Search

COVID-19 is transforming how families and societies respond to this public health crisis. This global public health issue has both short and long term ramifications for how people work, go to school, care for families, and communicate. This paper provides a portrait of the changes and effects brought upon by the pandemic and government appeals for “self-restraint” (as opposed to lockdown policies in other countries). In addition, the experiences of Japanese families from the perspective of university students, looking at several aspects such as work, schooling, and relationships. The observations suggest that there are notable impacts upon the Japanese family brought upon by new living arrangements. These include increased interactions and opportunities for more frequent communication between family members. On the other hand, significant issues including financial insecurity caused by reduced or stagnant incomes, tensions between family members due to work-at-home lifestyles, exacerbate existing problems faced by Japanese families. The stress from new living arrangements in small dwellings may have further intensified gender inequality in the division of housework and carework, and become a catalyst for greater strain in relationships. This paper provides an assessment of the current changes experienced by Japanese families based on news reports and statistical data, as well as perceptions of the pandemic from Japanese university students.

INTRODUCTIONIn Japan, there were 44,701 cross-border marriages in 2006-the highest number ever on record. Currently, one out of every 16 marriages in Japan is a cross-border marriage. This increase in cross-border marriages has also led to an increase in the number of CCKs (CrossCultural Kids) of these marriages. The number of CCKs in Japan more than doubled over a period of 20 years, from 10,022 in 1987 to 23,463 in 2006. It is clear, then, that Japan is witnessing a growth in the number of cross-border marriages and CCKs, but is Japan truly making progress in terms of multiculturalism? In this paper, I will examine Japanese sociocultural systems in the context of CCKs with Japanese and Brazilian parents for the following two reasons.First, from a historical perspective, the social acceptance of CCKs born from cross-border marriages can be seen as an index of the degree to which multiculturalism is progressing (Jansson, 1981). Therefore, this research will reveal whether the growing consensus that multiculturalism lags far behind despite the trend towards increased multiethnicity in Japan could be supported or otherwise.Secondly, Brazilians are the biggest ethnic group among newcomers in Japan. The total number of Brazilians registered as residents in Japan in 2006 was 312,979, accounting for 15.0% of all registered foreign residents, and ranking third next to Koreans (28.7%) and Chinese (26.9%) (The Immigration Bureau, 2007). The increase in the number of Brazilian residents in Japan accompanies the increase in the number of the marriage between Japanese and Brazilian and CCKs of these marriages.Most Brazilians living in Japan are of Japanese descent. As a result, there are a large number of couples comprising Japanese and Japanese-Brazilian among the cross-border marriages between Japanese and Brazilian. Cottrell (1990) stated that within the definition of crossborder or cross-national marriages, a cross-border marriage is not necessarily an interethnic marriage, but also includes marriages between two people of the same ethnic group but with different nationalities, and that a cross-border marriage is not necessarily an intercultural marriage. In the case of marriages between Japanese and Japanese-Brazilians, however, even if the marriage is within a single ethnic group, the social and cultural backgrounds of the parties socialized in each country differ, albeit to varying degrees. In this paper, I will look at marriages between Japanese and Japanese-Brazilians as cross-border marriages and marriages between two people with different nationalities and cultural backgrounds, and examine the conditions involving CCKs of these marriages. When considering CCKs with Japanese and Brazilian parents, rather than focusing on the contrasts between Brazilian and Japanese culture, I will investigate the path to multiculturalism. I hope that this research will contribute to the construction of a multicultural society.1LITERATURE REVIEWThe concept of CCK first came about in the literature on TCK (Third Culture Kid) in the United States. R. H. Useem coined the term TCK after spending a year in India in the early 1950s. Initially they used the term "third culture" to refer to the process of learning how to relate to another culture (Useem et al., 1963); in time they started to refer to children who accompany their parents into a different culture as TCK (Pollok, 2008). Later, the term TCK came to have an even broader application, referring in general to the children growing up in an interstitial culture, or culture between cultures (Pollok and Van Reken, 2002).Even among these children growing up in culture between cultures, however, there are many different circumstances in which these cultures intersect; for example, there are cases where children stay temporarily in the host society, with the understanding that they will return to their home country some day, in addition to children of cross-border marriages and children of immigrants (Cottrell, 2007). …

