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The historical fertility transition is the process by which much of Europe and North America went from high to low fertility in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This transformation is central to recent accounts of long-run economic growth. Prior to the transition, women bore as many as eight children each, and the elasticity of fertility with respect to incomes was positive. Today, many women have no children at all, and the elasticity of fertility with respect to incomes is zero or even negative. This paper discusses the large literature on the historical fertility transition, focusing on what we do and do not know about the process. I stress some possible misunderstandings of the demographic literature, and discuss an agenda for future work. (JEL I12, J13, N30) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the book "Technology-Based Firms in the Innovation Process: Management, Financing and Regional Networks," edited by Knut Koschatzky. It has twelve papers which present the results of current research on technology-based firms in Germany. It focuses on their management, financing, and regional networks. These papers discuss: the development problems of small technology-based firms and ways of overcoming them; marketing in new technology- based firms; and crises of new technology-based firms.

This article presents information about the book "Innovation in Production: The Adoption and Impacts of New Manufacturing Concepts in German Industry." The papers in this book discuss the diffusion of new production concepts in Germany; the performance impacts of new production concepts; the interaction of process and product innovation; the employment effects of new production concepts; worker participation and process innovations; flexibility at work; new pro- duction concepts and transborder relocation ; new production concepts and the case of teleservice; environmental practices in Germany's investment goods sector; the adoption of new production concepts in East Germany; the promotion of computer-integrated manufacturing in the new states of the former East Germany.

The article presents the book "Stochastic Programming Methods and Technical Applications," by Kurt Marti and Peter Kall. The book is a collection of twenty-seven tutorial and technical papers from the workshop of the Society for Applied Mathematics and Mechanics and the International Federation of Information Processing on stochastic optimization and technical application held on June 17-20, 1996 in Germany. The article also discusses various topics covered in the book and about authors of the book.

The article presents information about "The Unified Modeling Language: Technical Aspects and Applications," edited by Martin Schader and Axel Korthaus. Nineteen papers, of the book most originally presented at the German Society of Computer Science's GROOM-Workshop on Unified Modeling Language, held at the University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany, in October 1997, focus on the state of the art, evaluation, and applications of the Unified Modeling Language (UML). Papers in the book compare the UML with other approaches, address some technical aspects and concepts of the UML, and discuss applications of the UML to business process modeling.

Economists began to conceptualize average total cost functions during the early decades of the twentieth century. But a century before, a German music publishing firm calculated and used in its internal decision making output-dependent average cost estimates for two methods of printing sheet music. Plainly, the printing processes entailed fixed setup costs and then the variable costs associated with labor, paper, ink, wiping cloths and spoilage. The first known volume-dependent average cost function mentioned in the formal literature of economics was by another railroad engineer. In the important theoretical developments emerging toward the end of the 19th century, marginal cost functions continued to be emphasized, and average, costs neglected, by neo-classicists. The concept of volume-dependent average costs began to enter the mainstream of economic theory only as the twentieth century dawned; it was fully integrated three decades later. The received economic literature traces the first real-world application of the concept to the 1880s. His example from the field of music publishing turns the practical application clock back by eight decades.

This article presents information about the book "Globalisation of R&D and Technology Markets: Consequences for National Innovation Policies: Proceedings of the International Conference on 1 and 2 December 1997 in Bonn, Petersberg, Germany organised by the BMBF and the FhG ISI." The papers in this book discuss the globalization of R&D and technology markets and conse- quences for national innovation policy; trends, motives, and consequences in the globalization of R&D and technology markets; emerging global economic trends and issues; globalization implications for industrial relations; European integration as an answer to technoglobalism; new challenges to education and research in a global economy and a Scandinavian perspective on how to improve local conditions for innovation.

