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We present a brief report on the different types of skull bone prostheses used in cranioplasty. Skull defects, most often resulting from severe head injuries, have been known since the times of Ancient Egypt. Ethnographic reports indicate that at that time the skull defects were restored with golden plates. In the following centuries of medical development, especially in modern centuries, cranioplasty has been performed more widely. Cranioplasty began to be performed also in defects after craniectomy. Such craniectomies have been performed for treatment brain hemorrhages, strokes, tumors with severe edema. A common dilemma is whether artificial prostheses are better or own bone material. We present a brief historical overview and the actual state based on the procedures performed in our neurosurgical department in Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz.

The authors present a comparative analysis of the issue of legal consents for surgical procedures between Ethiopia and Poland. The analysis is based on the procedures performed as part of the Polish medical mission "Polish Medical Team Helping Hand". As part of this project, the authors performed ten surgical procedures for percutaneous spine stabilization in soldiers injured during the war with gunshots of the spine and after falling from a height. All soldiers signed informed written consent to the procedure. However, the authors noticed a significant role of additional oral/ verbal (not written) information in discussing the details of the procedure, which in Polish hospitals must be in writing for formal and legal reasons. The authors conclude that while the written consent for surgical treatment is key and necessary both in Poland and in Ethiopia, in the case of medical procedures performed in Ethiopia, oral communication between the doctor and patients and oral explanations are more binding even regardless of the language barrier.

Back pain can be dull dull character, which most often are located only in the lumbar area, in the case where there was not a disagreement radicular -vertebral, or may radiate to the lower limbs, depending on the level and degree of compression of the spinal roots. With a high degree of changes occurring that contribute to the emergence of a significant narrowing of the intervertebral holes and as a result the pressure on the roots, sensory and motor symptoms depend on the level and degree of oppression. It should, however, take into account that even large osteophytes on the anterior-lateral edges of the vertebral bodies, which do not give the roots of oppression, may be clinically silent almost symptomatically. Proper diagnosis, determine the type of pain as well as to diagnose the cause of the pain is important in the further process of rehabilitation.

With the dynamic development of medicine nosocomial infections represent a big threat not only for patients admitted to the hospital, but also for health professionals and visitors. Healthcare-associated infections are associated with an extended stay patient, complications in the healing process, and risk of loss of life and health by the patient. Nosocomial infections worldwide are legally governed by the provisions of the legislation of the Member State concerned. The first act regulating the fight against hospital infections in Poland in the institutional way in 2001, introducing "the law on infectious diseases and infections". Micro-organisms causing hospital infections are most often transmitted to the hands of the medical staff. Hygienic hand disinfection is more effective against microorganisms than hand-washing, and should be used as the method of choice before many activities related to patient care. The World Health Organization considers hand hygiene as a basic element of prevention hospital infections. Such pathogens include Clostridium difficile. That is the most important pathogen causing diarrhea. Stem infection of Clostridium difficile may cause serious diseases and medical conditions, particularly in the elderly, debilitated as a result of chronic diseases. The need to respect the principles of hand hygiene by medical staff is widely recognized. Causes of irregularities in the field of hand hygiene are different, for example. the intensity of the work, insufficient medical knowledge, limited access to devices for effective hand hygiene or ignorance of hand disinfection techniques.

Siminska Joanna, Przybylska Sara, Ratuszek–Sadowska Dorota, Siedlecki Zygmunt, Grzyb Sebastian, Nowacka Krystyna, Hagner Wojciech. Wysokościowy obrzęk płuc oraz wysokościowy obrzęk mózgu w chorobie wysokogórskiej - rozpoznanie, postępowanie i leczenie = High altitude pulmonary edema and high altitude cerebral edema in high-mountain disease - diagnosis, proceedings and treatment. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(11):390-397. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.168416 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/4012 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 01.11.2016. Revised 12.11.2016. Accepted: 24.11.2016. Wysokościowy obrzęk płuc oraz wysokościowy obrzęk mózgu w chorobie wysokogórskiej - rozpoznanie, postępowanie i leczenie High altitude pulmonary edema and high altitude cerebral edema in high-mountain disease - diagnosis, proceedings and treatment Joanna Siminska1, Sara Przybylska2, Dorota Ratuszek – Sadowska1, Zygmunt Siedlecki3, Sebastian Grzyb3, Krystyna Nowacka1, Wojciech Hagner1 1 Katedra i Klinika Rehabilitacji Collegium Medicum im. L. Rydygiera w Bydgoszczy Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu 2 Studenckie Koło Naukowe Dydaktyki Ratownictwa i Fizjoterapii Pourazowej Collegium Medicum im. L. Rydygiera w Bydgoszczy Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu 3 Klinika Neurochirurgii, Neurotraumatologii i Neurochirurgii Dziecięcej Collegium Medicum im. L. Rydygiera w Bydgoszczy Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu Streszczenie W obecnych czasach dość dużą popularnością cieszy się wspinaczka wysokogórska. Coraz więcej osób chce zostać zdobywcami wysokich szczytów. Zapominają przy tym o odpowiednim przygotowaniu i zachowaniu zasad które nierzadko kończą się pojawieniem u nich choroby wysokogórskiej oraz towarzyszącym jej wysokościowemu obrzękowi płuc i wysokościowemu obrzękowi mózgu. Wszystkie trzy choroby związane są z niewłaściwą adaptacją organizmu do ciśnienia panującego na dużych wysokościach. Pojawiają się symptomy które początkowo bagatelizowane z czasem stają się stanem zagrożenia życia. Chcąc w bezpieczny i odpowiedni sposób zdobyć coraz to wyższe pułapy należy odpowiednio przygotować się do tego. Należy także poznać podstawowe objawy chorób które mogą się pojawić oraz czas i wysokość w jakiej występują. Słowa klucze: choroba wysokogórska, wysokogórski obrzęk płuc, wysokogórski obrzęk mózgu. Abstract In the present time quite popular is climbing. More and more people want to be winners of high peaks. Forget the right preparation and principles which often end with the advent of high-mountain disease with them, and accompanying it high altitude and high-mountain of the brain. All three diseases are related to incorrect adaptation of the body to the pressure of high altitudes. Appear symptoms that initially underestimated the time become a life-threatening condition. If you want to in a safe and appropriate manner to get ever higher ceilings you should prepare for this. You must also learn basic symptoms of diseases that can occur, and the time and the amount in which they appear. Key words: disease of the Alpine mountain, pulmonary edema, high mountain swelling of the brain.