INTRODUCnON The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a country comprising seven separate Emirates that originally came to great affluence due to the oil-boom in the region, and today continues its rapid social momentum with regards to socioeconomic and educational developments. It is considered a stable political region with a low crime rate and moreover is one that is progressive and liberal compared with many of its neighbours in the Arabian Gulf. Despite this however, little is known of the prevailing family life of Emirati families in this multicultural setting. Research on many topics is at a rudimentary stage in the region, particularly in the area of the broader social sciences where there is a great dearth in relation to understanding social trends as well as anthropological studies of modern-day life in the Emirates (Schvaneveldt et al., 2005: 82). Selected findings discussed in this paper were drawn from a pilot study that was in turn part of a larger qualitative foundation project seeking to explore the structure of Emirati families in the UAE, utilizing an ecological perspective. This paper covers the more limited topic of the perceptions of family in relation to gender norms and roles within the family. These are discussed in relation to the cultural and religious context of society, in addition to how these have been influenced by external social changes.

This paper explored the migration processes and cross-cultural experiences of female Japanese settlers in British society. The motivations of the women to migrate to Britain varied widely but were driven least by economic incentives. Many women moved on their own and of their own will in order to maximise their well-being and enhance their life chances. The Japanese social system, emphasising gender roles and family-orientation, was one of the strongest reasons for encouraging the women to seek alternative lifestyles. This paper also aimed the link with current issues facing an ageing society - in particular, the women’s views concerning their old age and factors influencing their decision-making processes. Their choice of residence in later life between Japan and Britain was likely to reflect their family relations and social networks as well as their employment history in both countries. Also, as they grew older in a foreign society, care issues were increasingly of their concern. The expectation for family support from their adult children who were brought up in British society were not great, reflecting the value of independence and the available social security systems and services. The paper concluded with various thoughts of how their ‘ethnic needs’ could be met in the host society. The study explored the effect of three social factors - immigration, ethnicity and religiosity on cohabitation and attitudes toward cohabitation, in Israel. Additionally, it examined the linkage between attitudes toward cohabitation and reported cohabiting behavior. Data was based on a national representative sample of 1,180 longterm Israeli residents and 870 immigrants from the Former Soviet Union. Immigration and religiosity were found to impact on behavior and attitudes regarding cohabitation,’ whereas ethnicity had no such effect. An interaction effect between immigration and ethnicity indicated that ethnicity has a stronger influence on migrant attitudes. Attitudes were found to have a mediating effect on the Impact of immigration and religiosity on cohabitation. Explanations for the findings are based on the divergence between the cultural contexts of both countries - Israel and the Former Soviet Union - and on immigration as a stressful life-event for the individual and his family.

The reversal of the gender gap in education and the emergence of couples in which the woman has a better economic or education status than her partner have been key shifts in family dynamics in recent decades. One of the consequences of this phenomenon is a more egalitarian division of tasks within couples, which is derived from the stronger resources of more educated women to negotiate roles. In this paper, I explored the division of unpaid domestic work in couples in France, Spain, and the United States (US), taking into account the level of education and the income of both members of the couple. The results show that hypogamous couples by education are more egalitarian than other types of couples, but the reversal of the gender gap in education has a relative effect on the division of housework. In that sense, better status in terms of earnings supposes more equality within the couple. However, gender inequalities persist even when the woman makes more money than her partner. A higher level of income is not sufficient to obtain more equality within the household, and other normative changes must be implemented in societies. L'inversion du fossé entre les sexes en matière d'éducation et l'émergence de couples au sein desquels la femme a une meilleure éducation et un meilleur statut économique que son partenaire est une des clefs pour comprendre les dynamiques familiales de ces dernières décennies. L'une des conséquences de ce phénomène est la division plus égalitaire des tâches au sein des couples due aux meilleures compétences d'une femme plus éduquée, capable de négocier son rôle. Dans cet article, j'analyse la distribution des tâches non rémunérées au sein des couples en France, en Espagne et aux États Unis, en tenant compte du niveau d'éducation et des revenus des deux membres du couple. Les résultats montrent que les couples hypogames par éducation son plus égalitaires que d'autres types de couples, mais l'inversion du fossé entre les sexes du point de vue de l'éducation a un effet relatif sur la distribution des tâches domestiques. En ce sens, un meilleur statut en termes de revenus suppose plus d'égalité dans le couple. Cependant, l'inégalité des genres persiste même quand la femme gagne plus d'argent que son partenaire. Un plus haut niveau de revenus n'est pas suffisant pour obtenir plus d'égalité au foyer. D'autres changements normatifs doivent être mis en œuvre dans les sociétés.

