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Background: Vitiligo is a long‐standing progressive autoimmune disease with depigmented macules/patches with significant psychological morbidity to the patients. From being one of the most poorly understood diseases in the past, there has been a rampant advance in determining the molecular and genetic factors influencing the disease process. More light has been shed on the complex intracellular environment and interplay between innate and adaptive immunity. Numerous cytokines and signaling pathways have been associated with disease pathogenesis in the recent past. Objective: The aim of this review the efficacy of biologic and targeted therapeutics in vitiligo. Methods: A detailed literature search was conducted on databases like PubMed, COCHRANE Central, EMBASE and Google Scholar using keywords—"biologics," "vitiligo," "treatment," "repigmentation," "JAK inhibitors,", "TNF‐ꭤ inhibitors," and "IL17/23 inhibitors," Relevant studies and review articles in English were analyzed in detail and report was written. This article aimed at a comprehensive review of all the biologicals and newer targeted therapeutics tried in vitiligo and their efficacy with an insight into the potential complications arising as a result of the therapy. Results: Most conventional vitiligo treatment modalities are restricted to generalized nonspecific immunosuppressants like topical and oral corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, phototherapy, and surgical modalities. There have been reports and studies on the usage of biologicals in treating vitiligo. JAK inhibitors have shown good efficacy in vitiligo; however, it lacks substantial evidence in the form of randomized control trials. Similarly, the use of targeted therapeutics in treating vitiligo is substantiated by limited evidence and requires more randomized trials for further evidence. Conclusion: JAK inhibitors have shown promising results and good tolerability; Adjuvant phototherapy can achieve a superior response compared to monotherapy. Though TNF‐ꭤ has been tried in a few cases, it is best used if vitiligo is present in association with other chronic autoimmune diseases for which it is indicated. More in vitro studies and clinical research are required to understand the pathogenesis clearly, and therapy has to be targeted at specific pathways for a better approach toward vitiligo. Treatment aimed at induction and differentiation of melanocytes may be added to achieve faster repigmentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Port‐wine stain (PWS) is a benign capillary malformation that most commonly occurs in the head and neck. It is present at birth and progresses over time. It is formed by progressive dilatation of post‐capillary venules and is associated with hypertrophy and nodularity with increasing age, leading to cosmetic disfigurement and psychological aggravation. It is caused by genetic mosaicism in GNAQ and GNA11 genes. Histopathology is the gold standard for assessment of PWS but it is invasive and may cause scarring. Inadequate characterization of the lesions may predispose to inadequate treatment protocols as well as higher treatment dosages. Clinical evaluation of treatment efficacy is subjective and may not be a representative of actual results. Therefore, an objective visualization modality is required. With evolving technology, numerous optical instruments have been developed for objective evaluation and visualization of subsurface structures. These include VISIA‐CR™ system, videodermoscopy, high‐frequency ultrasound (HFUS), laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI), reflectance spectrophotometers and tristimulus colorimeter, laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF), cross‐polarized diffuse reflectance imaging system (CDR), reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI). These semi‐quantitative modes of diagnosis are complementary to each other. Some can be used in the clinical setting while others, due to high instrument cost, are limited to the research settings. In this review, we bring to you a brief overview of noninvasive diagnostic modalities in PWS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acne vulgaris is a chronic disfiguring inflammatory disease of adolescents and adults affecting up to 90% of the population around the world. The sequence of etiopathogenesis in acne is not completely understood but involves abnormalities in sebum production, follicular plugging, proliferation of propionibacterium acnes, and chronic inflammation. Aims: This review aims to summarize the features of the topical selective RAR agonists in treating acne vulgaris with a special emphasis on the 4th generation topical retinoid trifarotene. Methods: Studies were identified by searching electronic databases (MEDLINE and PubMed) till August 2019 and reference lists of respective articles. Only articles published in English language were included. Results: Topical retinoids have been first line of treatment for more than 30 years now in treating mild to moderate acne vulgaris. Third generation retinoids like adapalene and tazarotene are selective RAR and γ agonists, having an additional anti‐inflammatory action along with their comedolytic effects and work well in combinations with topical antibiotics, due to the stability of chemical composition. Conclusion: Trifarotene is a new 4th generation retinoid with selective action on RAR‐γ receptor alone, which is specific for skin, and it is safe for long‐term maintenance therapy with good efficacy and tolerability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dermatology, being a predominantly visual‐based diagnostic field, has found itself to be at the epitome of artificial intelligence (AI)‐based advances. Machine learning (ML), a subset of AI, goes a step further by recognizing patterns from data and teaches machines to automatically learn tasks. Although artificial intelligence in dermatology is mostly developed in melanoma and skin cancer diagnosis, advances in AI and ML have gone far ahead and found its application in ulcer assessment, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, onychomycosis, etc. This article is focused on the application of ML in the therapeutic aspect of psoriasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ten‐year survival rates in mycosis fungoides (MF) broadly varies, however, there is no standardized prognostic index available. This is presumably due to low prevalence, heterogeneity, and diagnostic challenges in MF. Recent studies have focused on identifying objective prognostic indices by using different parameters for survival determinants. The Cutaneous Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (CLIPI) and the Prospective Cutaneous Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (PROCLIPI) represent prototypical studies that identify prognostic factors, seeking to improve management and outcomes in early‐stage MF. Detecting these factors and stratifying MF patients according to their disease progression risk may help to manage these patients more efficiently. Aims: Review the current literature to determine the risk factors determining prognosis in MF. Methodology: A Comprehensive literature search was performed using electronic online databases "PubMed" and "Google Scholar" using key words 'prognostic factor', 'prognostic indicator', 'mycosis fungoides', 'Sezary syndrome', 'Skin Lymphoma', 'Cutaneous Lymphoma'. Articles published in English language were considered for the review. Results: The strongest prognostic factor in MF patients is the stage of the disease. T stage and the presence of extracutaneous disease are the most important factors for survival. Other factors that are associated with worse prognosis are male gender, age >60, presence of plaques, folliculotropism, eosinophilia and lymph node stage above N1/Nx. Elevated LDH was associated with later tumor stages and large cell phenotype at diagnosis had a better prognosis. KIR3DL2 was associated with malignant transformation. Conclusion: The PROCLIPI study has assessed risk factors collected in MF patients from different countries and across different ethnicities following a rigorous clinicopathologic process. The findings presented here illustrated that disease prognosis in early stages depends on many contributing factors. Detection and stratification of such factors may allow a personalized approach to management of these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]