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ABSTRACT Purpose Methods Results Conclusions To uncover how the Huayu Quban (HYQB) capsule treats acne vulgaris (AV) through the use of network pharmacology and molecular docking technology.The traditional Chinese medicine system pharmacology database (TCMSP) was used to identify the components and potential targets of HYQB capsule. Targets related to AV were identified by screening the GeneCards, Disease Gene Network (DisGeNET) and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) databases. The protein–protein interaction (PPI) network between targets of active ingredients and AV targets was built using the STRING database. Cytoscape3.7.2 software was used to create the visualization network for the ‘herb‐component‐target’ and identify the key targets. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were utilized for functional enrichment analysis of the primary targets. Subsequently, molecular docking technology was employed to confirm the interaction between key components and core targets.The technique discovered 50 different active substances and 270 associated therapeutic targets in the HYQB capsule as well as predicting 70 targets for treating acne vulgaris. Cytoscape hubba plug‐in identified 19 key target genes, with the top 5 being TNF, IL1B, CCL2, SIRT1, IFNG, and IL10. Analysis of KEGG pathways revealed significant enrichment of immune‐related pathways, including TNF and IL‐17 signaling pathways, among the target genes. The HYQB capsule also involves lipid and atherosclerosis, Th17 cell differentiation, and the AGE‐RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complication signaling pathways. Molecular docking results showed that quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol, and wogonin, the core components of HYQB, had good binding ability with the first 4 core targets.The HYQB capsule may have a synergistic effect on inhibiting sebaceous adipogenesis and sebum cell differentiation and play an effect on AV through anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant effects of different signaling pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Aim Materials and Methods Results Conclusions Acne vulgaris (AV) is a multifactorial inflammatory skin disorder, affecting 9.45% of the world's population. AV can be painful, discomforting, and disfiguring due to scarring, leading to physiological distress, and economic burden. AV pathogenies can be due to various factors, key ones include follicular plugging, colonization by the microorganism, endocrinological factors, and inflammation. Gram‐positive bacteria Cutibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis are the most common pathogens isolated from patients with AV.The present study aimed to investigate the anti‐acne activity of whole human saliva against bacteria that cause AV.The saliva sample from four different individuals was collected at three different intervals. These samples were used to perform antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) against the pathogens. Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility test, and Broth dilution method using Resazurin were performed.The human saliva was effective in inhibiting Cutibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis those causing AV. The Minimum inhibitory activity and disc diffusion assay depicted potency of saliva. The pH of the saliva samples was found to be more acidic in the morning samples when compared with the evening samples. The afternoon sample was found to be more effective when compared with the other two intervals.Saliva shows effective anti‐acne activity by inhibiting the growth and proliferation of acne‐causing bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Objectives Methods Results Conclusion This study aims to compare the efficacy and safety of oral isotretinoin with and without laser/light‐based treatments for acne.This study was conducted under the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines; this meta‐analysis utilized data from PubMed, EMBASE, ClinicalTrial.gov, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials until December 2023. We evaluated clinical improvement, lesion reduction, adverse events, as well as intraoperative and postoperative discomfort rates. Analyses were performed using Review Manager 5.3.This review included six articles with a total of 285 patients. Isotretinoin combined with laser/light therapy outperformed in clinical improvement rates, significantly reducing acne vulgaris and acne scars lesions compared to isotretinoin alone. Additionally, there was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse events between the two groups.The study suggests that combining isotretinoin with laser/light‐based therapy for acne yields superior efficacy and satisfaction without increased complications (e.g., dryness, hyperpigmentation, and scarring). However, patients experience notable treatment‐related discomfort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Dysbiosis of the skin microbiota has been identified as a key factor in the development of acne. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of a facial cream gel containing a biotechnological phytocomplex, niacinamide and succinic acid on the bacterial diversity of subjects with mild–moderate acne and its clinical benefits due to microbiota changes. Methods: Open‐label, clinical study in 44 subjects with mild–moderate acne treated with a facial cream gel for 8 weeks. Bacterial diversity was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing of skin samples. Clinical effects were evaluated using the IGA acne severity scale, biometric measurements, and safety. Results: After 56 days of product's use, an increase in alpha and beta diversity was found (p < 0.01), with a decrease in the relative abundance of C. acnes (48.99% vs. 38.83%, p < 0.001). Regarding clinical results, a decrease in acne severity on the IGA scale (27.33%, p < 0.001), number of non‐inflammatory and inflammatory lesions (respectively: 31.12%, p = 0.05; 47.27%, p < 0.001), amount of sebum (89.00%, p < 0.01) and erythema (15.35%, p < 0.01), was found. [Correction added on 19 September 2024, after first online publication: In the preceding sentence, "42.27%" has been changed to "47.27%" in this version.] Responder analysis of the IGA score showed that 61.36% of patients improved by at least one point at day 56. The product was well tolerated throughout the study. Conclusions: The use of the facial cream gel on skin was effective in rebalancing the microbiota, inhibiting biofilm formation and other virulence factors, reducing the number of mild–moderate acne lesions and sebum secretion, and consequently improving acne's severity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background Methods Results Conclusion Acne is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that negatively affects patients' quality of life. Increasing antibiotic resistance is making acne less responsive to treatment. Probiotics are live microorganisms that can provide health benefits by fighting pathogens and maintaining intestinal homeostasis and skin microbiome balance. This study investigates the effects of probiotics in the treatment of acne vulgaris.In this randomized controlled clinical trial, 80 patients with moderate acne were divided into two groups of 40. All patients received the same topical treatment, which consisted of a daily antibacterial face wash and Adapalene gel every other night. The control group received one capsule of doxycycline (100 mg) daily, whereas the intervention group received one probiotic capsule daily in addition to doxycycline. Patients underwent photography of facial acne lesions, and treatment response was assessed using the global acne grading system (GAGS) and acne grading method at baseline, as well as during follow‐up visits at 1, 2, and 3 months.The global acne grading system indicated that both groups showed improvement. However, analyses revealed that outcomes were significantly better in the doxycycline plus probiotics group for the forehead (p = 0.018), chin (p = 0.021), and nose (p = 0.021). No significant differences were observed for the left and right cheeks, back, and chest areas, with the mean GAGS score reduction between the two groups differing by only 2%. Treatment with probiotics significantly reduced the severity of lesions compared to the control group (p < 0.001). The acne grading method also indicated that the intervention group had a significantly better treatment response than the control group (p < 0.001). Furthermore, treatment with probiotics did not result in any side effects.Probiotics can serve as an effective and safe treatment option, enhancing the outcomes of routine acne treatments, particularly for patients with acne on the forehead, chin, and nose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Social media and internet usage is undeniably high. Misinformation obtained from the internet and wrong treatment methods can cause serious problems in patients with acne vulgaris (AV). In this study, the sociodemographic data of AV patients, their frequency of using the internet as an information source, the relationship between them, and their attitudes and behaviors regarding their disease due to these programs were examined. Methods: 481 patients aged 14 and over diagnosed with AV were included in the study. It was conducted in a descriptive cross‐sectional type. Acne severity of all patients included in the study was determined using the Global Acne Grading System. Results: 78.3 percent of participants use social media to get information about AV. It was determined that men and single people used social media about their illnesses at a statistically significantly higher rate than women and married people (p = 0.004). In addition, patients aged 13–18 and high school graduates use social media as a source of information about their diseases, and this rate is statistically significantly higher (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Especially in the last decade, the use of social media tools to spread health messages has increased significantly. Because it has a chronic course and can cause cosmetic problems, AV patients may frequently resort to communication sources such as social media. Considering the possibility of social media misinforming patients, physicians should be aware that their patients with AV frequently use social media and should improve themselves in creating correct