The central question addressed in this paper is how are immigrant families formed in Canada? This paper suggests that the ‘immigrant family’ is not a fixed, unchanging and primordial attribute of ethnic culture. The forms that foreign-born families have taken in Canada reflect a complex intersection of subjective intentions of migrant groups and structural constraints stemming from the labour market, immigration policy and racism. The state, through its role in regulating the manner in which the boundaries of the nation are to be breached, plays a fundamental role not only in selecting certain groups of immigrants but also in constituting certain forms of familial relationships.

Chinese immigrants to South Africa had to adapt to changing circumstances to the extent that their offspring have inherited a culturo-identity problem. They have to determine whether they are Chinese who are clinging to their ethnic culture while simultaneously absorbing the host culture, or whether they are neglecting their own culture and substituting it with Western values? The former stresses the pluralist perspective while the latter indicates an assimilationist bias. This paper argues that factors other than pluralism and assimilationism need to be considered in examining the family types which developed in the South African Chinese community. Examples of specific racist laws and their influences on the development of the normal conjugal family will be examined. This paper also shows that the neo-Confucian model of the extended family does not exist in South Africa and that family-orientated values may have been assimilated by the South African Chinese from other than Confucian sources.

This paper investigates whether urban/ rural residence or husband’s occupation is related to household extension in six Latin American countries in the middle 1970s. Since urban households were more likely to be extended than rural households among the less well educated, the urban/rural differences appeared more consistent with a world-system perspective than with a “modernization” view. It is important to note, however, that the existence of a difference was not universal, being absent in Mexico and Peru. Also, husband’s occupation was only important among the urban dwellers of three of the six countries, perhaps suggesting that a sizable urban/ industrial economy must exist for there to be a relationship. The paper ends by noting a number of study limitations which could be addressed in future research.

As the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic disrupts established daily routines, it underlines the role that families play in redefining social order and reorganizing people’s economic and social lives. In this paper, we investigate methods that Chinese and South Korean families have adopted to cope with the rapid changes brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic. We emphasize families’ responses to sudden changes in three domains: education and home schooling, economic downturn and unemployment, and mental health challenges. By integrating online education and remote working into a new form of family life and sharing economic and emotional risks among members, families shape social order during a period of unprecedented uncertainty. We highlight the fact that family members experience intensified work-family or school-family conflicts. Disadvantaged families are the most severely affected, as they are at high risk of job loss and lack proper protections. The absence of institutional protections and interventions has created further economic and emotional hardships for these vulnerable families. Informal and nonregular workers require more stable labor market conditions for the well-being of their families. Future research may include a systematic data collection and analysis of disadvantaged families, as this would offer a better understanding of the challenges and untenable choices that families face during times of crisis.

Globally, COVID-19 has caused disruption to all social institutions and sectors of the economy. Projections are that the pandemic is likely to deepen hardships already experienced by various groups in society, especially the vulnerable. As COVID-19 continues to unfold and spread, it has become apparent that the virus and its associated problems are more than biomedical issues. Against a backdrop where researchers and practitioners from public health, epidemiology, and medicine are dominating research, discussions and publication, the article advances the argument that sociologists are well qualified and positioned to explore the social causes, social consequences, and responses to COVID-19. Sociological input is pivotal to comprehensive understanding and development of effective responses to the pandemic. In this context, and specifically focusing on the family despite the complexity and dynamism attendant to this institution, the article contributes real-time insights on how the pandemic is unfolding in Zimbabwe and the associated responses, or their absence. The paper addresses lacunae in availability of quality and meaningful understanding of the pandemic particularly from the perspective of the family as the basic unit of any society in both urban and rural contexts. The lived experiences and situated meanings of COVID-19 at the family level are important in interrogating its implications to communities, the future and social policy.