The article provides information about the book "Fiscal Institutions and Fiscal Performance" edited by James M. Poterba and Jürgen Von Hagen. Thirteen papers, presented at a conference in Bonn, Germany in June 1997 cosponsored by the National Bureau of Economic Research and the University of Bonn's Zentrum für Europäische Integrationsforschung explore the relationship between fiscal institutions and fiscal policy outcomes, including budget deficits. Papers discuss budget deficits and budget institutions; a model of endogenous fiscal deficits and delayed fiscal reforms; consumption smoothing through fiscal policy in OECD and EU countries; evidence from OECD countries on government fragmentation and fiscal policy outcomes; institutional arrangements and fiscal performance in Latin America; politics, institutions, and public sector spending in the Argentine provinces; a test of whether, and which, budgetary procedures have an impact on public debt, using data on Swiss municipalities; state fiscal institutions and the U.S. municipal bond market; electoral institutions, cabinet negotiations, and budget deficits in the European Union.

The article provides information about the book "Comparative Corporate Governance: The State of the Art and Emerging Research" edited by J. Klaus Hopt. Twenty-five papers, from a symposium held at the Max Planck Institute for Foreign Private and Private International Law in Hamburg, Germany in May 1997, examine corporate governance in Europe, the United States, and Japan. Papers consider corporate governance in historical perspective; corporate governance in emerging markets; securities regulation; the board of directors; labor co-determination and labor markets; financial intermediaries; capital markets and venture capital; the market for corporate control; disclosure and auditing; lenders as a force in corporate governance; Japanese corporate governance; and corporate governance in comparative perspective. Contributors include economists, historians, law professors, and some prominent actors in corporate governance. Coeditors of the book are Hideki Kanda, Mark J. Roe, Eddy Wymeerseh and Stefan Prigge. Hopt is Director of the Max Planck Institute for Foreign Private and Private International Law, Hamburg.

The article presents information about the book "The Social Market Economy: Theory and Ethics of the Economic Order." The book contains twelve papers presented at a conference held at St. Petersburg in February 1996, together with four previously published texts on the social market economy, three translated for the first time from German into English-present German and Russian post-Soviet perspectives on the foundations of a market economy and its institutional framework. The papers discuss the main ideas of the social market economy and their influence on economic policy in Germany; the idea of economic order in contemporary Russia; whether the market system has a reasonable chance to survive within an aging Western Europe; the chances for economic order in post-Soviet Russia; the need to equilibrate or counterbalance certain negative side effects of the market process and to consider the market embedded in the totality of the economic order; the ethics of business in Russia.

The article presents information on a book "Rules of Competition and East-West Integration," edited by Michael Fritsch and Hendrik Hansen. The book discusses twelve papers, from a conference held at the Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany, in July 1996, which focuses on the relationship between competition policy within the European Union (EU) and the eventual integration of the Central and Eastern European countries into the EU. The papers discuss issues in East-West integration and competition policy; potential contradictions between the deepening and widening of the European Union and how they can be resolved; New Zealand's adjustment to structural change and lessons for the potential conflict between competition and cohesion in the CEECs; competition policy during transition in the East German economy and the role of the Federal Cartel Office; appropriate rules of competition during transformation, focusing on the case of Poland; Hungarian competition policy during transition and competition policy for integration.

The article presents information on the book "Private Action and the Public Good," edited by Walter W. Powell and Elizabeth S. Clemens. The book describes twenty papers which contribute to an understanding of the nonprofit mission and its performance. These papers discuss the contested nature of the public good; the public good as a social and cultural project; the meaning of altruism; the religious ethic and the spirit of nonprofit entrepreneurship; institutional form and organizational behavior; external influences and the comparative performance of public, for-profit, and private nonprofit organizations; the quality of day care for children in Canada, by auspice; parental perceptions about the quality of day care centers in comparison with actual differentials in the industry by organizational form; nonprofit in the political economy; government nonprofit collaboration in Germany and the U.S.; nonprofit organizations and the welfare state in France.

The article presents information on the book "Negotiating the New Germany: Can Social Partnership Survive?," edited by Lowell Turner. It discusses ten papers, originating at the conference "The Political Economy of the New Germany," held at Cornell University in October 1994, and subsequently presented at the International Industrial Relations Association Tenth World Congress, held in Washington D.C. during May-June 1995, address two related questions, what type of political economy is emerging in unified Germany and what has happened to the German "social partnership" since unification. The book also discusses German industrial relations under pressure; institutional transfer and the remaking of vocational training practices in eastern Germany; active labor policy mediated by the so-called employment and training companies, and German unification; unions in the new Lander; crisis, conflict, and social partnership in the East; German unification, policy errors, and the "siren song" of deregulation; political adaptation to growing labor market segmentation; the limits of German manufacturing flexibility; labor-management relations in the new Germany; and the "second coming" of the Bonn Republic.