awareness on this issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acne vulgaris (AV) is a widespread inflammatory skin condition associated with increased sebum production, abnormal keratinization, bacterial overgrowth, and inflammation. Overactive sebaceous glands (SGs) produce excess sebum, promote Cutibacterium acnes growth, and affect acne development. Energy‐based treatments (EBDs), including light therapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT), lasers, and radiofrequency (RF) devices, have emerged as effective treatment options. As the use of EBDs becomes more widespread, it is imperative to understand their effects on skin parameters, such as sebum, in AV. Methods: Searches were conducted in Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. The studies included were randomized and nonrandomized trials on facial AV that used EBDs and featured objective casual sebum level (CSL) measurements via Sebumeter. Data synthesis involved percentage reductions in CSL at follow‐ups compared to baseline. Results: Twenty‐three studies were analyzed. PDT and RF consistently reduced CSL by 30%–40% and 30%–35%, respectively. Laser therapy showed lesser reductions, whereas light therapy varied significantly and studies had a high risk of bias. All EBD therapies were more effective than no treatment and PDT was superior to light monotherapy. Laser therapy combined with fractional microneedling radiofrequency (FMR) or as a standalone was more effective than laser alone. Conclusion: Noninvasive sebum measurement provides valuable insights into AV treatment efficacy. PDT, lasers, especially the 1450‐nm diode laser, and FMR are promising for reducing sebum. Standardization of measurement techniques and further research are vital for enhancing treatment personalization, reducing side effects, and improving AV management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acne vulgaris (AV) is an inflammatory skin disorder leading to scars and discomfort, its intensity has major psychological consequences such as depression. Aim: To investigate the effect of isotretinoin (ISO) on NF‐κB/NLRP3, biotinidase, and HMGB and correlation with depression. Patients and Methods: This was a case–control study that involved two groups. Group 1 is 20 healthy control, and group 2 is 20 patients diagnosed with AV according to Global Acne Grading System (GAGS) and received 20 mg ISO for 2 months. Before and after therapy, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) was applied to assess each participant's level of depression. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐ĸB), biotinidase, high mobility group box protein (HMGB1), nucleotide‐binding domain, leucine‐rich–containing family, and pyrin domain–containing‐3 (NLRP–3) were measured in serum samples. Results: There was no significant difference in all measured markers of healthy group before and after 2 months. Regarding group 2, there was a statistically significant decrease in all measured markers after 2 months of treatment and significant correlations between GAGS, NF‐ĸB, HMGB1, NLRP3, biotinidase, and depression score. Conclusion: Increased GAGS, HMGB1, NLRP3, and biotinidase were associated with depression severity in AV patients and ISO treatment significantly reduced these parameters and reduced depressive symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: A 6‐month interval between systemic isotretinoin (ISO) and the initiation of energy‐based interventions has been recommended, due to concerns about keloid formation and delayed wound healing. While this postponement goes against the current trend of early intervention for acne scarring. This systematic review evaluates the efficacy, safety, and patient satisfaction of combinations of ISO with energy‐based devices (EBD). Study Design/Methods and Materials: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were comprehensively searched up to April 2023 according to PRISMA guidelines. Two independent reviewers screened the titles and abstracts to select articles. The quality of the literature was assessed for each study design. Results: A total of 16 studies addressing the efficacy and safety of energy‐based modalities combined with ISO were identified, including six randomized controlled trials (RCTs), two case series, seven cohort studies, and one case report. ISO combinations with intense pulsed light (IPL), fractional ablative CO2 laser, pulsed dye laser (PDL), non‐ablative fractional laser (NAFL) and fractional microneedle radiofrequency (FMRF) have been tested for improving acne severity, acne scarring and erythema. Conclusion: The current evidence does not justify delaying the use of EBDs for patients who have recently undergone or are currently receiving ISO treatment. Evidence‐based treatments such as PDL, NAFL, and FMRF etc. are suggested relatively safe and effective in treating acne and acne scarring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acne vulgaris, a common chronic dermatological condition worldwide, is associated with inflammatory response and Cutibacterium acnes. Individuals with acne vulgaris and sensitive skin have limited suitable treatments due to the skin irritation and side effects exhibited by current hydroxy acidic medications. Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the synergistic effects of Guaiacum officinale (GO) and Rhodomyrtus Tomentosa (RT) extracts for treating acne vulgaris on sensitive skin by inhibiting inflammation. Methods: The phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity of GO and RT extracts were determined in vitro. The anti‐inflammatory effects were investigated in peptidoglycan (PGN)‐induced HaCaT cells. Further, a 28‐day clinical trial was conducted involving 30 subjects with both sensitive skin and acne to evaluate the efficacy and subjects' satisfaction. Results: Total phenolics and flavonoids were detected in GO and RT extracts, the IC50 values for DPPH radical scavenging were 6.15 wt% and 0.76 wt%, respectively. The combination of GO and RT extracts at a 1:1 (v/v) ratio significantly decreased the expression of TLR‐2 and TLR‐4, as well as the secretion of IL‐1α, IL‐8, and TNF‐α in PGN‐induced HaCaT cells, by 2.30–7.93 times compared to GO extract alone (p < 0.05). Moreover, the cream containing 5 wt% the combination significantly improved facial acne and redness (p < 0.05). The number of comedones decreased by 50.00% and papules by 30.65% after 28 days of application. No adverse events were reported and 96.67% of the subjects were satisfied with the treatment. Conclusion: The efficacy of the GO and RT extracts in synergistically suppressing inflammation, improving acne vulgaris, and reducing redness. The study offers an effective and non‐irritant treatment for acne vulgaris in individuals with sensitive skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background Methods Results Conclusions The SkinMedica Acne Treatment Platform (SM Regimen) was formulated to treat acne without overdrying the skin. We evaluated efficacy and tolerability of the SM Regimen (including a novel 1% salicylic acid Acne Clarifying Cleanser and 2% salicylic acid Acne Treatment Lotion) versus a prescription formulation (Rx Regimen; including adapalene 0.1%/benzoyl peroxide 2.5%) in a diverse population of adults with mild to moderate facial acne.This single‐center, double‐blind, randomized study enrolled adults (18–45 years) with Fitzpatrick skin types (FST) I–VI. SM Regimen or Rx Regimen was applied topically to the entire face for 12 weeks. Assessments were conducted at 24 and 48 h and 4, 8, and 12 weeks.Subjects (SM Regimen, n = 31; Rx Regimen, n = 23) were primarily female (90.7%) with mean age of 28.6 years; 53.8% had FST IV–VI. Efficacy was comparable between regimens. The SM regimen resulted in significant improvements versus baseline in mean Investigator's Global Assessment of acne severity from 48 h through week 12 (p ≤ 0.001), as well as significant and sustained improvements from baseline in total acne lesion count, global postinflammatory hyperpigmentation/postinflammatory erythema, and oiliness. The SM Regimen was well tolerated at all time points, with mean scores below mild for all parameters; the Rx Regimen caused significantly more tightness/dry feeling at week 4 versus SM Regimen (p = 0.008). Subjects (> 96%) reported high satisfaction with the SM Regimen at all time points.The SM Regimen reduced acne severity and skin oiliness, evening out skin tone without overdrying or irritating the skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background Methods Results Conclusion Acne vulgaris presents a substantial clinical challenge due to its complex pathophysiology and significant impact on quality of life. Identification of novel therapeutic targets for acne using genetic tools can guide the development of more effective treatments.Utilizing a dataset comprising 35 559 Icelandic individuals, we performed proteomic analyses to quantify 4709 circulating proteins. We integrated these data with acne‐specific genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) encompassing 34 422 acne patients and 364 991 controls. Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses employed the TwoSampleMR tool and Summary‐data‐based Mendelian Randomization (SMR) to estimate the causal effects of identified proteins on acne risk. Colocalization analyses assessed the likelihood of shared genetic etiology between protein levels and acne using the “coloc” R package.Our proteome‐wide MR analysis initially identified 128 proteins potentially associated with acne risk. Following multiple testing corrections using the Benjamini–Hochberg method, fatty acid synthase (FASN) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 4 (TIMP4) remained significantly associated with acne risk. FASN exhibited a protective effect against acne (OR = 0.768, 95% CI: 0.676–0.872, p = 4.685E‐05), while TIMP4 was associated with an increased risk (OR = 1.169, 95% CI: 1.103–1.241, p = 1.956E‐07). Colocalization analysis supported a shared genetic basis for these protein‐acne associations, with posterior probabilities indicating strong evidence of shared causal variants.Our findings highlight the utility of integrative genomic approaches in identifying potential therapeutic targets for acne. FASN and TIMP4, in particular, demonstrate strong potential as targets for therapeutic intervention, pending further validation through clinical research. These results offer a foundation for targeted acne treatment development, aligning with personalized medicine principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background Methods Results Conclusions Oral isotretinoin is the most effective systemic treatment for acne patients who fail to respond to other forms of therapies. However, hesitations and concerns regarding its side effect profile may detain the patients from treatment. This study aimed to develop and validate the Isotretinoin Hesitancy Scale (IHS) among acne patients.A cross‐sectional study was conducted with 100 acne patients who had not used isotretinoin previously. A 22‐item scale was created based on the related literature and expert opinions. The items of the scale related to beliefs and worries about isotretinoin were formatted with response options: agree, indecisive, and disagree. In this study, construct validity was tested with exploratory factor analysis, and reliability was tested with internal consistency and split‐half reliability.The results of exploratory factor analysis indicated a three‐factor solution with a total of 14 items, explaining 57% of the total variance. The first factor (Hesitancy Related to Reversible Adverse Effects: 6 items) accounted for 30% of the variance, the second factor (Hesitancy Related to Irreversible Adverse Effects: 4 items) accounted for 16% of the variance and the third factor (Isotretinoin‐related Anxiety: 4 items) accounted 11% of the variance. The internal consistency of the three factors was calculated as 0.79, 0.78, and 0.72, respectively. The Cronbach's alpha score of the total scale was found to be 0.81, and split‐half reliability was found to be 0.87.The IHS is the first scale that provides a valid and reliable assessment of isotretinoin hesitancy in acne patients. Eliminating isotretinoin hesitancy may reduce acne‐related clinical and psychosocial consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusions Acne vulgaris is a very common inflammatory skin disease that significantly impacts the quality of life of affected individuals. Previous studies have indicated that individuals with acne vulgaris often have low levels of zinc, selenium, and vitamin D. However, these three nutrients have rarely been collectively examined in a single study. The objective of this study was to compare serum levels of zinc, selenium, and vitamin D in patients with acne vulgaris in comparison to a control group.This case–control study included 100 adult patients with acne vulgaris attending a dermatology clinic, in 2020. A group of 100 patients without acne vulgaris attending the same clinics were evaluated as controls. Participants' sociodemographic characteristics, including age, sex, occupation, alcohol consumption, and tobacco smoking were recorded. In addition, anthropometric indices, such as weight and height, were measured and the body mass index (BMI) was calculated accordingly. Acne severity was determined using Tutakne and Chari's grading system. Serum zinc, selenium, and vitamin D levels were evaluated in peripheral blood samples of all the participants.Acne patients and controls were comparable regarding age, sex, weight, height, BMI, occupation, alcohol consumption, and tobacco smoking (p > 0.05). Serum zinc, selenium, and vitamin D levels were all significantly lower in acne patients than in controls (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the frequency of abnormal zinc and vitamin D levels was significantly higher in acne patients (p = 0.002 and p = 0.001, respectively), but there was no significant difference between the two groups regarding abnormal serum selenium levels (p = 0.228). Also, serum zinc, selenium, and vitamin D levels lower levels in patients with grade 4 acne compared to other disease severity grades (p < 0.001).Patients with acne vulgaris have lower levels of serum zinc, selenium, and vitamin D compared to the control group. Additionally, there is a correlation between the severity of the disease and lower levels of these nutrients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acne vulgaris is one of the most common dermatological disorders. Berberis integerrima Bunge belongs to the Berberidaceae family. Several studies on different Berberis species in addition to B. integerrima have shown antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti‐inflammatory effects. Spearmint essential oil also has antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti‐inflammatory activities. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of the topical combination of B. integerrima root extract and spearmint essential oil in the treatment of acne vulgaris. Methods: Patients with mild to moderate facial acne who met the inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to either drug (B. integerrima extract/spearmint essential oil topical solution) or control (clindamycin 1% topical solution) groups. Each group applied the solution twice a day for 4 weeks. Before and at the end of the intervention, the number of lesions and mGAGS (Modified Global Acne Grading Scale) score were recorded. Results: Thirty patients in each group of drug and control completed the study. Topical B.integerrima root extract/spearmint essential oil significantly reduced the number of lesions (27.33 ± 26.17 vs. 21.58 ± 21.10; p < 0.001) and mGAGS (18.76 ± 8.61 vs. 13.87 ± 8.14; p < 0.001) at the end of the intervention. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups regarding the number of lesions (p = 0.906) and mGAGS (p = 0.882). Conclusions: B. integerrima root extract combined with spearmint essential oil has significant anti‐acne effects, comparable to topical antibiotic clindamycin. It could be considered as a potential treatment for acne vulgaris. However, more studies with larger sample sizes and longer durations are required to confirm this effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Salicylic acid (SA) has been used for treatment of acne of different severity levels. However, there are few researches about the safety and efficacy for treatment of mild to moderate acne, and the improvement of the skin condition by using 2% supramolecular salicylic acid (SSA) compared to Davuwen Adapaline gel. Methods: A multicenter, randomized, assessor‐blind and parallel‐controlled study was conducted. A total of 500 patients (trial group: 249, control group: 251) with mild to moderate (grade I–II) facial acne vulgaris were recruited in this study over a 16‐week trial period. Patients in the trial group were treated with Broda 2% SSA hydrogel, while control group treated with Davuwen Adapaline gel once a day. The number of inflammatory papules, comedones, and pustules were counted and the rate of lesion reduction was calculated pre‐ and post‐treatment. Then, the skin physiological indicators, including L*a*b*, TEWL, skin sebum and hydration were measured. Statistical analysis was conducted using SAS 9.4. Significance was set at p = 0.05. Results: At the end of 12 weeks' therapy, the regression and markedly improvement rate of the trail group and the control group were 51.01% and 43.10% respectively, and there was no significant difference in the improvement rate between two groups (p = 0.0831). Although, there was no difference in adverse events rate between two groups, the adverse events rate of the trail group was 0.40%, a little lower than the control group (0.80%). Moreover, there was a significant difference in the numbers of pores at T1 between two groups. Conclusion: Both 2% SSA and Adapaline gel were equally effective in the treatment of mild to moderate acne vulgaris. 2% SSA is worth the clinical promotion and application in mild to moderate acne vulgaris. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acne vulgaris is a widespread chronic inflammatory dermatological condition. The precise molecular and genetic mechanisms of its pathogenesis remain incompletely understood. This research synthesizes existing databases, targeting a comprehensive exploration of core genetic markers. Methods: Gene expression datasets (GSE6475, GSE108110, and GSE53795) were retrieved from the GEO. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using the limma package. Enrichment analyses were conducted using GSVA for pathway assessment and clusterProfiler for GO and KEGG analyses. PPI networks and immune cell infiltration were analyzed using the STRING database and ssGSEA, respectively. We investigated the correlation between hub gene biomarkers and immune cell infiltration using Spearman's rank analysis. ROC curve analysis validated the hub genes' diagnostic accuracy. miRNet, TarBase v8.0, and ChEA3 identified miRNA/transcription factor–gene interactions, while DrugBank delineated drug–gene interactions. Experiments utilized HaCaT cells stimulated with Propionibacterium acnes, treated with retinoic acid and methotrexate, and evaluated using RT‐qPCR, ELISA, western blot, lentiviral transduction, CCK‐8, wound‐healing, and transwell assays. Results: There were 104 genes with consistent differences across the three datasets of paired acne and normal skin. Functional analyses emphasized the significant enrichment of these DEGs in immune‐related pathways. PPI network analysis pinpointed hub genes PTPRC, CXCL8, ITGB2, and MMP9 as central players in acne pathogenesis. Elevated levels of specific immune cell infiltration in acne lesions corroborated the inflammatory nature of the disease. ROC curve analysis identified the acne diagnostic potential of four hub genes. Key miRNAs, particularly hsa‐mir‐124‐3p, and central transcription factors like TFEC were noted as significant regulators. In vitro validation using HaCaT cells confirmed the upregulation of hub genes following Propionibacterium acnes exposure, while CXCL8 knockdown reduced pro‐inflammatory cytokines, cell proliferation, and migration. DrugBank insights led to the exploration of retinoic acid and methotrexate, both of which mitigated gene expression upsurge and inflammatory mediator secretion. Conclusion: This comprehensive study elucidated pivotal genes associated with acne pathogenesis, notably PTPRC, CXCL8, ITGB2, and MMP9. The findings underscore potential biomarkers, therapeutic targets, and the therapeutic potential of agents like retinoic acid and methotrexate. The congruence between bioinformatics and experimental validations suggests promising avenues for personalized acne treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Selective photothermolysis (SPT) using a 1726 nm laser has emerged as a safe and effective treatment option for acne vulgaris by targeting sebaceous glands (SG). Power