The main purpose of this paper is to discuss how COVID-19 has impacted Korean families. The economic well-being of Korean families has been threatened because many family members lost their jobs or earned reduced incomes due to the pandemic. COVID-19 substantially changed the work environment and has provided the momentum for the growth of flexible work including telecommuting in Korea, which was not commonly used before the pandemic. However, the work-from-home arrangements created an ambiguous boundary between work and family, particularly among employed mothers because childcare facilities and schools were closed during COVID-19. The postponed 2020 school year started with online schooling in April, and children in secondary schools often continued private education during the pandemic. Although COVID-19 provided an opportunity to build emotional ties for some families, many Korean families who were stuck at home experienced relational difficulties. Socioeconomic and gender inequality along with discrimination against certain groups were heightened. Our analysis of social media posts showed that childcare, schooling, and religion were important domains of family life during the pandemic. We conclude that COVID-19 has changed the meaning of home in Korea from a place to sleep to a basecamp involving numerous major activities related to work, schooling, parenting, housework, shopping, leisure, and religion. Korean families have found it challenging to spend intensive time with their family, to share gendered family responsibilities, and to support other families. Thus, we suggest that professional and policymakers develop a new service model that is more effective for the changing family climate.

The COVID-19 pandemic has created a significant effect on the vulnerable portion of society, particularly on Indigenous and visible minority immigrants. We, as a minority family from Bangladesh who are on Indigenous land in Saskatchewan Canada, explore family-based pandemic resiliency, mainly focusing on Indigenous notions of resistance and reconnection. This article discusses our family-based resiliency on family interaction, social distancing, and isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper explores a family-based decolonizing autoethnography as a methodology for understanding health and wellness from an immigrant family’s perspective. We discussed why Indigenous and immigrant stories matters for building resiliency and resistance within a family. How do we know it is effective? How can it be helpful for others? Here, we highlight how Indigenous Elders, Knowledge-Keepers, and ancestors’ stories helped us for building our resistance and reconnection to be active, hopeful, and joyful during the COVID-19 pandemic.

With rapid economic growth, China has undergone substantial social, cultural and ideological transformations over the recent decades. In the meantime, trends in China’s family structure have changed dramatically as well. However, due to data limitations, research on trends in divorce has been very rare in China; especially the quantitative studies at the macrolevel. The literature indicates that despite the very low divorce rate from the 1960s to the 1970s, China’s divorce rate has increased greatly in recent decades, but this increase has been uneven in both space and time. Therefore, this paper analyzes trends in China’s divorce rate at the national, regional and provincial levels. The research results suggest that China’s divorce rate has witnessed a steady and noticeable increase in the recent two decades, with the Crude Divorce Rate (CDR) increasing by 178% and Refined Divorce Rate (RDR) increasing by 211%. Among the four provincial-level municipalities, Chongqing shows strikingly high divorce rates, whereas the divorce rates of Beijing and Shanghai have leveled off in recent years. Among all the provincial level units, the Moslem-majority Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region ranks first, whereas Tibet ranks last.

Since the early 1990s, an explicit parenting support policy has made its way onto political agendas in Europe. This policy responds to a growing political demand to avoid the failure of the parental educational mission and “new social risks” for children. To educate parents to carry out their own role, improve their “competence”, and control their practices, corresponds to the construction of “parenting” as a public problem and the defence of a “parental determinism,” mobilizing different knowledge and empirical results. In our paper, we argue that the policy process that led to current parenting support policies is the outcome of a long process that imposes an explanation for the reason of this revival. We argue that we could be facing a new parenting regime in France.

This paper examines the policies and resources regarding the care of children under three years of age in two European countries that represent two different models of Welfare State, on the one hand Spain, framed in the Mediterranean or familist model and, on the other hand, Norway, enclosed in the Scandinavian model. Indeed, the care of children under three years is a matter of particular relevance since it influences directly on work-life balance strategies and also on gender and social equality. These aspects have been analyzed using the most relevant theories about the principles and motivations of the different Welfare State models. Simultaneously we have examined the existing resources in both countries and the challenges faced as a result of the social transformations occurred in recent decades and, specifically, the modifications in family policies and resources during the current financial crisis.