The article presents information about the book "Tamed Power: Germany in Europe," by edited by Peter J. Katzenstein. Seven papers in the book investigate the institutionalized taming of Germany's power in Europe through a set of empirical case studies that explore different patterns of influence linking Germany with the European Union (EU), on the one hand, and Germany and the EU, with a number of smaller European states on the other. Papers in the book discuss the constitutive politics of the European Union and German power; hard interests, soft power, and Germany's changing role in Europe; the Low Countries and Germany in the European Union; Spain and Greece in the European Union; the Europeanization of Scandinavian political economies; Central Europe between internationalization and institutionalization.

The article discusses about the book "Sustainability, Growth, and Poverty Alleviation: A Policy and Agroecological Perspective," edited by Stephen A. Vosti and Thomas Reardon. Twenty-two papers, originating at an international conference held in Germany in October 1991 by the International Food Policy Research Institute and the Deutsche Stiftung fur International Entwicklung, provide an operational focus to the sustainability issue; present zone specific reviews of how growth could affect sustainability and how poverty could affect sustainability, and of how sustainability could affect each of these.

The article discusses about the book "Creating Modern Capitalism: How Entrepreneurs, Companies, and Countries Triumphed in Three Industrial Revolutions," edited by Thomas K. McCraw. Twelve papers explore the capitalist era since 1820 in Great Britain, Germany, the United States, and Japan, considering how growth occurred and illustrating the role of entrepreneurs and business firms through biographical sketches and company histories. Contributors are in the fields of history and business administration. McCraw is Isidor Straus Professor of Business History at the Harvard Business School.

The article evaluates the journal "Economics," which reports results of German research studies in the field of economics, published biannually by the Institute for Scientific Cooperation.

The article provides information on the book "Successful Transformations? The Creation of Market Economies in Eastern Germany and the Czech Republic," by Martin Myant. The book consists eight papers, which explore how far the transformations in eastern Germany and the Czech Republic have been successful in creating "modern" market economies and in laying the basis for self-sustaining growth in the future. Kurt Hornschild describes the broad policy framework for east Germany and its impact on the economy. Frank Fleiseher contributes two papers: one discussing the organization of east German industry prior to reunification and the role of the "Treuhandanstalt", the agency put in charge of the state-owned companies of the former GDR, and another examining east Germany's new firms. Ruzena Vintrova outlines the macroeconomic policy framework in the Czech Republic, considers a possible conflict between pro-growth and anti-inflationary policies, and points to a number of current policy dilemmas. Martin Myant summarizes the change in the Czech economic structure and indicates possible similarities with and differences from other east-central European countries.

The article presents information about the book "Perspectives on Modern German Economic History and Policy," by Knut Borchardt, translated by Peter Lambert. This book consists of eleven essays which address the history of German economic development in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The research papers examine protectionism in historical perspective, the question of capital shortage in the first half of the nineteenth century in Germany, regional variations in growth in Germany in the nineteenth century with particular reference to the west-east developmental gradient, investment in education and instruction in the nineteenth century, and changes in the phenomenon of the business cycle over the last hundred years, among others.

The article discusses about the book "Big Business and the Wealth of Nations," edited by Alfred D. Chandler, Franco Amatori and Takashi Hikino. Nineteen papers, resulting from the Eleventh International Economic History Congress, held in Milan in 1994, explore how national and international economies have been influenced by the dynamics of big business over the past century. Part 1 provides an overview of the historical and comparative contours of big business and examines the contributions of the large industrial enterprises to modern economic growth. Part 2 presents national experiences of big business in the United States, Great Brit- am, Germany, the small European nations.

