine climate database is collected by using the method of Internet of things networking and sensor node networking, and the dynamic updating and fusion of temporal oriented marine climate database information is carried out by using the distributed phase space recombination method, and the statistical features of temporal oriented marine climate database are extracted, and the similarity model of large scale temporal oriented marine climate database feature distribution is formed. The machine learning method is used to carry out the fuzzy iteration of temporal marine climate database, and the piecewise linear test and statistical regression analysis method are used to realize the quantitative recurrent analysis of temporal oriented marine climate database, and the dynamic updating and feature reconstruction of temporal oriented marine climate database are carried out in the recurrent graph. The simulation results show that the dynamic updating of temporal oriented marine climate database is stable and the degree of information fusion is good. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the following items affecting the comprehensionand evaluation of the 'sea-level rise' phenomenon and an accurate determination of real present values and trends: (1) the question of the carbon dioxide increasing production rate related to its predictable atmospheric accumulation rate; (2) the question of the incidence ofthis further rate in the 'greenhouse effect'; (3) the question of suitably discerning its real singular impact in the present climatic change and, consequently, of accurately predicting future trends, and (4) the question of relating the 'sea-level rise' trend to short and long term trends of the 'climate change'. It discusses the subsidence factor in sea-level changes and its time-spatial variability and the different phenomena usually included in it, as a major element of confusion; the general and local factors and the different conditions between the Mediterranean and North-Atlantic (East-North America and Northwest Continental-European, where most of the surveys have been developed and issued) coasts. The paper also considers different impactsattributed to sea-level rise on coastal and shoreline evolution, critically analyzing some conclusions on coastal engineering and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yao, L. and Zhang, H., 2018. Design and realization of the water resources carrying capacity evaluation model for marine climate cities. In: Ashraf, M.A. and Chowdhury, A.J.K. (eds.), Coastal Ecosystem Responses to Human and Climatic Changes throughout Asia. To improve the living environment of marine climate cities and the carrying level of water resources under maritime climate conditions, a water resources balance scheduling and cycle control-based evaluation model was proposed. The water balance model of marine climate cities was constructed using Gauss-Newton iteration and the volume square root particle filter method. According to the importance of density function, the confidence interval of the water resources carrying capacity level was analyzed, and the optimal allocation of the water resources carrying capacity based on the particle swarm optimization algorithm was made. Using the reduction coefficient of water resources retention to mechanically control the carrying capacity, the water resources carrying capacity evaluation of a marine climate city was achieved. In the embedded environment, software development and design of the water resources carrying capacity evaluation model were performed. The software system of the water resources carrying capacity evaluation model includes the water resources flow evaluation system, water resources mechanical evaluation system, and program compiler, connector, debugger, and other subsystems. Under the control of the kernel decompression program, the executable code was generated by the mechanical evaluation program compiled to realize the software development and model optimization design of the water resources carrying capacity evaluation model. The simulation results showed that this evaluation method presented good forecasting performance of the water resources carrying capacity of marine climate cities and that this improved the monitoring and judgment ability of climate in the adjacent areas. By combining climate regulation and artificial intervention, the maritime climate conditions and the cycle control level of water resources can be improved, which promotes a good application value in climate regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the forcing of the residual circulation in a tropical estuary, Baía de Todos os Santos, Brazil (BTS). A numerical model (Regional Ocean Modeling System), forced with climatological means, was used to investigate the seasonal roles of the tide, wind, net heat, surface water fluxes, and river discharge on the residual circulation. The tide is the main driver of the circulation and its residual flow is structured at the bay mouth with a net-landward flow in the channel center and a net-seaward flow on the shoulders. The addition of wind drag affected the surface circulation, forcing W-bound (N-bound) currents in the spring-summer (fall-winter) months and generating a positive sea-level slope toward the continent. The addition of heat and surface water fluxes to the simulation established an incipient gravitational circulation, mainly because of the large (approximately 0.2°C/km) temperature gradients in the summer. The river discharge, added last, was second to the tide in driving the residual circulation in the BTS and established the gravitational circulation through most of the bay, including the bay mouth. The residual velocities attained magnitudes smaller than 0.13 ms-1 in the main channel and were seasonally controlled, with stronger currents during the summer when the river discharge peaked. The onset of the baroclinic forcing (heat and surface water fluxes plus river discharge) reduced the e-folding flushing time by a factor of five relative to the experiment with barotropic forcing (wind and tides) only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tõnisson, H.; Suursaar, Ü.; Kont, A.; Muru, M.; Rivis, R.; Rosentau, A.; Tamura, T., and Vilumaa, K., 2018. Rhythmic patterns of coastal formations as signs of past climate fluctuations on uplifting coasts of Estonia, the Baltic Sea. In: Shim, J.