Increasing the number of graduate students has been identified as a priority for South African universities. Despite the shortage of graduate students in South Africa and the impetus to increase the number of graduate students, little is known about some of the impediments that undergraduate students, particularly Black students, face in pursuing graduate school. This paper critically examines the role of the family, social class, and race in considering the pursuit of graduate studies, from the perspective of students. The research adopts intersectionality as a theoretical framework and is based on focus group interviews with student participants. The findings indicate that race and social class must be understood as factors that operate concurrently and that participants’ educational plans are informed by the needs of their family and by raceclass factors. Socio-political and economic factors in South Africa are also discussed in relation to the family, class, race and the pursuit of graduate studies.

Canada’s laws regarding children and families can be examined on the basis of the balance they strike among the rights and obligations of the child, the family, and the state. In the past, the legislation and policies have traditionally adopted what may be called a paternalistic and reactive stance towards ensuring the well-being of Canadian children. The emphasis has been on apportioning power over children between parental figures and the state, on the weighing of family (parental) autonomy versus state intrusion into the family. Government intervention has generally followed a residual or safety net model, in which the authorities react to rescue or protect children, and only after specified problems have occurred in the families. A shift does, however, appear to be beginning in the field of child and family law. The earlier focus on parental and state rights is now being tempered with a growing concern for the rights of the children themselves, a movement which may lead to laws and policies that are more proactive or preventive in character. Following a brief description of the historical context for current child and family law in Canada, this paper outlines the important principles which underly the legislation and which reflect the continuing attempt to balance conflicting rights. The main body of the paper takes up two central examples of attempted balance: first the field of “child protection,” and second the field of what used to be termed “juvenile delinquents” but which is now refered to as “young offenders.” The paper closes with an indication of future directions for the shifting balance of the child’s, the family’s, and the state’s rights within the process of seeking the welfare of Canada’s children.

This paper examines the adaptive patterns of the Chinese family in New York City life. New York Citys 1980 Chinese population was 156331; there has been an increase of approximately 10000/year since then. Chinatown has become the largest Chinese population center in the US. The variety of Chinese life styles and attitudes toward their ethnic identity are mainly due to external circumstances and are results of immigration and the economic adaptation of the Chinese in a new land. The types of Chinese families and the quality of family life of the Chinese have been shaped and influenced by US immigration laws applied to the Chinese: 1) the Chinese Exclusion Law and the Incomplete Family 2) Immigration of War Brides 3) Standard Chinese Scholars and the Wars in China and 4) the New Immigrants. The incompleteconjugal enlarged and nonresidential extended families of Chinese Americans are part and parcel of the consequences of implementation of various immigration laws. Chinese American families in New York City are diverse and complex: 1) old immigrant families--1st generation Chinese who arrived in the US before 1965 2) new immigrant families--families who came after 1965 3) families of American-born Chinese--either 2nd 3rd 4th or 5th generation Americns 4) families of professionals--all 1st generation Chinese who were either stranded in the US or voluntarily migrated for economic opportunities and 5) nonresidential extended families--many generations living in the general vicinity of each other. Though the traditional Chinese family system has been changed and modified in New York City some traditions linger on among all Chinese. Of all the family types discussed in this paper American-born Chinese families are assimilated faster into US society. The replacement of the father-son bond by the husband-wife bond and the substitution of the partrilocal patrilineal kinship system with the neolocal-nuclear family system are 2 examples of the changes stated.

Do the different ideological legacies of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the former German Democratic Republic (GDR) result in persisting differences in women's housework in the unified Germany? In this paper, I examine the housework of employed German women, singles and as well as women with partners, in the decade after unification using data from the German Socioeconomic Panel (GSOEP). This comparison allows me to assess the role of regional differences in shaping women's housework, while further distinguishing between full-time and part-time workers. The study shows that women with partners do more housework than single women do, regardless of region of residence. Among singles, there are no East-West differences in either the level of housework or the mechanisms that shape it. However, among women with partners, West German women do significantly more housework. These differences are only in part explained by differential participation in full-time and part-time employment. East German women's individual earnings are less effective than West Germans' in reducing housework for both fulltime and part-time workers. Overall, the results of the study imply that the different ideological legacies FRG and the GDR do have a lasting impact on the housework of partnered women through family roles, while singles do not seem to be affected by any remaining differences in the socio-political context.