The article presents the book "Immigration, Citizenship, and the Welfare State in Germany and the United States: Immigrant Incorporation," edited by Herman Kurthen, Jürgen Fijalkowski and Gert G. Wagner. It discusses various issues related to the labor market status of the U.S. immigrants, migrants and nationality and gender specific labor market opportunities in Germany; the integration of immigrants into West German society and the impact of social assistance and the fiscal impacts of immigration on the American and German welfare states.

The article focuses on the book "The Origins of the Authoritarian Welfare State in Prussia: Conservatives, Bureaucracy, and the Social Question, 1815-70," by Beck Hermann. The book investigates the social, ideological, and political preconditions that led to the rise of the authoritarian welfare state in Prussia, Germany and describes the pauperism in Prussia during the 1820s and 1830s and the social question it raised. The book also discusses the bureaucracy and social legislation after the Revolution and transition to a constitutional state.

The article presents information about the book "German Industry and German Industrialisation: Essays in German Economic and Business History in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Century," by W.R. Lee. This book consists of ten papers which examine German economic and business history in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It focuses on some recent issues and debates in the modern historiography of German industrial development.

Presents information on the book "Family, Commerce, and Religion in London and Cologne: Anglo-German Emigrants," by Joseph P. Huffman. The book investigates relations between England and the German city of Cologne from 1000 to 1300, through a case study of economic, political, social, and religious ties between England and Cologne. The book discusses the London guildhall and Cologne's rise to dominance, both economic and political, among the cities of Germany in the eleventh and twelfth centuries; the rise of the Hansa towns and the decline of Cologne's dominance in the thirteenth century; Anglo- German currency exchanges; the formation of individual and family identity in medieval Cologne as revealed by property holding, inheritance, and surnames; the social, economic, and legal status of the English in Cologne during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries; Cologne families with English connections; Cologners in England; and the variety of religious and cut tural exchanges between Cologne and the English kingdom.

The article presents the book "Immigration, Citizenship, and the Welfare State in Germany and the United States: Welfare Policies and Immigrant's Citizenship," edited by Herman Kurthen, Jürgen Fijalkowski and Gert G. Wagner. The book discusses the importance of citizenship policies in Germany and the U.S. in fostering the inclusion of immigrants. It also discusses how societal perceptions and pressures influence policies relating to foreigners in Germany and the U.S.; the social and political rights of foreigners in Germany and issues in the reform of German citizenship regulations within the wider context of European integration.

This article focuses on the "The Economic Development of Germany Since 1870," vol. 2nd, edited by Wolfram Fischer. The two volume set containing thirty-four previously published papers that examine different aspects of the economic development of Germany since 1870. Volume 1 analyzes long-run patterns of growth, structural changes, and cycles in German economic development; studies Germany within the world economy of the nineteenth century and its performance in comparison to other countries, mainly Great Britain and the United States; and takes a microeconomic view of economic development, focusing on German enterprises.

This article focuses on the book "Reforming the Welfare State," edited by Herbert Giersch. The book contains twelve papers, plus comments, originally presented at the 1995 Egon-Sohmen-Foundation symposium held in Prague, consider issues facing the welfare state. Essays focus on the past rise of social security: moral hazard in the welfare state: the pros and cons of a negative income tax; the future scope for self-reliance and private insurance: the Swedish model; welfare reform in Germany.

The article presents information about the book "The Intellectual Appropriation of Technology: Discourses on Modernity, 1900-1939," edited by Micael Hard and Andrew Jamison. Eight papers in the book examines intellectual debates about technological development in the first four decades of the twentieth century and consider the role of these debates in the making of modern society. Papers discuss culture as a resource for technological change, German discourse on the regulation of technology and the integration of modern technology into national culture, American anxieties, technology, and the reshaping of Republican values, national engineering systems in the United States, England, France, and Germany at the turn of the century as they relate to European discourses on the technology question.