output plays a crucial role in determining treatment selectivity and efficacy. Aims: This work highlights the advantages of a higher‐power laser source and outlines the limitations of lower‐power laser sources and the subsequent impact on treatment. Methods: Light transport and bioheat transfer simulations were performed to demonstrate photothermal impact on the SG and the surrounding dermis when irradiated by a high‐ or lower‐power laser source. Results: The simulations showed that a single higher‐power‐shorter‐pulse (HPSP) selectively increases SG temperature well beyond bulk temperatures, which is desirable for SPT. Selectivity decreases linearly with power for the single lower‐power‐longer‐pulses (LPLP) exposure. A multiple‐LPLP approach elevates bulk temperatures significantly more than a single‐pulse strategy, compromising selectivity. Conclusion: The goal of SPT is to damage SG safely and effectively by creating an intense temperature rise localized to the SG while moderately increasing the dermis temperature. This goal is mostly achieved with higher‐power lasers that deliver a single HPSP. Lower‐power lasers, longer pulse widths, and multi‐pulse strategies result in higher bulk temperatures and lower SG selectivity, making such treatment challenging to execute while adding a higher risk of discomfort and downtime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Acne is the most common reason for dermatology consultation in adolescents and young adults. Consultation is often delayed despite unsuccessful self‐treatment. Postponing effective treatment places acne sufferers at higher risk for permanent acne scars and post‐inflammatory pigment changes. Aim: This review discusses clinical challenges with present therapeutic options for acne treatment and the role of a 1726 nm laser for acne. Methods: Current acne treatment guidelines were reviewed. A literature review was conducted for trials of light‐based acne therapy. The selectivity of previous light‐based therapies was reviewed. Results: Available acne therapy is effective, but treatment‐related side effects are common. Acne treatment guidelines do not include recommendations for light‐based treatments. Different types of light‐based treatments have been tried but until now no wavelength specifically targeted sebaceous glands. Conclusion: The 1726 nm laser is safe and effective for treating mild to severe acne in all Fitzpatrick skin types. Acne resolution is apparent within the first month and improves for up to 2 years beyond treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Acne vulgaris is a common skin disease accompanied by chronic inflammation in the pilosebaceous follicles, resulting from excessive Cutibacterium acnes. This study aimed to investigate the inhibition of biofilm formation by C. acnes ATCC 6919 using heat‐treated Pediococcus acidilactici LM1013 (HT‐LM1013), previously isolated from the Korean traditional fermented alcoholic beverage—makgeolli, and its application as a leave‐on‐type product for patients with acne vulgaris. Methods: HT‐LM1013 was prepared by Lactomason and homogenized using a high‐pressure homogenizer. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and lipase activity were evaluated for C. acnes inhibition. Inhibition of biofilm formation was demonstrated using a crystal violet solution. Damaged C. acnes was observed using field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM). Clinical trials were performed using a leave‐on‐type product containing HT‐LM1013. Results: HT‐LM1013 inhibited the TCA cycle (36.80%) and lipase activity using palmitate (31.89%), stearate (36.91%), and oleate (30.86%) as substrates at 1 × MIC (p < 0.01). After treatment with HT‐LM1013, concave and elongated shapes of C. acnes were observed by FE‐SEM. In addition, HT‐LM1013 inhibited biofilm formation by 71.75% at 1 × MIC (p < 0.001) and removed 73.35% of mature biofilms (p < 0.01). In the clinical trial, the leave‐on‐type product decreased the number of closed comedones from 14.04 to 10.22, open comedones from 7.22 to 4.39%, and sebum content to 76.23% at week 4 (p < 0.01). The satisfaction score of the participants was recorded 3.83 on a five‐point scale. Conclusion: HT‐LM1013 is potent for the treatment of acne vulgaris. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Microcirculation is the flow of blood through the smallest vessels in the circulatory system. Capillaries respond to various pathologies much earlier than arteries and veins, the changes which indicate that the disease is already developing. Careful monitoring of the functioning of the capillary system often allows the detection of in vivo disorders at an early stage. Aims: The aim of the study was to evaluate the microcirculation within acne lesions. A noninvasive method of semi‐quantitative blood perfusion measurement based on laser speckle contrast analysis (LASCA) and a quantitative assessment of the acne severity using the hyperspectral imaging method supported by image analysis and processing methods were used. Patients/Method: The acne lesion perfusion was compared to the healthy skin perfusion of the control group. The reflectance in the range from 400 to 1000 nm was also compared for acne lesions and healthy skin. A dedicated version of the algorithm based on the gray‐level co‐occurrence matrix was used to compare differences between acne lesions and healthy skin. Results: Blood perfusion in acne lesions is on average 117% higher than in healthy skin. The reflectance of acne lesions was lower in the range of 400–600 nm compared to the healthy skin. A statistically significant decrease in the reflectance of acne lesions was demonstrated for wavelengths: 434, 549, and 588 nm. Conclusions: Increased blood perfusion in acne lesions compared to healthy skin suggests increased chemotaxis of inflammatory cells and wound healing. Decrease points in skin reflectance resemble the absorption peaks for hemoglobin and coproporphyrin III produced by Cutibacterium acnes. Thus, the proposed methods may serve not only for the early detection of acne lesions, before they manifest themselves clinically for the naked eye, but may also be a tool for quantifying the effectiveness of acne treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1) plays a role in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. Metformin can reduce IGF‐1 levels and insulin resistance, so it may be useful in treating acne. Objective: This study compared the efficacy of metformin and doxycycline in treating patients with acne vulgaris. Methods: In this assessor‐blind, add‐on, randomized controlled clinical trial, we enrolled 40 patients with moderate acne vulgaris aged 15–40 and randomly divided them into two groups. For two months, the first group received doxycycline 100 mg capsules daily, and the second received metformin 500 mg tablets twice daily. The patients in both groups were adminitered to apply a fingertip (fourth finger) of 5% benzoyl peroxide gel (Pangel®) topically every night over the lesions, and to wash it off after 30 min. Patients were evaluated using the Global Acne Grading System (GAGS) score, Investigator Global Assessment for Acne (IGA) score, Cardiff Acne Disability Index (CADI), Total Acne Lesion Count (TLC), and the number of inflammatory and noninflammatory lesions. Results: By the end of the study, the GAGS, IGA, CADI, and TLC scores and the number of inflammatory and noninflammatory lesions decreased significantly in both groups (p < 0.001), with no significant difference between the two groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: This trial indicates equal efficacy of doxycycline and metformin in reducing acne vulgaris severity, with doxycycline performing better in reducing lesions of the inflammatory type. Confirmatory or equivalence clinical trials should be performed to confirm our results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The popularity of social media appears to be increasing the acceptance of cosmetic treatments, prompting more consumers to seek cosmetic treatments. As the estimated prevalence of acne vulgaris among adult women may be as high as 54%, acne is commonly observed among patients presenting for cosmetic treatments. Concomitant treatment of acne in the aesthetic patient population will improve overall clinical outcomes. Aims: The goal of this work was to deliver a high‐quality ethical and evidence‐based educational program to physicians and adjunctive health care providers to advance patient care. Methods: This paper is based on a webcam presentation with roundtable discussion by several notable experts in their field. Results: A range of topical medications, injectable products, chemical peels, and energy‐based devices are available for treating acne vulgaris. In most instances, these are compatible with rejuvenation procedures in the aesthetic patient. Conclusion: The growth of social media is raising awareness of aesthetic procedures and appears to be increasing the number of patients seeking aesthetic treatment. Educating patients about the importance of treating acne vulgaris can improve overall treatment outcomes. In most instances, the presence of acne is not a barrier to aesthetic care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Inflammatory and non‐inflammatory acne lesions constitute a significant clinical challenge in acne subjects. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a facial serum and a mask containing salicylic acid and lipohydroxy acid for improving skin conditions. Methods: This randomized controlled trial included adults with comedones, post‐inflammatory erythema (PIE) and/or hyperpigmentation (PIH) in Shanghai, China in July 2021. Participants were randomly assigned 1:1 to receive the study Serum + Mask or serum alone for 8 weeks. Acne severity, comedones, papules, pustules, PIE, PIH, skin pores, skin tone evenness, sebum secretion, skin hydration, and trans‐epidermal water loss were evaluated at T0d, T1d, T7d, T14d, T28d, and T56d. Results: Eighty‐three participants were included, including 41 and 42 in the Serum + Mask and Serum groups, respectively. Acne severity, density of skin pores, skin tone evenness, PIH foci on face, PIE foci on nose, intensity of PIE and PIH, closed comedones on face, open comedones on nose, sebum secretion, and skin hydration were significantly improved from baseline after 8 weeks of treatment in both groups (all p < 0.05). Addition of the mask improved the number of closed comedones (−6.56 ± 0.39 vs. −5.19 ± 0.44, p = 0.022) and acne severity (−0.39 ± 0.08 vs. −0.12 ± 0.09, p = 0.026) substantially more than using the serum alone. No adverse reaction was reported in either group. Conclusions: The study serum improved skin conditions by regulating skin barrier function and achieving a balance of skin hydration and sebum secretion, removing comedones and improving PIE and PIH. Addition of the mask accelerated the effects without compromising safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory disease with multifactorial etiology. Studies on the pathogenesis of acne are still important. Recently, various studies have been conducted on the significance of genetics in the pathogenesis of acne. Blood group is transferred genetically and could affect the development, progress, and severity of certain diseases. Aim: In the current study, the correlation between the severity of acne vulgaris and ABO blood groups was investigated. Materials and Methods: A total of 380 patients (263 mild and 117 severe acne vulgaris patients) and 1000 healthy individuals were included in the study. Severity of acne vulgaris patients and healthy controls was determined based on the blood group and Rh factor data obtained retrospectively from the patient files in the hospital automation system. Results: In the study, the rate of females was significantly higher in the acne vulgaris group (X2:154.908; p:0.000). The mean age of the patient was significantly lower when compared to the controls (t:37.127; p:0.0001). The mean age of the patients with severe acne was significantly lower when compared to those with mild acne. When compared to the control group, the incidence of severe acne was higher in those A blood type when compared to the patients with mild acne, while the incidence of mild acne was higher in other blood groups when compared to the control (X2:17.756; p:0.007). No significant difference was determined between the Rh blood groups of the patients with mild, severe acne and the control group (X2:0.812; p:0.666). Conclusion: The results revealed a significant correlation between acne severity and ABO blood groups. Future studies that would be conducted with larger samples in different centers could confirm the current study findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Acne vulgaris is a disease that has an enormous impact on appearance of the skin of the patients and also on their quality of life. Long‐term dermatological treatment, which often lasts years, and disease relapses contribute to the occurrence of low self‐esteem and depression. Acne is one of the 10 most common diseases in the world and the most common inflammatory skin disease. Many methods of dermatological treatment that bring very good results are available. However, educating people with acne on how to take care of their skin on a daily basis to minimize the bleak effects of the disease is an extremely important element. Contemporary cosmetology creates an environment for not only taking care of the skin at home, but also develops in‐office treatments with exfoliation of the dead epidermis as an extremely important and priority part of treatment. The cosmetologist can propose both chemical and apparatus methods, which are selected individually for each client. Objective: The objective of this article is to provide information about cosmetological treatment used in acne vulgaris. Methods: In this article, we reviewed the published literature, article published in peer‐reviewed journals. Results: There are many methods that work well in the case of acne skin care, more and more new treatments appear on the cosmetological market. Conclusion: Acne skin care in beauty parlor is very important element. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare complete blood count (CBC) parameters and inflammatory factors in the patients with different grade of acne vulgaris and healthy controls. Methods: A total of 20 patients were enrolled in this study. Patients were divided into mild group and moderate‐to‐severe group based on the acne severity, and compared to controls. Inflammatory factors (TNF‐α, IL‐6, IL‐8, and IL1‐α) detected by ELISA and complete blood count parameters (MPV, NLR, dNLR, PLR, LMR, and SII) obtained by routine blood tests were compared among the three group. Results: All CBC parameters were not significantly elevated in patients with acne compared to healthy controls. However, the present studies have found that the inflammatory factors in acne patients were significantly elevated relative to healthy controls, and increase with the acne grade. Conclusions: Inflammatory factors are convenient parameters to show inflammatory response to acne vulgaris, and may be a new clinical method for judging the acne grades of objectively. Considering the use of antibiotic, we believe that this metric worth further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Impulsivity is the tendency to make decisions and act quickly without adequate planning and anticipating risks. Impulsivity is among the core symptoms of many psychiatric disorders. In addition, impulsivity can affect the course of various diseases shaped by behaviors. Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the presence of acne excoriee and different impulsivity dimensions. Study Design: A case–control study. Methods: Thirty patients with acne excoriee (AE+) and 30 acne vulgaris patients without excoriated lesions (AE‐) enrolled in this study. Impulsivity was evaluated by The Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS). In addition, The Beck Anxiety Inventory, The Beck Depression Inventory, and The Skin Picking Scale were applied to assess the clinical characteristics of the participants. Results: AE+ patients had higher non‐planning subscale scores of BIS than AE‐ patients in this study. In addition, the acne‐picking severity score determined by The Skin Picking Scale was positively correlated with non‐planning subscale scores of BIS. There was no significant difference between the groups regarding the Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory. Conclusions: These results indicate that AE patients have a lack of forethought. In other words, it has been shown that impulsive personality traits, which indicate a lack of planning for the future, may be associated with the acne‐picking behavior of the patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acne vulgaris (AV) is the most pervasive inflammatory disease of hair follicle and sebaceous gland in the dermatology department, and depressed scar (DS) is the most common and serious sequela of AV. Aims: To explore the clinical value of CO2 dot matrix laser combined with platelet‐rich plasma (PRP)‐treated AV. Methods: Total 81 patients with DS at the rear of AV from December 2018 to October 2019 were selected, randomly divided into observation group (OG, n = 39) and control group (CG, n = 42). Patients in the OG group were treated with CO2 dot matrix laser combined with PRP, and those in the CG group were treated with CO2 dot matrix laser. To observe clinical outcomes in both groups. Results: According to experimental analysis, compared with the CG group, CO2 dot matrix laser combined with PRP can more strongly improve the clinical efficacy on patients, shorten the scar scabbing time and decrustation time, more effectively contributed to their scar repair, comfort, skin condition, psychological state and satisfaction, and reduced their pain. The subsequent follow‐up results also showed that patients in the OG group experienced better quality of life. Moreover, according to the logistic regression analysis, the course of disease, scar degree, and staying up late were independent risk factors for the repair effect, and the repair method of CO2 dot matrix laser combined with PRP was an independent protection factor. Conclusion: To sum up, CO2 dot matrix laser combined with PRP can strongly enhance the scar repair effect, psychological state, and life quality of patients with DS after AV, so it is worth popularizing in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Selective photothermolysis on sebaceous glands is an effective method for treating acne vulgaris (AV); however, safety, efficacy, and discomfort hinder its utilization in clinical settings. Aims: The primary objective is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a novel 1726 nm laser with contact cooling to treat AV. Methods: Seventeen patients aged 18 to 36 were enrolled and treated in this IRB‐approved, single‐center, open‐label study. Patients received up to three facial laser sessions up to seven weeks apart. Follow‐up visits happened ten days post‐session and at the 4 and 12 weeks following the final session. The investigator assessed the severity of device‐related adverse events (AEs). Investigator Global Assessment (IGA) and inflammatory lesion counts (ILC) were used as metrics to evaluate acne resolution and skin condition enhancement. Patients' perspectives on satisfaction and comfort using this technology were assessed using Subject Experience Questionnaires (SEQ). Results: Safety assessment showed mild and transient AEs. All subjects tolerated anesthetics‐free treatments well, with a mean treatment discomfort score of 4.9 ± 1.5. Compared to baseline, a statistically significant reduction in ILC (p = 0.003) of 52% to 56% is achieved four to twelve weeks following treatment. Long‐term follow‐ups showed progressive improvement 24 months post‐treatment with a 97% reduction in ILC. SEQs revealed high subject satisfaction (71%) with psychosocial improvement three months post‐treatment. Conclusion: The novel 1726 nm laser appears safe and effective for treating mild‐to‐severe acne. Acne resolution is apparent within the first month and progresses beyond the study duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Atrophic acne scars (AAS) impact the aesthetic appearance, inducing social and psychological problems. Effective and safe therapy for AAS is urgently needed now. Microneedling fractional radiofrequency (MFRF) has emerged as a minimal invasive alteration for treating AAS lately, while the existing data on Chinese population was few. Aims: We aimed to explore the effectivity and safety of MFRF in Chinese patients with facial AAS and analyze the response of different subtypes to MFRF treatment. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis using data from medical records and clinical photographs of 40 Chinese patients with AAS with Fitzpatrick skin type III‐IV, all of them had received 3 MFRF treatments with 1‐month intervals and were followed up 3 months after the last treatment. The clinical severity was assessed through échelle d'évaluation clinique des cicatrices d'acné (ECCA) score at each visit. Clinical photographs were taken by VISIA. Patients were asked to evaluate their satisfaction of the treatment using a 5‐point Likert scale at the last visit. Results: ECCA score decreased more than a half at the last visit based on the baseline. Among the three types of AAS, the M‐shaped scars respond most quickly to MFRF and the U‐shaped scars improved the most after 3 months follow‐up. A significant improvement was seen in clinical appearance, parallel to the change of ECCA, indicating the remarkable improvement of AAS after the MFRF treatment. Concomitant active acne was controlled along with the improvement of AAS. Statistics from VISIA showed excellent improvement in pores and texture as well. Side effects including pain and erythema were transient and mild. The number of MFRF treatment sessions was positively associated with the degree of improvement. Of the total 39 patients who had given a score of satisfaction, more than 89% (35 patients) were very satisfied or satisfied with the outcome. Conclusions: To sum up, our study reveals that MFRF provides high efficiency in treating Chinese AAS patients with high satisfaction and low risk of adverse effects. M‐shaped scars are the most sensitive type to the treatment, but the U‐shaped scars improve most at the last visit. The simultaneous minimization of pores and improvement of skin texture imply the increased collagen stimulated by MFRF. Regular MFRF should be considered a good choice in treating AAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acne lesion counting (ALC) is widely used to evaluate efficacy of new acne treatments. Although such evaluations are precise and highly discriminative, if assessed live, it can be a time‐consuming and intrusive measurement. Photographic assessment is a viable mode for ALCs and for training and/or qualifying evaluators. Aims: The purpose of this study was to validate photographic methods for performing ALCs and to provide an objective measurement tool to train and/or qualify lesion count evaluators for deployment in both small‐ and large‐scale studies. Patients/Methods: Assess accuracy and reliability of acne lesion counting via photographic methods in 8 subjects aged 16 to 40 years, with Fitzpatrick Skin Types I to VI. Frontal and 45°angle images taken at the single in‐clinic visit. Each subject underwent 3 counts per 4 evaluators: 1 set of live counts and 2 sets of photo counts. Intra‐evaluator and inter‐evaluator reliability measures for photo counts were evaluated using calculations of intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Results: Eight subjects (2 males and 6 females) age between 16 and 40 (min 16 years, max 25 years) diagnosed with facial acne vulgaris participated in the study. Fitzpatrick Skin Types ranged from III to V (three Type‐III, four Type‐IV, and one Type‐V). ICC values for intra‐evaluator reliability were found to be >0.95 for each evaluator, and ICC for inter‐evaluator reliability was found to be 0.98. Conclusions: Photographic lesion count methodology is a reliable and accurate tool for objective measurement of ALCs and additionally, for training and/or qualifying evaluators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: One of the most prevalent skin disorders is acne vulgaris. It is a distressing problem among young adults and adolescents. The pathophysiology of AV is significantly influenced by certain immune response cells. Acne's localized tissue inflammatory reactions are brought on by the bacteria Cutibacterium acnes, which also causes the release of several inflammatory mediators. Aim of the Work: To measure the serum levels of IL‐1 and IL‐12, two pro‐inflammatory cytokines, and IL‐10, an anti‐inflammatory cytokine, in AV patients and link those levels with the severity of the condition. Results: This study included 19 males and 23 females with AV(n = 42), with mean age of 21.79 ± 3.5. The control group included 19 males and 23 female (n = 42) with mean age of 22.05 ± 3.3 (p = 0.729). Serum levels of IL‐1β was significantly higher in patients with AV as than controls (p < 0.001). Similarly, the serum levels of IL‐12 were significantly higher in AV cases than controls (p < 0.001). On the contrary, the median IL‐10 was significantly lower in AV cases than controls (p = 0.015). The correlation between serum levels of IL‐1β and IL‐12 in AV patients and disease severity was insignificant (r = −0.04, p = 0.404) and (r = −0.19, p = 0.118, respectively). (r = −0.19, p = 0.118) On the contrary, there was a significant negative correlation between serum levels of IL‐10 in AV patients and disease severity (r = −0.43, p = 0.003). Conclusion: Our results indicate significant alterations in the monocyte‐derived cytokine (MDCs) profile in patients with AV, IL‐1 and IL‐12 serum levels rose while IL‐10 levels fell, reflecting an increase in pro‐inflammatory cytokines and a decrease in anti‐inflammatory cytokines. These highlight the important role played by monocytes in the pathogenesis of AV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. If skin lesions are not treated well in time, they can leave a permanent impact on the appearance and a negative influence on personal confidence. The common therapy for acne symptom includes antibiotics, benzoyl peroxide, and azeleic acid. However, those medications have side effects, and the long‐term use should be cautious. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a safe and effective material, which is more suitable for daily use. Objective: Collagen was selected to co‐ferment with three probiotic strains TYCA06/AP‐32/CP‐9 (TAC) due to its excellent feature on wound healing. The fermented material was added into cosmetic gel and applied on subjects' acne lesions. The antimicrobial activity against Propionibacterium acnes and anti‐inflammation effect around lesion area were investigated in a 4‐week clinical study. Material and Methods: An anti‐P. acnes assay, a keratinocytes HaCaT cell‐based wound healing assay, and a cytokine assay on thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and interleukin (IL)‐33 were used to evaluate the function of the fermented material in vitro. The TAC/Collagen formula was further incorporated into a cosmetic gel, and the human clinical trial was carried out by applying this gel on 20 volunteers' face with acne vulgaris. The moisture score, sebum content, inflammation, porphyrins numbers, and brown spot number of whole face were observed and recorded. Results: The postbiotics of the TAC/Collagen displayed a good growth inhibition against P. acnes and reduced TSLP and IL‐33 inflammation in vitro. This TAC/Collagen formula enhanced the wound healing in HaCaT cell culture. The result of the clinical trial showed the TAC/Collagen gel improved the moisture score and inflammation index of the skin in vivo. In addition, this TAC/Collagen gel also improved the wound healing of acne symptom in volunteers with acne vulgaris. Moreover, this TAC/Collagen gel reduced the number of the porphyrins and brown spots on facial skin. Conclusion: These postbiotics of TAC/Collagen have beneficial effects on skin health and are able to ameliorate the redness, inflammation, and acne symptom in acne vulgaris patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acne vulgaris (AV) is a complex and multifactorial inflammatory disease affecting the pilosebaceous follicles. Optimum treatment of AV is important to reduce the disease severity and recurrence. Aim: To evaluate the role of metformin in the treatment of acne vulgaris by reducing the level of insulin‐like growth factor 1. Methods: Fifty patients with AV were included in the study. Their ages ranged from 16 to 30 years, and they had different grades of the disease. IGF‐1 levels were measured in all patients before and after the treatment with metformin. Results: After 4 months of therapy, there was a clinical improvement detected by an improvement in the global acne grading system (GAGS) score and also a significant decrease in IGF‐level. Conclusion: IGF‐1 may have an important role in the pathogenesis of acne; also we can presume that oral metformin is an effective and safe line in the treatment of AV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the correlation among different investigators (intrarater variation) in the assessment of acne vulgaris severity using Acne Grading System (AGS), International Improvement Grading System (IIGS), Investigator Global Assessment of acne (IGA), and Global Evaluation Acne (GEA), and to compare AGS and IIGS with the IGA recommended in the United States, and GEA in Europe. Methods: A prospective cross‐sectional study was conducted among patients with acne vulgaris, attending the dermatology outpatient clinics at five hospitals in China. Four investigators were engaged using AGS, IIGS, IGA, and GEA to assess severity of acne vulgaris. Correlation among AGS, IIGS, GEA, and IGA were analyzed. Results: A total of 1107 participants suffering from acne vulgaris were enrolled. There was evidence of adequate internal consistency among AGS, IIGS, IGA, and GEA. For the intrarater reliability, AGS, IIGS, GEA, and IGA demonstrated excellent reliability. Moreover, AGS, IIGS, IGA, and GEA were significantly correlated with each other (p ≤ 0.01). Conclusion: IIGS and AGS were reliable, and correlated well with IGA and GEA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acne patients frequently receive combination therapy. However, there has been no rigorous review of the efficacy of combining alpha hydroxy acid with IPL for acne vulgaris treatment. Objective: Assessing the effectiveness and safeness of alpha hydroxy acids in combination with IPL in the treatment of people with acne vulgaris. Methods: A computer search of common biomedical databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, Wanfang, CNKI, SinoMed, and VIP, was extensively conducted to identify previous studies on randomized controlled trials of alpha hydroxy acid combined with IPL in the management of acne vulgaris. Results: A total of 18 publications were included (1435 patients with common acne met the inclusion criteria). The meta‐analysis showed that alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) combined with IPL had higher overall efficacy than the control group (OR = 4.24; 95% CI 2.66 ~ 6.74; p < 0.01). In the case of acne vulgaris, AHA combined with