Careful perusal of the family literature in India dispels the belief that the Indian family was basically joint, and that following industrialisation and urbanisation, the nuclear family replaced it. On the contrary, the literature demonstrates that family plurality has been an essential feature of Indian society and that joint, nuclear, single parent, dual earner and adoptive families have always coexisted. The evolution of family research, characterised by distinct phases, each with specific questions, resulted in biases in the research process that hindered the early cognisance of this reality. This paper discusses the multiplicity of family forms simultaneously present in the country. The authors have adopted the chronological phases of family research in India as the mode of presentation in order that an appreciation of the development of family studies in the country, the biases of family researchers and the process of according recognition to family plurality in India emerges.

The preference of African American parents for physical discipline is noted frequently in the literature, and it is suggested that this preference is responsible for the over representation of black children in foster care. Our research has found that African American parents in a social service intervention program clearly express this preference to their social workers, thereby further jeopardizing their chances of being judged fit parents. Studies of African American parenting styles show that there is a preference for physical discipline in combination with loving verbal reinforcement. This preference seems to represent a deep-seated set of cultural beliefs that cross many generations in the African American community. In spite of the importance of these claims, however, and the apparent cultural character of the preferences, there are relatively few studies of the African American use of physical discipline and none that report on the preference in any detail. This paper examines extended narrative accounts of why physical punishment is a preferred form of discipline in the African American community and how it is ideally to be used. Because the preference for physical discipline is thought to be a deep seated cultural form, and culture is often conveyed through narrative, we have paid careful attention to narrative in examining this preference.

This paper proposes to focus on the area of domestic decision-making which is believed to reveal some of the salient shifts encountered in the Iraqi rural family. Notwithstanding the vast array of problems to be anticipated here, I suggest to confine my inquiry to the contextual processes and trends re-defining and re-organizing feminist autonomy. In particular, my endeavour will be guided by three main considerations involving: 1. Iraqi women’s rising influence on structural checks and balances. 2. The normative implications associated with feminist expanding roles. 3. The communicative and behavioural adjustments discernible in male-female interaction. We may correctly assume that the processes affecting women’s social life entail definite equilibrium of old and new forces. Moreover, the consequent compromise between spouses has been facilitated by mutual cognizance of the new realities. In many cases, women are expected to contribute to their family welfare through their gainful jobs. This trend is gaining momentum in view of the rapidly increasing costs of living. Urbanization in this specific context has cancelled many of the conditions exempting women from the task of family support. The emerging situation is largely dominated by spouses’ growing sense of realism. Viewed in this perspective, decision-making seems quite promising to unravel some of the vague complexities confroned in Iraqi urbanization.

The purpose of this study is to characterize the recent reforms in divorce laws in a number of Western democratic countries, including, the United States Canada Great Britain, Australia, New Zealand, and Italy. Various types of policy are discussed with emphasis on the extent to which they are effective in achieving stated goals of family stability. The pattern of government involvement in divorce is reviewed and alternative policies for reform are described. The comparison of the statutes that have recently been revised indicates that although governments formally seek to maintain standards of marital stability, none provides effective means for state action to assist in achieving the goal. Although reforms have different provisions of procedures (no fault, breakdown, expanded fault grounds), the effect is the same: a couple who desires a divorce can obtain one, and the government has no power to prevent the breakup. Several reasons for the gap between public goals and private action in the area of divorce are discussed as they pertain to the various countries studied: (1) influence of raligious pressure groups; (2) lack of adequate knowledge of family patterns among legislators ; (3) weak mobilization of interests in support of adequate government regulation or services to maintain family stability. The conclusion of the paper relates the findings about divorce reform to the larger matter of policy capabilities. The situation with regard to divorce reform is an example of the gap between real policy output (divorce by consent) and symbolic pol icy output (marital stability). The findings represent an interesting reversal of the Edelman thesis that real policy output benefits organized interests while the people receive mostly symbolic output. In the case of divorce policy, the symbolic output satisfies interest groups, especially religious groups, and the real output answers needs of married couples for access to divorce.