Health Behaviors are one of the most important factors that determine health. Physical activity plays an important role in the prevention of diseases i.e. hypertension, coronary artery disease, diabetes type 2, stroke and overweight and obesity. In the study this in the clinic of cardiac surgery University Hospital # 1 in Bydgoszcz in the period from October to November 2016 uses the International physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ). Encouraging patients coronary artery bypass grafting for physical activity before the procedure should be to educate patients about the importance of traffic before the operations and promote health promoting behaviors i.e.. correct diet and maintain a proper body weight, control blood pressure and glucose levels, and appropriate form traffic adapted to the needs and capabilities of the patient.

Siminska Joanna, Pietkun Katarzyna, Siedlecki Zygmunt, Grzyb Sebastian, Nowacka Krystyna, Hagner Wojciech, Grobelska Kinga, Beuth Wojciech. Znaczenie diagnostyki i leczenia trombolitycznego w udarze nieokrwiennym mózgu = The importance of diagnosis and treatment thrombolytic in ischemic stroke. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(8):363-374. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.60602 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3766 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 01.08.2016. Revised 08.08.2016. Accepted: 19.08.2016. ZNACZENIE DIAGNOSTYKI I LECZENIA TROMBOLITYCZNEGO W UDARZE NIEOKRWIENNYM MÓZGUTHE IMPORTANCE OF DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT THROMBOLYTIC IN ISCHEMIC STROKE Siminska Joanna1, Pietkun Katarzyna1,2, Siedlecki Zygmunt3, Grzyb Sebastian3, Nowacka Krystyna1,6, Hagner Wojciech1,6, Grobelska Kinga4, Beuth Wojciech5,6 1 Katedra i Klinika Rehabilitacji Collegium Medicum w Bydgoszczy 2 Katedra Kosmetologii i Dermatologii Estetycznej Collegium Medicum w Bydgoszczy3 Klinika Neurochirurgii i Neurotraumatologii i Neurochirurgii Dziecięcej Collegium Medicum w Bydgoszczy 4 Klinika Medycyny Ratunkowej Collegium Medicum w Bydgoszczy 5 Wojewódzki Szpital Specjalistyczny we Włocławku 6 Kujawska Szkoła Wyższa we Włocławku Streszczenie W pracy przedstawiono aktualne zasady postępowania przedszpitalnego podejmowanego przez zespół ratownictwa medycznego i postępowania wczesnoszpitalnego, które ma wpływ na dalszy proces leczenia. Przedstawiono również zastosowanie leczenia trombolityczego w tzw. Złotej godzinie udarowej. Należy mieć na uwadze, że każde minuty, które odraczają podjęcie właściwego leczenia udaru niedokrwiennego mózgu przyczyniają się do uniemożliwienia wdrożenia nowoczesnych, specyficznych metod leczenia ( leczenie trombolityczego). Słowa kluczowe: badania diagnostyczne, postępowanie ratunkowe, udar mózgu. Summary The paper presents the current rules of conduct undertaken by a team of prehospital emergency medical services and conduct prehospital, which has an impact on the further process of treatment. It also presents the use of the treatment thrombolysis. Golden time of impact. It should be noted that every minute that defer taking the proper treatment of ischemic stroke contribute to preventing the implementation of modern, specific treatment (treatment thrombolysis.) Key words: diagnostic tests, emergency procedures, stroke.