This article provides information about the book "Key Aspects of German Business Law: A Manual for Practical Orientation," edited by Bernd Tremml and Bernard Buecker. The book includes seventeen papers that provide an orientation to the German legal system and the manner in which it affects business purchases, establishment, operations, and liquidations. Based on the laws that were in effect in Germany on the first of September 1998, papers discuss recognized forms of business organizations; the acquisition of closely held companies; the valuation of business enterprises; taxes applicable to business enterprises and their distributed profits; aspects of German labor law; residence and work permits; distribution agreements; computer law; notaries in Germany; real-estate property law in Germany; the law of bankruptcy and security interests; institutions of the European Community; the euro and its influence on international private law contracts; antitrust law in the European Community; unfair terms in consumer contracts in the European Community; marketing of imported food products in Germany and trademark protection in Germany and Europe.

This article focuses on the book "Fifty Years of the Deutsche Mark: Central Bank and the Currency in Germany Since 1948," by Deutsche Bundesbank. This book contains fifteen papers, commissioned by the Deutsche Bundesbank on the occasion of the Deutsche Mark's fiftieth anniversary. In this book papers discusses German monetary policy as reflected in the academic debate, the central bank and money in the German Democratic Republic (GDR), the role of the Bundesbank in payments between West Germany and the GDR, German monetary union, the international role of the Deutsche Mark, the early history of West German central bank organization, including the establishment of the Land Central Banks and the West German currency reform, the note-issuing bank within the state structure, public finance and the central bank.

This article focuses on the book "The Economics of Irving Fisher: Reviewing the Scientific Work of a Great Economist," edited by Hans-E Loef and Hans G. Monissen. This book contains sixteen papers, two of them have already published, mostly presented at conference of the Irving Fisher-Gesellschaft held in Königstein, Germany, in May 1997, which commemorated the life and work of Irving Fisher on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of his death. Papers review Fisher's economic endeavors based on his works and correspondence; his views concerning monetary policy; monetary reform, and constructive income taxation.

This article focuses on the book "Sociobiology and Bioeconomics: The Theory of evolution in Biological and Economic Theory," edited by Peter Koslowski. This book contains thirteen papers, presented at a studies in economic ethics and philosophy conference held at Marienrode Monastery, Hildesheim-Marienrode, Germany, in April 1996. Papers discuss Darwinian monism and the economy of nature, coercion, whether the second law of thermodynamics refutes the neo-Darwinian synthesis, evolutionary and developmental formation; the constructionist conceptualization of genes.

The article presents information on the book "Consumers Against Capitalism? Consumer cooperation in Europe, North America, and Japan, 1890-1990," by Ellen Furlough and Carl Strikwerda. Eleven papers reexamine the history of the consumer cooperative movement in various countries as a significant economic and cultural counterpoint to emergent forms of capitalist commerce and as a central element in working- class cultures and politics. Papers discuss the political economy of consumer cooperation in Belgium, 1860-1980, the rise and fall of working-class cooperatives in the U.S. the American cooperative ideal from discussions of the "Cooperative Commonwealth" to cooperative democracy, 1880-1940 cooperation and cultural revolution in Britain, 1795-1926, changing visions for French consumer cooperation from a "third pillar" of socialism to "a movement for all consumers," 1885-1930, the development of consumer cooperatives in Austria, 1840-1990, consumer cooperation in Denmark, 1850-1940, Swedish consumer cooperation as an educational endeavor, the rise and fall of consumer cooperation in Germany, the consumer co-op in Japan as an effort to build democratic alter natives to state-led capitalism, and the consumer cooperative movement in English-speaking Canada, 1830-1980.

The article presents information on the book "European Economies Since the Second World War," edited by Bernard J. Foley. The book provides analyses of the postwar economic history of a number of European economies. The book also address the evolution of the British economy, West Germany, France, Italy, and others. In addition to that, the article presents information on various other features of the book.

The article focuses on the book "The German and Dutch Economies: Who Follow Whom?," edited by Lei Delsen and Eelke de Jong. The book consists of six papers that were presented at a conference in October 1996 at the Centre for German Studies of the University of Nijmegen. These papers consider whether Germany might do well to follow the model of the Netherlands in terms of institutional structure, welfare state and labor market policy or vice versa. These papers discuss wage bargaining, labor markets and macroeconomic performance in Germany and the Netherlands and employment systems in the Netherlands and Germany.