-S.; Chun, I., and Lim, H.S. (eds.), Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2018 (Busan, Republic of Korea). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 85, pp. 611–615. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. On uplifting and tideless Baltic Sea Coasts in Estonia, a number of elevated mid to late Holocene beach ridge systems with rhythmic patterns are identified. Such uplifted coastal formations serve as archives of past variations in sea level and climate, as well as extreme events. Luminescence dating and interpretation of airborne LiDAR elevation data were used to identify the main formation mechanisms of such beach ridge systems. More extensive (up to 100–150 ridges) and clearer ridge patterns were found on faster emerging (uplift rates around 3 mm/yr) and well-exposed western and northern coasts, where they were located on the heights of up to 18 m. The average temporal periodicity (30–40 years) in such ridge systems is in good agreement with 25–40 year cyclicity, which is detectable in Estonian tide-gauge records, wave hindcasts, regional storminess and the NAO indices. However, typical average ridge spacing was 2–3 times longer in the study areas with lower (0.5–2 mm/yr) uplift rates. It suggests that the cyclicity in ridges depends on uplift rate and is additionally enhanced or modified by decadal-scale variations in forcing conditions that is locally available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Idier, D.; Falqués, A.; Garcin, M., and Rohmer, J., 2018. How observed kilometric sandy shoreline undulations depend on wave climate. In: Shim, J.-S.; Chun, I., and Lim, H.S. (eds.), Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2018 (Busan, Republic of Korea). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 85, pp. 191–195. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Coastlines sometimes exhibit km-scale undulations, also called shoreline sandwaves. This work focuses on self-organized undulations and investigates how frequent they are, on which parameters they depend and whether existing theories of morphodynamic instabilities can explain them. We perform a wavelet analysis on shoreline data from areas appearing free of human or geological constraints and representing totally 1268 km around the world. It is found that 61% of cases exhibit undulations with wavelengths in the range 1–10 km. The wave parameter that correlates the best with their existence is the incidence angle with respect to shore normal and, to a lesser extent, the closure depth. The shoreline undulation probability increases with the angle, from 50% for low angles to almost 100% for large angles, suggesting that the High-Angle Wave Instability mechanism (HAWI) would be their primary cause, but that Low-Angle Wave Instability (LAWI) may also play a role. These results are consistent with recent theoretical investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peng, Z. and Bradon, J, 2016. A Comprehensive 3-D Hydrodyanmic Model in Arabian Gulf. In: Vila-Concejo, A.; Bruce, E.; Kennedy, D.M., and McCarroll, R.J. (eds.), Proceedings of the 14th International Coastal Symposium (Sydney, Australia). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue, No. 75, pp. 547-551. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. A 3-D comprehensive hydrodynamic model in the Arabian Gulf was developed by employing the latest bathymetry data, multiple vertical layers, calibrated atmospheric conditions and tidal forcing, HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model reanalysis data, as well as the spatial- and temporal- varying climatological data, including cloudiness, relative humidity, air temperature and net solar radiation. This 3-D comprehensive hydrodynamic model in the Arabian Gulf was extensively calibrated and validated across the whole Arabian Gulf for water levels, currents, salinity and temperature. Model results are in good agreement with measurements and satellite data. This newly developed model is proven to be capable of accurately simulating hydrodynamics and the climatology over the whole Arabian Gulf. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence of oil spills in coastal regions may have catastrophic consequences on the environment and severe socio-economic impacts. This work presents a new methodology to evaluate the risk associated with oil spills in coastal zones and estuaries, and illustrates its application in a coastal lagoon (Ria de Aveiro, Portugal). A ranked list of the hydrodynamic scenarios under which oil spills are most likely generated through the analysis of 33 years of wave and wind data, retrieved from the ERA-INTERIM project database, and from the analysis of oil spills that occurred in the Atlantic Iberian shelf. Considering six spill locations and a single oil type spill inside the Aveiro harbor, the database resulted in approximately 3500 simulations. Hydrodynamic simulations were made with the MORSYS2D modeling system, a soft coupling of the hydrodynamic model ELCIRC and the wave model SWAN. The high-accuracy, unstructured grid, oil fate model VOILS was used in 2D mode to simulate the transport and the oil weathering processes at the surface and in the intertidal areas. The hazard assessment analysis included the determination of the trajectory of the plumes, the shoreline retention areas affected by the oil and their oil exposure time. Time evolution of the oil properties, such as the oil evaporation rate and emulsification processes of the mixture, are provided to support clean-up operations, as well as robustness controls such as oil mass balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