IPL and the AHA alone showed a remarkable difference in total efficiency (OR = 4.10; 95% CI 2.12 ~ 7.91; p < 0.01), and AHA combined with IPL were more effective than IPL alone (OR = 4.02; 95% CI 2.25 ~ 7.16; p < 0.01). In addition, the occurrence of adverse reactions that occurred in AHA combined with IPL and control groups did not differ (OR = 0.86; 95% CI 0.46 ~ 1.60; p = 0.64). Conclusion: AHA combined with IPL therapy was superior to other therapies. Although it was slightly more expensive, it was effective and had a wide range of applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Patient compliance with care recommendations is closely related to the role of cosmetics in delaying or preventing the side effects of medications used to treat acne. Methods: A total of 33 volunteers with symptoms of acne vulgaris were qualified for the study. The skin parameters were measured before the experiment, after the 4 and at the 8 weeks of use. The measurements were subject to moisturizing the skin and secretion of sebum and skin color. A skin acoustic parameters using high‐frequency ultrasound (33 MHz) was also performed. The recorded images were used to determine the epidermal entrance echo thickness and echo density of dermis. Results: The results show a change in the value of skin parameters during the 8‐week application of a specific skin care procedure. The secretion of sebum did not change significantly, there was a decrease in hydration, and the level of melanin and hemoglobin remained at the same level. The thickness of the epidermis entrance echo in the ultrasound image was thinned. Conclusion: For many mild/moderate acne patients, cosmetics proven to be effective and well tested in clinical trials can offer a real benefit in reducing both inflammation, sebum production, melanin, and irritation, but should also be moisturizing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recent work conducted with healthcare workers and middle‐aged populations has recognized the association between acne vulgaris (AV) and mask‐wearing. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between the face mask and AV in a group of university students, triggering factors, the awareness, and attitudes of the students. Methods: A face‐to‐face survey was conducted to 200 participants (84 males, 116 females) who composed of third‐ and fifth‐grade medical faculty students. The questionnaire compiled the demographic data, skin care habits, mask‐wearing habits, skin lesions developed on their faces with the use of face masks, awareness, and attitudes of the students. Results: The mean age of the participants was 21.39 ± 1.34 (range, 19–26 years). While 40.5% of the students developed new AV, 20.5% had exacerbation of their old AV. Lesions developed most frequently in the cheek (51%) and chin (45.5%) regions. During the COVID‐19 pandemic, being female (p = 0.04), prolonged masks use (p = 0.001), and fewer mask changes throughout the day (p = 0.01) were found to be associated with the development of AV. Moreover, 90.5% of students stated that the face mask could cause the development of AV. The most frequent protective precautions of the students were the intermittent removal of face masks and regular handwashing. Conclusion: The use of face masks triggers the development of AV in young people. Wearing masks over long periods of time without breaks and infrequently changing one's mask throughout the day may lead to the development of new or worsening of AV in young populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: During the ongoing COVID‐19 outbreak, face mask use has increased and became a part of our daily lives. While wearing, prolonged contact time and microenvironmental change profoundly lead to an acne flare‐up, defined as "maskne." Aims: We aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of snail secretion filtrate, Calendula officinalis, and Glycyrrhiza glaba root extract combination serum (SCGS) in treating the maskne. Methods: This was a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial study. This study enrolled 66 participants with mild‐to‐moderate maskne. The SCGS and placebo were randomly assigned for participants to use twice daily for 12 weeks. Percentage change of acne lesion count, acne severity by Investigator Global Evaluation Acne (IGEA), sebum levels, corneometry levels, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), erythema score by Visia®, and adverse events were evaluated 4‐weekly at baseline to Week 12. At Week 12, all participants evaluated their satisfaction scores using a 10‐point visual analog scale (VAS). Results: In the mask‐covered area, the percent reduction in inflammatory acne lesions from the treatment group was significantly greater than the placebo group at all time points (coefficient of percentage change of inflammatory lesions = −33.89 [95% CI −65.24, −2.53]; p = 0.03). Also, a subgroup analysis with participants using concurrent acne treatments revealed similar results (12 participants, coefficient = −50.30 [95% −88.65, −11.95]; p = 0.01). However, there were no significant differences in non‐inflammatory lesions, all skin biophysics, and VAS between groups. Adverse events were mild and occurred in a few cases in both groups. Conclusions: The SCGS could significantly improve inflammatory acne lesions and had a favorable tolerability profile, suggesting its role as an adjunctive treatment in maskne. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the relationship between serum Incretin and acne vulgaris (AV) and insulin resistance (IR), and to find the biological indicators of acne vulgaris with insulin resistance. Methods: 60 patients diagnosed with acne vulgaris in the dermatology department of Zagazig University and 56 healthy people in the health examination center of this hospital were collected, respectively, as the control group; all the included people were drawn fasting blood to test serum Incretin, blood lipids, sex hormones and INS release test to explore the role of serum Incretin in acne vulgaris and insulin resistance. Results: The average level of Incretin in the acne group was lower than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (t = 7.189, p < 0.001). The average level of Incretin in the acne group with insulin resistance was lower than that in the acne without insulin resistance group, the difference was statistically significant (t = 22.328, p < 0.001). In the acne group, the insulin resistance index decreased with the increase of Incretin level, and the two showed a negative correlation. (R = −0.711, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Patients with acne vulgaris are prone to have insulin resistance. Insulin resistance in patients with acne vulgaris is negatively correlated with Incretin. Serum Incretin may be expected to be a biomarker for diagnosing acne vulgaris patients with insulin resistance. The severity of acne vulgaris may have no obvious correlation with insulin resistance and serum incretin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vitamin D may have an important role in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris (AV) as it has an immunomodulatory effect and regulates the proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes. Oral isotretinoin used in the management of moderate‐to‐severe acne binds to the retinoid receptor which can form a heterodimer with vitamin D receptor (VDR) and may decrease the level of vitamin D by increasing catabolism. Two studies published so far investigating the effect of oral isotretinoin on serum vitamin D level are contradictory to one another. Objective: This study aimed to compare the serum vitamin D levels in patients with moderate‐to‐severe acne and age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls and to determine the serum level of vitamin D in patients with moderate‐to‐severe acne following 3 months of oral isotretinoin treatment. Methods: A total of 120 patients with moderate‐to‐severe acne and 90 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls were enrolled in the study. The patients were treated with oral isotretinoin at 0.50–0.75 mg/kg/day and serum vitamin D was measured at baseline and 3 months after the treatment. Result: Serum vitamin D was insufficient and deficient in 90.50% of cases in comparison with 43.33% of controls (p = 0.001). Serum vitamin D had an inverse correlation with the severity of acne. Following 3 months of oral isotretinoin, there was no significant change in serum vitamin D level (p = 0.127). Conclusion: Vitamin D was low in patients with moderate‐to‐severe acne in compared with control. Vitamin D level did not change with short‐term therapy with oral Isotretinoin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Pyruvic acid in concentration between 40% and 70% is currently been used as a superficial to medium peeling agent for various dermatological indications including acne. However, there is a paucity of its efficacy studies on acne in Asians, particularly in Indian skin. Aim: Our study was aimed at determining the efficacy and tolerability of 40% pyruvic acid on acne, post‐acne hyperpigmentation, and scarring. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 patients with active acne, post‐acne scarring, and hyperpigmentation were included. Patients already on oral antibiotic or topical antiacne medication for the last 4 weeks, a history of hypertrophic scarring, keloids, active or recurrent herpes were excluded. Chemical peeling was done at 2 weekly interval from 0 to 12 weeks. An objective assessment of active acne lesions, post‐acne scarring, and hyperpigmentation was made at each visit that is at 0, 4,8,12, and 24 weeks. Patients were followed up 2 weeks after the last peel and again at 24 weeks. Permission from the ethical committee was also obtained. Results: There was significant decrease in the number of comedones at 12 weeks compared with 0 week (p = 0.001). Similarly, the number of papules decreased from o weeks to 12 weeks (p value 0.004). Acne score improved from 0 weeks to 12 weeks (p < 0.0001); from 0 weeks to 24 weeks (p = 0.011). and hyperpigmentation improved from 0 weeks to 12 weeks (p = 0.008); from 0 weeks to 24 weeks (p = 0.021). Conclusion: Our study showed a significant decrease in comedones, papules, acne score, and hyperpigmentation, though acne scar did not improve significantly. However, a study with larger sample is needed due to the limited number of patient population in our study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acne is a chronic, inflammatory skin disorder of pilosebaceous units. Tranexamic acid (TXA) acts as a plasmin inhibitor to reduce blood loss and is also used to treat rosacea due to its anti‐inflammatory effects. Some parts of the pathogenesis of rosacea are similar to inflammatory acne. Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of 10% TXA serum in treating acne and its adverse effects. Methods: A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, split‐face study was performed on 18 mild‐to‐moderate acne patients. Patients applied 10% TXA serum on one side of the face and placebo on another side twice daily for 8 weeks. Acne lesion counts and adverse effects were evaluated every 2 weeks. Results: Significant differences in total inflammatory acne counts were observed between TXA and placebo since Week 4 (p = 0.008). TXA mainly reduced papules and pustules, as papule counts significantly decreased since the 8th week (p = 0.046) and pustule counts significantly reduced since Week 8 (p = 0.033). Moreover, physicians also found that TXA serum reduced the redness of the skin, corresponding with the imaging from VISIA® Skin Analysis. The anti‐inflammatory effect of TXA resulted in less PIE and PIH. Adverse effects, including erythema and scaling, were treated by applying any moisturizing cream. Conclusion: Topical 10% TXA can reduce inflammatory acne effectively. Adverse effects were minor and treat easily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Probiotics provide benefits for reducing acne. Previous studies showed an anti‐inflammatory effect of Lactobacillus paracasei. However, the clinical evidence of topical probiotic lotion and acne treatment is still lacking. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of probiotic‐derived lotion compared with 2.5% benzoyl peroxide in the treatment of mild‐to‐moderate acne vulgaris. Methods: Topical probiotic‐derived lotion was formulated from cell‐free supernatant of L. paracasei MSMC 39‐1. In vitro study showed the ability of the supernatant to inhibit both antibiotic‐resistance and‐susceptibility strains of C. acnes and inhibit tumor necrosis factor‐α. The patients with mild‐to‐moderate acne vulgaris on the face were randomized to receive topical probiotic‐derived lotion or 2.5% benzoyl peroxide. Acne lesion counts, erythema index, and side effects were assessed after 2 and 4 weeks of treatment. Results: One hundred and four acne vulgaris patients were enrolled. After four weeks of treatment, the inflammatory acne lesion counts and erythema index significantly decreased compared with the baseline in both the probiotic‐derived lotion group and 2.5% benzoyl peroxide group (p < 0.001 in both groups) without statistically significant difference between the two groups (p > 0.05). However, the comedones were not affected in both groups. Four patients (7.69%) treated with probiotic‐derived lotion and 14 patients (26.92%) treated with 2.5% benzoyl peroxide reported treatment‐associated side effects. Conclusion: Probiotic‐derived lotion is safe and effective for treating mild to moderate acne vulgaris, a comparable outcome with 2.5% benzoyl peroxide. It could be an alternative treatment of acne with more minor side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acne vulgaris is a highly prevalent skin disorder that involves pilosebaceous units and may have adverse psychological effects on patients. The occurrence of acne is multifactorial and closely related to the interplay of environmental and genetic factors. Aim: To investigate the possible association between RETN‐420C>G, IL6‐572G>C, and IL1A‐889C>T polymorphism and acne vulgaris in the Chinese population. Methods: In this case‐control study, genotyping was conducted in 306 patients with acne and 306 healthy controls by using polymerase chain reaction and snapshot technique. Results: There is a strong correlation between RETN‐420 and IL6‐572 polymorphisms and acne susceptibility; the RETN‐420G and IL6‐572C alleles increase the risk of acne development. We also found that IL6‐572G>C gene polymorphism is significantly associated with family history of acne and acne severity. In contrast to previous studies, we found no significant difference in the IL1A‐889C>T polymorphism between healthy controls and acne patients in our population. Conclusion: Our findings provide the first evidence that RETN‐420 and IL6‐572 gene polymorphisms contribute to the pathogenesis of acne in the Chinese population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Isotretinoin has been reported to induce inflammatory back pain (IBP) and sacroiliitis in the patients with acne vulgaris. The aim of this study is to investigate the incidence of IBP and sacroiliitis in patients receiving isotretinoin treatment compared with oral antibiotics for acne vulgaris. Materials and Methods: A total of 201 patients with moderate‐to‐severe acne vulgaris who received isotretinoin (n = 100) or oral antibiotics (n = 101) were included in the study. All patients were monthly questioned for IBP symptoms during their treatment. Patients described IBP were also evaluated for sacroiliitis by c‐reactive protein, sedimentation rate, HLAB27, and sacroiliac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Isotretinoin was discontinued in all patients diagnosed as sacroiliitis, and these patients were reevaluated after 3 months. Results: IBP was observed in 21 (10.4%), and sacroiliitis was detected in 11 (11%) patients on isotretinoin treatment; in oral antibiotic group, we did not observe IBP or sacroiliitis. The incidence of IBP and sacroiliitis differed significantly between the isotretinoin and oral antibiotic groups (p < 0.0001, p = 0.02). Complete regression was observed in the great majority of patients following cessation of isotretinoin. Conclusions: Our study is the largest prospective controlled study that investigated the incidence of sacroiliitis in patients receiving isotretinoin and compared with patients using oral antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acne vulgaris is a multifactorial disease that mostly heals by scarring. Interleukin‐1 beta (IL‐1β) is a proinflammatory cytokine, suggested to play a key role in acne pathogenesis. Objective: To study the immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of IL1β in acne vulgaris and acne scars to evaluate its possible role in their pathogenesis and to study the relation between the expression of IL1β and the clinicopathological parameters. Patients and methods: This study was conducted on sixty subjects (twenty patients with acne vulgaris and twenty patients with acne scars), and twenty healthy volunteers as controls. Skin biopsies were taken from patients and controls for routine histopathological examination with hematoxylin and eosin stain and IHC staining of IL‐1β. Results: There was a statistically significant increase in expression of IL‐1β in acne vulgaris compared with post‐acne scars and controls, (p < 0.001) for both. IL‐1β expression was significantly positively correlated with both clinical severity of acne vulgaris (p = 0.022) and severity of histopathological inflammation (p = 0.011). Conclusion: Interleukin‐1β expression was associated with acne vulgaris and post‐acne scars with significant positive correlation to clinical and histopathological severity of acne vulgaris. Thus, IL‐1β could be a key player cytokine in acne pathogenesis, its severity and development of post‐acne scars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Unlike various topical treatment options for acne vulgaris, options for acne scars mostly involve invasive interventions. So far, only a few clinical trials have investigated the effects of topical treatment for acne scars. Objectives: We evaluated the safety and efficacy of DA‐5520, a recently developed topical gel for the treatment of different types of acne scars. Methods: A 12‐week prospective, randomized, active‐controlled, evaluator‐blind, single‐center study involving 36 participants with acne scars was performed. Participants were randomized into four different groups at a 1:1:1:1 ratio: laser resurfacing with DA‐5520 application (test 1); laser resurfacing without DA‐5520 application (control 1); comedone extraction with DA‐5520 application (test 2); and comedone extraction without DA‐5520 application (control 2). For 12 weeks, participants in the two test groups applied DA‐5520 twice daily, while participants in the control groups applied moisturizers alone. Participants in the test 1 and control 1 groups received a single session of laser resurfacing at visit 1 (week 0). All participants were followed up at 1, 4, 8, and 12 weeks, and objective scar evaluation using the échelle d'évaluation clinique des cicatrices d'acné (ECCA) score was performed at each visit. Results: Clinical improvement of acne scars, confirmed by the ECCA grading scale (1 for atrophic scar and 2 for hypertrophic scar), was observed after using DA‐5520 when combined with laser resurfacing or individually, and no associated adverse reactions were noted. Conclusions: Preliminary results of this study revealed that DA‐5520 may be a promising new formulation for treating all type of acne scars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Botulin toxin (BTX) is a potent neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, since its approval by FDA in 2002 for cosmetic purpose has been widely used. Recent studies indicate that it exerts its activity on various type of skin cells and can be used in some dermatological disease. Objective: The aim of the study was to demonstrate how to use a peculiar dilution of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of some dermatological disease like mild‐to‐moderate acne vulgaris and erythematotelangiectatic rosacea. Material and Methods: 50 patients were enrolled, 35 with mild‐to‐moderate acne and 15 with erythematotelangiectatic rosacea. Both group of patients were treated with a specific dilution of Onabotulinum toxin A called Microbotox. Patient images were taken before and 4 weeks after the treatment. Results: The authors and patients were extremely satisfied with their treatments. There were no immediate or delayed complication in none of both group of patients. Conclusion: Botulinum toxin shows a great promise either in dermatological disease like mild‐to‐moderate acne vulgaris and erythematotelangiectatic rosacea. Microbotox appears to be a valid, long‐lasting, and a standardized approach to treat these kind of two disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]