This article focuses on the book "Innovation, Investment and the Diffusion of Technology in Europe: German Direct Investment and Economic Growth in Postwar Europe," edited by Ray Barrell and Nigel Pain. This book has seven papers which contains information on a conference at the National Institute of Economic and Social Research in London, England in February 1997. Book also discusses about, German manufacturing investment in the Great Britain, the R&D activities conducted by German firms abroad and by foreign firms in Germany, and how the internationalization of R&D is affecting the technological resources and future competitiveness of Germany, foreign activities by Swedish multinational corporations and the role played by large European host countries and the implications for domestic investment in the German economy.

This article focuses on the book "The Germany in Transition: A Unified Nation's Search for Identity," edited by Gale A. Mattox, Geoffrey D. Oliver and Jonathan B. Tucker. In this book papers discusses Europe and the politics of public memory in unified Germany, power, politics and the new "German question, the restructuring of the German railway system, the liberalization of telecommunications markets, regional planning and politics in Berlin and Brandenburg, the factors that lead U.S. businesses, U.S.-German friendship and German foreign policy beyond the East-West conflict, the German economy, the development of eastern Germany, and social issues.

The article presents information about the book "Agglomeration, Growth, and Adjustment: A Theoretical and Empirical Study of Regional Labor Markets in Germany." The book explains regional disparities in employment evolution and unemployment in West Germany by focusing on interregional employment location, the interregional mobility of labor and regional wage formation. It analyzes the location of employment in a general model that presupposes interregional mobility of labor and incorporates agglomeration effects and dynamic externalities. It provides a corresponding empirical investigation of regional employment in West Germany, testing the actual relevance of agglomeration economies with data on the employment pattern across 327 districts. It further investigates general aspects and local determinants of interregional labor migration in West Germany. The book empirically investigates the regional wage structure in West Germany, measuring the effect of the local rate of unemployment on the wages paid in the region.

The article presents information about the book "OECD Economic Surveys, 1997-1998: Germany." The book presents the annual OECD review of the German economy based on work completed and finalized by July 1998. It reviews recent macroeconomic developments and short-term prospects and discusses some principal structural and microeconomic forces that may be at work and their prospective impact in the medium term. It also examines monetary and fiscal policies.

The article presents information on the book "The Great Depression: An International Disaster of Perverse Economic Policies," by Thomas E. Hall and J. David Ferguson. The book provides an account of the Great Depression, describing how well-intentioned people in several countries, through a sequence of policy errors, generated a cataclysmic event reaching around the entire globe. The book provides an overview of the behavior of key economic variables over the period, and discusses, dark clouds on the horizon in the midst of the 1920s prosperity. The book also provides information on, the gold standard, which linked economic conditions across countries events in Great Britain, Germany, and France that played an important role in developments leading to the Great Depression. In addition to that, the article presents information on various other features of the book.

This article presents information about the book "Challenging Neighbours: Rethinking German and Dutch Economic Institutions." The book considers the strengths and weaknesses of the German and Dutch economies' respective institutional orders and examines the impact of major demographic, economic, technological, and social trends on the institutional order of the two countries. It explores how institutions might affect economic performance and the impact of long-term social, technological, economic and demographic trends on the relationship between institutions and performance. The book presents a comparative analysis of Germany and the Netherlands in terms of economic development; economic structure; governance of the socio- economic order; social protection; pensions; the institutional environment and institutional ar- rangements of the labor market; corporate governance and science and technology policy.

This article focuses on the book "Varieties of Transition: The East European and East German Experience," by Claus Offe. This book explores problems of transformation in post communist systems, with particular reference to Germany. Discusses the joint characteristics and shortcomings of state socialist societies and democratic capitalism; modes of societal integration and the German journey from socialism to capitalism; democratic theory facing the transition in East Central Europe; ethnic politics in East European transitions; disqualification, retribution, and restitution as dilemmas of justice in post-communist transitions.

This article focuses on the book "German Monopolies Commission 1984-1993: Summaries of the Biennial Reports VI-X." This book presents the combined English summaries of the last five Biennial Reports of Germany's Monopolies Commission for 1984/1985, 1986/1987, 1988/1989, 1990/1991, and 1992/1993. In accordance with the Commission's legal mandate, the reports assess the current level of business concentration and its foreseeable development in the light of economic policy, in particular competition policy; appraise the application of Sections 22 to 24 of the Act Against Restraints of Competition.

