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Transdermal drug delivery systems for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have been receiving increasing attention as they can potentially overcome drawbacks which exist in traditional oral or injection strategies, including low patient compliance and serious gastrointestinal side effects. However, transdermal delivery of RA drugs especially biological drugs suffers from low drug delivery efficiency due to the robust skin barrier. Herein, we fabricated melittin-loaded hyaluronic acid (HA) microneedles and investigated their capacity for inhibiting RA. We showed that melittin-loaded HA microneedles possessed high mechanical strength for successful delivery of melittin into the skin and effectively inhibited RA progression in adjuvant induced both rodent and murine models, as shown by results in histological, paw swelling and arthritis score. Furthermore, after modifying HA with cross-linkable groups, the fabricated microneedles with sustained release properties could further improve the therapeutic potency. Cytokine and T cell analysis in the paws and lymphatic organs indicated that the application of microneedles suppressed the levels of pro-inflammation cytokines including IL-17 and TNF-α, and increased the percentage of regulatory CD4 T cells. Our study revealed that polymeric microneedle-mediated transdermal delivery of melittin could serve as a new therapy with high compliance and good therapeutic efficacy for RA and other autoimmune diseases. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blood-brain barrier (BBB) represents the greatest challenge that hampers therapeutic molecules entering the brain. Here, we described a novel brain-specific delivery strategy targeting to pyrilamine-sensitive H + /OC antiporter to facilitate therapeutic molecules cross the BBB and penetrate into the brain. In this study, four cyclic tertiary amines were selected as the brain-targeting moieties to modify naproxen (NP), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. The obtained NP conjugates displayed cell uptake efficiencies over 144-fold higher than that of unmodified NP in endothelial cells. The cell uptake process of the conjugates was primarily driven by pyrilamine-sensitive H + /OC antiporter in a pH-dependent, Na + -independent, and membrane potential-independent pathway, which could be further inhibited by pyrilamine, propranolol, and imipramine. Moreover, the NP conjugates showed significantly higher AUC 0 − t and C max in the brain compared with unmodified NP, and significantly higher accumulation than NP in the in situ brain perfusion study. Also, the conjugates showed superior neuroprotective effect in vitro and in vivo . Thus, the chemical modification of therapeutics with a cyclic tertiary amine moiety represents a promising and efficient strategy for brain-specific drug delivery via pyrilamine-sensitive H + /OC antiporter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glucocorticoid (GC) is the cornerstone therapy of rheumatoid arthritis, but high doses are associated with serious adverse effects. In an effort to improve the efficacy of low-dose GC therapy, we developed a micelle system for targeted delivery to inflamed joints and validated the approach in a rat model of arthritis. Micelles loaded with dexamethasone (Dex) self-assembled from the amphipathic poly (ethylene glycol)-block–poly (ε­caprolactone) (PCL–PEG) polymer via film dispersion, and they were injected intravenously at a dose of only 0.8 mg/kg into rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis. The micelles persisted for a relatively long time in the circulation, and they accumulated preferentially in inflamed joints. Micelle-delivered Dex potently reduced joint swelling, bone erosion, and inflammatory cytokine expression in both joint tissue and serum. PCL–PEG micelles caused only moderate adverse effects on body weight, lymphocyte count and blood glucose concentration, and they weakly activated the host complement system. These results suggest that encapsulating Dex in PCL–PEG micelles may allow for safe and effective low-dose GC therapy targeting inflammatory disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To inhibit both the local and systemic complications with acute pancreatitis, an effective therapy requires a drug delivery system that can efficiently overcome the blood–pancreas barrier while achieving lung-specific accumulation. Here, we report the first dual pancreas- and lung-targeting therapeutic strategy mediated by a phenolic propanediamine moiety for the treatment of acute pancreatitis. Using the proposed dual-targeting ligand, an anti-inflammatory compound Rhein has been tailored to preferentially accumulate in the pancreas and lungs with rapid distribution kinetics, excellent tissue-penetrating properties and minimum toxicity. Accordingly, the drug–ligand conjugate remarkably downregulated the proinflammatory cytokines in the target organs thus effectively inhibiting local pancreatic and systemic inflammation in rats. The dual-specific targeting therapeutic strategy may help pave the way for targeted drug delivery to treat complicated inflammatory diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neutral particles 20–45 nm in diameter showed potential as tumor antigen vectors because they targeted the draining lymph nodes after subcutaneous injection. However, they were weakly immune-stimulatory and could also spread throughout the body, raising the risk of systemic toxicity. Here we explored whether incorporating positively charged amphiphilic polymers into micelles improves their site specificity and immunogenicity. Cationic polyethylenimine (2k)-stearic acid (PSA) micelles were loaded with the melanoma antigen peptide Trp2; they showed an average size of 28.7 ± 8.2 nm and an encapsulation efficiency of 99.21 ± 5.38%. Empty PSA micelles acted as a robust adjuvant in vitro, promoting maturation, proliferation and migration of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells in a dose-dependent manner. After subcutaneous injection into mice, Trp2-loaded PSA micelles accumulated preferentially in the medulla and paracortex of the draining lymph nodes and were present at negligible levels in the systemic circulation. Mice immunized with Trp2-loaded PSA micelles showed significantly higher Trp2-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity than mice immunized with free Trp2 or a mixture of Trp2 and empty PSA micelles. In a B16-F10 murine melanoma model, Trp2-loaded PSA micelles inhibited tumor growth significantly more than did free Trp2 and PSA micelles caused less systemic toxicity. These findings suggest that cationic PSA micelles loaded with Trp2 may be a potential approach for melanoma immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A co-delivery system that can transport cancer related microRNAs and chemotherapeutics to their distinct targets in the tumors is an attractive strategy to eliminate tumor relapse in lung cancer therapy. In this study, we developed a dual-drug delivery system for an endogenous microRNA (miR-34a) and paclitaxel (PTX) for synergistic cancer therapy. PTX (a meiotic inhibitor) and miR-34a were loaded into cationic solid lipid nanoparticles (miSLNs-34a/PTX) which were used to treat murine B16F10-CD44 + melanoma metastasized to the lungs of mice. This nanoparticle system demonstrated good protection for miR-34a and PTX from degradation in the serum, and had an average size of approximately 220 nm by photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS). In vitro , the parallel activity of PTX and miR-34a show synergistic anticancer efficacy. In vivo , miSLNs-34a/PTX showed passive targetability to the tumor-bearing lung tissues, and was demonstrated to be much more potent in inhibition of B16F10-bearing tumor growth and elimination of cancer cell populations in the lung than single drug-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles. It has been shown that such co-delivery of miR-34a and PTX is promising for enhanced cancer therapy to reduce tumor relapse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]