den Boer, S., Azevedo, A., Vaz, L., Costa, R., Fortunato, A.B., Oliveira, A., Tomás, L.M., Dias, J.M., Rodrigues, M., 2014. Development of an oil spill hazard scenarios database for risk assessment. In: Green, A.N. and Cooper, J.A.G. (eds.), Proceedings 13th International Coastal Symposium (Durban, South Africa), Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 70, pp. 539-544, ISSN 0749-0208. The occurrence of oil spills in coastal regions may have catastrophic consequences on the environment and severe socio-economic impacts. This work presents a new methodology to evaluate the risk associated with oil spills in coastal zones and estuaries, and illustrates its application in a coastal lagoon (Ria de Aveiro, Portugal). A ranked list of the hydrodynamic scenarios under which oil spills are most likely generated through the analysis of 33 years of wave and wind data, retrieved from the ERA-INTERIM project database, and from the analysis of oil spills that occurred in the Atlantic Iberian shelf. Considering six spill locations and a single oil type spill inside the Aveiro harbor, the database resulted in approximately 3500 simulations. Hydrodynamic simulations were made with the MORSYS2D modeling system, a soft coupling of the hydrodynamic model ELCIRC and the wave model SWAN. The high-accuracy, unstructured grid, oil fate model VOILS was used in 2D mode to simulate the transport and the oil weathering processes at the surface and in the intertidal areas. The hazard assessment analysis included the determination of the trajectory of the plumes, the shoreline retention areas affected by the oil and their oil exposure time. Time evolution of the oil properties, such as the oil evaporation rate and emulsification processes of the mixture, are provided to support clean-up operations, as well as robustness controls such as oil mass balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seasonal enhancement in the flux of total suspended matter (TSM) has been attributed to climatology of the SWmonsoon (SWM) in time-series trap experiments conducted in the Arabian Sea. To determine the influence of climate on TSM flux, synoptic variations in TSM have been obtained and evaluated during the SWM and the pre- and the postmonsoon seasons over the continental margin of the SE Arabian Sea during 2007. High TSM during the SWM (>82 mg l-1) over the entire inner shelf was found. Contrary to the distribution over the inner shelf, there occurs uniformly low TSM (12-24 mg l-1) over the entire outer shelf (water depth >30 m) year round. Therefore it is proposed that the higher fluvial flux during the SWM does not necessarily enhance the supply of TSM into the offshore regions of the SE Arabian Sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Storm-induced flooding and other damage present a major problem as the coastal population continues to increase rapidly and sea level keeps rising. To predict the path and landfall of a hurricane or other coastal storm and assess the damage, emergency managers and scientists need continuous information on the storm's path, strength, predicted landfall, and expected damage over large areas. Satellite and airborne remote sensors can provide the required information in a timely and reliable way, as demonstrated by a case study of hurricane Katrina's impact on New Orleans and surrounding areas. Satellite images and hurricane hunter planes were used to track hurricane Katrina, with modelers predicting accurately its path, strength, surge level, and landfall location. Shore-based radars were used to confirm the data as the hurricane approached land. Medium- and high-resolution satellite sensors, helicopters, and aircraft were employed to assess damage to the city, including transportation, power, and communication infrastructures, and to adjacent wetlands and other coastal ecosystems. The lessons learned from hurricane Katrina are helping to optimize future approaches for tracking hurricanes and predicting their impact on coastal ecosystems and developed areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the centuries, London has progressively encroached into the tidal Thames River as it has developed into a ''World City''. This encroachment has exacerbated the flood risk to new and adjacent land, despite continual upgrading of flood defences. The pressure for further encroachment remains, despite the new threat of human-induced climate change—that is, the combined effect of (1) increased peak river flow in the winter, (2) more intense precipitation events, (3) accelerated sea-level rise, and possibly (4) more severe storms and resulting storm surges. Costly upgrade of defences is inevitable to manage the increased flood risk, and this has caused a re-evaluation of the Thames Estuary's flood defence program. For the first time, managed realignment in urban areas is being considered as a flood management tool. This offers a range of potential benefits including (1) increasing storage for floodwater, (2) improving ecological functioning, (3) improving riverside access for people, and (4) reversing the long-term trend of encroachment into the river. Planned managed realignment can widen the scope for future defence upgrade, but has been limited in urbanised areas. Several projects in London (e.g., Tate Modern and Millennium Dome) have shown that realignment can achieve the benefits described above, which supports the government's recent ''Making Space for Water'' policy. This study investigates the feasibility of managed realignment in the Thames Estuary. Fragmentation between flood defence and spatial development policies, lack of political support, and riverside encroachment continue to delay urban realignment projects. Successful application will require long-term planning (over decades) that exploits all opportunities for landward realignment offered by redevelopment. With the uncertainties behind climate change and more development in the ''Thames Gateway'', further research is needed to understand the contribution of urban realignment to any flood management strategy that may be applied to other coastal urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents findings regarding the origination and evolution of a large train of internal solitary waves as observed through Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). The