This paper attempts to explain how a religious ideology determines the nature of role relationships within the family. It is shown how ’Pativratya’ an androcentric ideology rooted in Hinduism has gripped the minds of a people. The data for this study were collected through field research from a South Indian village. The finding is that Pativratya is built into the social structure and consequently women occupy a lower position in sexual hierarchy and are heirs to an unequal opportunity structure. Such a state of affairs is perpetuated over time through systematic socialization of men and women. In addition, women as mothers are coopted into the patriarchal family to train the next generation according to the tenets of Pativratya. Impact of this ideology in a cross cultural context is examined through a study conducted in a Canadian metropolitan area. Preliminary analysis of this data shows that equal access to opportunity structure and exposure to multiple ideologies including egalitarianism leads to egalitarian relationships between the sexes. The implications of such a finding is that the power of Pativratya can erode under certain specified conditions.

This paper analyzes the latent consequences of presumptions of equality under communist ideology for the achievement of such equality by women, and provides a set of data which documents that despite the ideological claims, equality at certain levels of the bureaucracy has not been achieved and seems to be dependent upon changes in the cultural belief system of the Cubans regarding appropriate sex role differences.

The process of modernization occurs simultaneously at the social structural and the individual-cultural levels in a society. With respect to the latter the principal arena of, as well as the main bulwark against such change is the family, where changes in values, norms and attitudes involve a shift from the more traditional to the more modern. An examination of the degree and direction of these changes allows for a determination of the level of modernization reached and the factors most strongly influencing this process. In this paper the author examines the maintenance of and changes in the traditional structure and values of first generation Armenian immigrant families in Sydney, Australia taking the traditional Armenian family as the point of departure and the contemporary Australian family as the ‘modernized’ end point, an attempt is made to show what and how changes in traditional family values and structure have occurred both prior to migration and since arrival in Australia, and thus the level of modernization reached by these immigrants. In particular, an examination is made of: family type, composition, and household structure; the relationship of children and parents; decision-making within the family; the relationship of husbands and wives. The principal findings of this study indicate that most changes in traditional values occurred prior to migration to Australia, although changes are continuing in Australia which are leading to convergence of Armenian and Australian family values. Consequently, the degree to which Armenians can be considered to be modernized today is attributed not so much to the effects of living in Australia as to the extent their values ‘converged’ with those of Australian society at time of arrival.

This paper examines the reaction of French and English mother tongue respondents to a variety of questions on women which were asked in the Gallup Polls between 1964. and 1973. These questions probe attitudes toward: 1) the acceptability of female physicians, lawyers and politicians; 2) the acceptability of married women working, both with and without family obligations; and 3) equality between men and women and the women’s liberation move ment. The analysis reveals that French mother tongue respondents tend to be more egalitarian than English mother tongue respondents with respect to women occupying male sex-typed occupations and with respect to equality in the public sector. However, once the mother and husband roles are involved, French Canadians are more likely than Anglo-Canadians to concur with the traditional stance that women should remain at home and husbands should be dominant. The analysis also reveals that for both mother tongue groups, differences in responses by sex exist, with women generally being slightly more egalitarian in their attitudes than males. However, the interaction between sex and language which was noted by Hobart iri his study of marital relations is virtually absent.

In the study of Arab society, religion is often seen as a major determinant of family structure, and of the status and role of women in society. This linkage, however, may not be so close as has been assumed. One way of testing it empirically is to compare the attitudes and behaviour of different religious groups within a single Arab country. If the different religious groups show similar attitudes and behaviour, then the effect of religion may not be so immediate and direct as has been thought. Data are presented in the paper that substantiate this argument. The data describe the system of norms held for women’s behaviour by a large sample of non-elite educated youth in Lebanon. The sample corrects for the differences in social status and educational attainments of different religious groups. It is found that, although there are substantial differences between the norms held by young men and those held by young women, the differences by religious affiliation are small and inconsistent. A discussion is presented of this apparent absence of effect of religious affiliation.

