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AbstractThe synergistic effect of ionic liquids (ILs) and anionic surfactants, ILs and cationic surfactants, and ILs and nonionic surfactants to form microemulsions has been studied by other researchers, while the synergistic effect of ionic liquids and zwitterionic surfactants to form microemulsions has not been reported. Here, we report the synergistic effect of imidazolium ionic liquid, 1-hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide [C16mim] [Br], and betaine-type zwitterionic surfactant, cocamidopropyl hydroxysultaine (CAHS), as surfactants, to form microemulsions with n-butanol, n-hexane and water. Phase behavior of the systems with different mass ratios of two surfactants, varied mass ratios of surfactant to cosurfactant (Km), and different temperatures are investigated by pseudo-ternary phase diagrams. The single-phase region of the microemulsion is maximized when the ratio of CAHS to [C16mim] [Br] is 1:4 and Km is 1.5, with little temperature dependence. The size and the polarity of microemulsions are explored. The synergistic effect of [C16mim] [Br] and CAHS is confirmed by surface tension and interface tension. A universal preparation method to form microemulsions by combining ionic liquids with zwitterionic betaine-type surfactants is provided and it play a pivotal role in broadening the potential uses of ILs in microemulsions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using Loess of clay (LC) which is low-cost, highly hydrophilic and small granule materials, biocompatible itaconic acid (IA), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (NVP) as functional monomers, a novel biocompatible polymer composite adsorbent (LC/PIHN) was prepared by in-situ copolymerization. It was applied to remove copper ions from wastewater, and the mechanism of adsorption was investigated. It showed that the Cu(II) removal was more than 99.8% at room temperature. The adsorption kinetics and isotherms of LC/PIHN fit the pseudo-second-order model and the Freundlich model, respectively. In summary, LC/PIHN is a kind of biocompatible, low-cost and excellent polymer composite adsorbent for removing heavy metal ions from wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wheat straw carboxymethylcellulose (WSC), a typical natural polymer, was modified by functional poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) with in situ polymerization, which afforded natural and synthetic polymer composite (WSC/PAA). The polymer (WSC/PAA) was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis techniques. WSC/PAA was used as polymer adsorbent for removing Pb(II) ions in wastewater. The removal rate of 99.8% was obtained when the experimental conditions were chosen as follows: initial Pb(II) ion concentration; 600 mg/L, WSC/PAA concentration; 0.1 g/100 mL, pH; 5.0, contact time; 60 minutes at 20°C. Adsorption dynamics were consistent with pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the isotherm model can meet the Langmuir isotherm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]