The article discusses a theme in recent regulatory changes that creates universal banks as foundation of the financial system in European countries, including Germany, offering a range of financial services under one corporate roof. The interested economists in banking have often used a contrast between the German and other financial systems to realize the nature and significance of the different forms of banking institutions. For economists, financial systems are important for the growth in the economy to renew the interest in banking and financial systems.

This article discusses the emigration of German-speaking economists after 1993. In April 1933, the newly empowered German government led by Adolf Hitler enacted a law "for the restoration of the civil service." The contours and consequences of German-speaking economists' emigration have been detailed in a series of books. Within German universities, the incidence of employment terminations was uneven. Complicating an evaluation of what impact emigration had is the fact that the individuals covered by biographies were only part of a larger exodus of economists from the nations most severely impacted by the events leading to and accompanying World War II. The German-speaking emigres covered by biographies comprised only a subset of those who were displaced by World War II and its totalitarian antecedents. But even that subset made intellectual contributions, measured by election to honorific positions and citations to their published work equivalent to the output of several top ranked U.S. economics departments.

The article presents information about the book "Openness and Growth: Proceedings of the Bank of England Academic Conference on the Relationship Between Openness and Growth in the United Kingdom, September 15th, 1997," by James Proudman and Stephen Redding. The book contains papers that examine differences in the income convergence/divergence dynamics of relatively open and relatively closed countries within a model of distributional dynamics, the dynamics of specialization patterns in Great Britain and Germany as revealed by manufacturing-exports to various countries over the period 1970-93.

The article focuses on the book "Fighting for Partnership: Labor and Politics in Unified Germany," by Lowell Turner. The book examines the social partnership between labor and management in Germany. It discusses the first great labor strike in postcommunist eastern Germany, which occurred in the metals industry over employers' refusal to honor a previously negotiated pay increase. The author describes the reality of unification, which involved institutional transfer from West to East in the context of economic collapse, mass unemployment, and the continuing legacy of eastern practices and institutional remnants. Studies about the reconfiguration of labor-management relations at ten firms in the metal and electronics industries in eastern Germany over the period 1990-95 are presented. The book describes how, in the fall of 1993, the employer association for the metal and electronics industries launched a new offensive in western Germany against the German metalworkers union. The author explores how the battles of 1993 and 1994 consolidated the framework of industrial relations and labor-management negotiation for unified Germany.

The article presents the book "The Distribution of Income and Wages in the UK and West Germany, 1984-92," by Christopher Giles. The book focuses on trends in the distribution of incomes and wages in Great Britain and West Germany using similar data sources and methodologies and finds out how these two countries, with their different cultures and institutions, responded to the global changes of the 1980s. The book studies their labor markets and highlights the difference between the two economies.

The article focuses on the book "Competition and Convergence in Financial Markets: The German and Anglo-American Models," edited by Stanley W. Black and Mathias Moersch. The book contains thirteen papers that compare the advantages and disadvantages of the German-style financial system with those of the Anglo-American type of financial system. Some of the topics that are discussed in the book are, the changing role of banks and corporate governance in Germany and whether there is an evolution toward the market; why the German system of corporate governance is a model that should not be imitated and whether a supervisory board to control corporate management is valuable, based on evidence from France.

This article focuses on the book "Unnecessary Suffering: Managing Market Utopia," by Maurice Glasman. This book considers why the Solidarity program was not implemented in Poland after Solidarity's electoral victory in 1989-why, having defeated real existing socialism on the basis of Catholic and socialist ideas characteristic of the social-market economy, Poland chose, instead, to implement market utopianism. Argues that economic virtue, based on the development of justice, honesty, solidarity, and courage in the organization of working practices, is a necessary condition of international competitive success in modern manufacture. Excavates the Catholic and socialist traditions that provided the distinct practices and values that characterized the institutional form of the Federal Republic of Germany after 1945 and provides an institutional analysis of the social-market economy in West Germany after the defeat of Nazism.