Two distinctive approaches have been utilized to investigate marriage and the family among the Berbers of North Africa. One has found its focus in the formal organization of political entities; the other in the interaction of volitional individuals seeking to use the moral-legal code for their personal benefit. This paper seeks to examine the paradigmatic consequences of an interplay between these two perspectives. The problem under examination is the selection of mates. Although the formal model emphasizes the role of the male in determining marriage partners, an alternative yet complimentary viewpoint, placing emphasis on the fluidity of social relationships and the social significance of females, suggests that Berbers possesss an underlying tendency towards bilateral structure and that women play a crucial decision shaping role in the selection of mates and the ordering of familial structure.

This paper aims to remedy deficiencies in the existing literature on Vietnamese and Sino-Vietnamese families and suggests some general hypotheses concerning the adjustment of refugee or immigrant families to the host society. A detailed study of fifty families from Vietnam shows that the individual’s background and cultural heritage affect his or her willingness and ability to adjust. This cultural baggage, interacting with the conditions and opportunity structure of Victoria, produces a mind-set and an emotional state which in turn affect his or her interaction with other family members and kin. This has implications to the dynamics and future structure of his or her family.

Using a set of survey data gathered from a group of sixth grade boys and girls in Korea, this study attempts a causal interpretation of the effect of mother's education and occupational involvement upon parental decision-making role patterns in the Korean family. A scale of sex role direction is constructed with several factor analyzed items dealing with parental decision-making behavior. Employing the technique of path analysis, the causal relationships of rural-urban residence, SES, mother's education, and her employment status with sex role scores are explored. Findings indicate that residence and mother's education are the two most influential factors affecting her role in child-rearing decisions. By suggesting a "modernization of sex role" approach, the paper discusses some problems of current theories of family power, based on decision making behavior indicators.

A major index of modernization of any society is the position of its women vis-a-vis men. The more balance the opportunity structure for men and women, the larger the role women have in society and consequently the higher their status. In a developing society such as that of India, it is essential that both men and women play equal and important role in the development effort. A critical factor in the improvement of the status of women is education which is indispensable for playing many of the modern roles. Accordingly education has formed a key element in the Government of India's programmes for the improvement of the status of women. Government have initiated large scale educational programmes in the country, with special focus on the weaker sections of the people. In spite of these Muslim women continues to be one of the most backward sections of the people in India as far as education is concerned. This seems to be largely due to the presence of certain social structural and institutional factors in Islam which contribute to depress women's education and keep them in an inferior position. The objective of the paper is to identify some factors which are responsible for hindering educational progress of Muslim women viz. (1) insistence on religious education, (2) early marriage. (3) seclusion and (4) absence of socially defined occupational role for women in Muslim community. The study was conducted in the four northern districts of Kerala which account for more than half of the Muslim population of the State. From these four districts a sample of 450 Muslim women were di-awn on the basis of stratified random sampling and interviewed. It was found on the basis of this study that there are some social structural and institutional factors in Muslim community which hinder the educational progress of their women. One among them is insistence on religious education. Religious educatio~ which is indispensable for a Muslim lead to late entry to School after completion of a course of religious instruction. After entering school at a later age she wi II be forced to discontinue her studies when she attains puberty as she is not allowed to go out freely after that. Practice of early marriage which is widely prevalent among the Muslim community is found to be another major factor preventing the women from continuing her education after marriage. As a Muslim woman is not permitted to go out without escort it will be very difficult for them to continue their education, so she will have to terminate her studies after marriage. Seclusi- on of woman which is still observed in Muslim community prevent freedom of movement outside home and hinders her educational progress as she is not allowed to attend schools after attaining puberty. Muslim community where women are not expected to go out to work and earn does not consider the occupational role for a woman much important. Education is indispensable for taking up modern occupational roles and since occupational role is not considered important, education is devalued. Thus lack of socially defined occupational role detracts from the importance of education as a tool for achieving occupational skills.

This study examines the network of rights and obligations found in the Filipino American family. I show that family and kinship links are extended to provide a broader base for interdependence and mutual support. This paper relates economic adaptation to family organization and function. The data were gathered by participant-observation, formal and informal interviews, and by collecting extensive life and family histories. The data are derived from a continuing study of a Filipino community in Central California between 1973-74 and 1978-80.