internal wave train under study propagates into deeper waters away from the coast and, most important, appears to be generated at a well-defined point along a steep topographic variation. The shallow bottom topography revealed itself in the SAR image and provided the opportunity to determine, with a large level of accuracy, the precise area where an internal bore originated. The bore traveled east and broke up into a train of solitary waves. The packet's phase speed, wave amplitude, mixed-layer depth, and density difference for a two-layer structure were remotely estimated based on measurements made from the SAR image, the knowledge of the local bathymetry, historical climatological data, and a two-layer model. Farther along the propagation path the internal waves exhibited an extremely large degree of dispersion, which was related to changing stratification conditions along the travel direction that are probably a consequence of the seasonal intrusion into the region of the low salinity plume of the Yangtze River. Monitoring changes in the dispersion characteristics of a soliton train from one tidal period to the next could, therefore, render remote information regarding changing stratification conditions in the area. This particularly long train of internal waves consisted of seven packets that traveled for three days along a well-defined direction. A new analytical model, termed the Dnoidal model, was used to describe the development of the internal waves with time. The extended life of this phenomenon provided an exceptional opportunity to monitor and model its evolution as well as to assess the effects of dispersion as the solitary internal waves propagated east, away from the China coast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-resolution .seismic reflection profiles and bottom sediment samples indicate that the seafloor south of Provincetown Hook, Massachusetts, at a water depth of 3 to 20 meters, is formed of relict shoreline features. Much of this morphology was constructed during the late Wisconsin regression 13,500 years ago and the Holocene transgression that began less than 13,500 years ago and reached a depth of 8 meters 4500 years ago, 6 meters 4000 years ago, 2 meters 1500 years ago, and near its present level less than 1000 years ago. The morphology of the seafloor reflecting modern-day processes is restricted to a narrow inner zone, where depths are less than 3 meters, and the center of Cape Cod Bay, where depths are greater than about 20 meters. The shallow inner zone is a high-energy environment that is in constant change, particularly during storms from the west. These storms affect not only the inner zone but also the beaches and the bluffs hacking the beaches. The center of Cape Cod Bay is a region of low energy where fine-grained sediments from the north come to rest. The relict terrain between these two environments, however, is not free of recent sediment. Some of the detritus from the inner zone is transported westward to the relict terrain. The silt and clay fraction of these sediments also may be transported even farther westward and incorporated with the silt-clay facies in the center of Cape Cod Bay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surf information is imperative for safety, coastal planning, and engineering applications. Daily surf observations made primarily by lifeguards along the north shore of Oahu, Hawaii, have been digitized for the 35-year period from 1968 to 2002. The subjective nature of observations introduces uncertainty. This study analyzes the temporal consistency and estimates the accuracy of the observations. Comparisons are made to breaker heights derived from significant wave height and dominant wave period as measured by the nearest environmental buoys, one of which has a series length of 22 years. The comparison pairs are picked from the high-surf season of October through March for days dominated by long-period swell. The analysis shows the surf observations are consistent in time. The uncertainty is between 10% and 15% of the reported height, and the magnitude of the error increases with surf height. Given the large range in breaker heights on the north shore of Oahu, this error is small. Although the visual observations have low precision and only represent daylight hours, the time series are longer and more continuous than other breaker height data for this region. Thus, these observations represent the best available resource for understanding regional surf climatology, which is described in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hemer, M.A.; Church, J.A. and Hunter, J.R., 2007. Waves and climate change on the Australian coast, SI 50 (Proceedings of the 9th International Coastal Symposium), 432 – 437. Gold Coast, Australia, ISSN 0749.0208. There is a need to plan for the impacts of coastal erosion in response to climate change Australia-wide. A deep-water wave climatology of the Australian region is determined, which is required as boundary conditions for coastal wave models. Available wave data for the Australian region has been analysed to determine the mean climatology and interannual variability of mean significant wave height. Available data includes global wave model output from the ECMWF 45-yr re-analysis, ERA-40; corrected ERA-40 wave heights and the NOAA WaveWatch III operational wave model; satellite altimetry measurements; and data from a network of 30 waverider buoys surrounding the Australian coast located on the inner-mid continental shelf and some short-term deep-water wave-rider buoy deployments. These data have been analysed to determine the long-term mean, annual cycle and interannual variability of the mean Australian wave climate. Correlation with a number of climate indices in the Australian region indicate that southern ocean wind anomalies are a dominant mechanism responsible for variability of wave climate in the region. Correlation between monthly mean significant wave heights and the Southern Oscillation Index is significant along Australia's eastern margin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]