Siminska Joanna, Pietkun Katarzyna, Porzych Piotr, Głowacka Iwona, Grzyb Sebastian, Hagner Wojciech, Grobelska Kinga, Nowacka Krystyna. Udar niedokrwienny mózgu - postępowanie przedszpitalne i wczesnoszpitalne = Ischemic stroke - the procedure prehospital and hospital. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(8):439-453. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.60875 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3779 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 01.08.2016. Revised 08.08.2016. Accepted: 19.08.2016. UDAR NIEDOKRWIENNY MÓZGU - POSTĘPOWANIE PRZEDSZPITALNE I WCZESNOSZPITALNE ISCHEMIC STROKE - THE PROCEDURE PREHOSPITAL AND HOSPITAL Siminska Joanna1, Pietkun Katarzyna1,2, Porzych Piotr1, Głowacka Iwona1, Grzyb Sebastian3, Hagner Wojciech1, Grobelska Kinga4, Nowacka Krystyna1 1 Katedra i Klinika Rehabilitacji Collegium Medicum w Bydgoszczy 2 Katedra Kosmetologii i Dermatologii Estetycznej Collegium Medicum w Bydgoszczy 3 Klinika Neurochirurgii i Neurotraumatologii i Neurochirurgii Dziecięcej Collegium Medicum w Bydgoszczy 4 Klinika Medycyny Ratunkowej Collegium Medicum w Bydgoszczy Streszczenie Choroby naczyniowe ośrodkowego układu nerwowego są jednym z głównych problemów zdrowotnych społeczeństwa XXI wieku, według niezadowalających prognoz statystycznych szósty dorosły mieszkaniec globu dozna w swoim życiu udaru mózgu. Udar niedokrwienny mózgu jest jednostką chorobową, która stanowi jeden z najpoważniejszych problemów współczesnego ratownictwa medycznego jak i medycyny. Dane epidemiologiczne wskazują, że często odwlekany jest moment wezwania zespołu ratownictwa medycznego od czasu zaistnienia pierwszych objawów udaru niedokrwiennego mózgu. Analizy statystyczne przedstawiają, że ponad połowa chorych, która doświadczyła incydentu udarowego, w procesie kompleksowego leczenia wymaga długotrwałej hospitalizacji. Mimo dużego rozwoju jaki dokonał się w medycynie, nadal konieczne jest rozszerzenie wiedzy na temat symptomów i leczenia udarów niedokrwiennych mózgu. Wiedza ta przyczyni się do zmniejszenia śmiertelności pacjentów jak również do szybszego podjęcia odpowiedniego leczenia. Słowa kluczowe: udar niedokrwienny mózgu, medycyna ratunkowa, postępowanie ratunkowe. Summary Vascular diseases of the central nervous system is one of the major health problems of society XXI century, according to statistical forecasts disappointing sixth adult inhabitant of the globe will experience in your life stroke. Ischemic stroke is a disease that is one of the most serious problems of modern medical rescue as and medicine. Epidemiological data indicate that often delayed the moment of the call emergency medical team since the occurrence of the first symptoms of stroke. Statistical analyzes show that more than half of the patients who experienced an incident of impact, in the process of a comprehensive treatment requires prolonged hospitalization. Despite the large development that has taken place in medicine, it is still necessary to increase knowledge about the symptoms and treatment of ischemic stroke. This knowledge will help to reduce mortality of patients as well as to quickly take appropriate treatment. Keywords: ischemic stroke, emergency medicine, emergency procedures.

Miszewski Waldemar, Miszewska Agnieszka, Śniegocki Maciej, Siedlecki Zygmunt, Grzyb Sebastian, Siminska Joanna, Pietkun Katarzyna, Głowacka Iwona, Nowacka Krystyna, Hagner Wojciech. The comparison of the therapeutic massage with the craniosacral method in treating the pain syndrome of the cranial part of the spine. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(4):249-270. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.50158 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3467 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 20.03.2016. Revised 17.04.2016. Accepted: 17.04.2016. The comparison of the therapeutic massage with the craniosacral method in treating the pain syndrome of the cranial part of the spine Waldemar Miszewski1, Agnieszka Miszewska3, Maciej Śniegocki2, Zygmunt Siedlecki2, Sebastian Grzyb2, Joanna Siminska1, Katarzyna Pietkun1, Iwona Głowacka1, Krystyna Nowacka1, Wojciech Hagner1 1 Department of Rehabilitation CM UMK Bydgoszcz 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Neurotraumatology and Pediatric Neurosurgery 3 University of Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz Key words: classic massage, craniosacral therapy, pains, of the cervical part of the spine. Summary Massage has been used for several thousand years at least, aiming at relief in suffering and decreasing all kinds of ailments, including health problems with the cervical vertebrae. Craniosacral therapy is quite a new method of treatment since it was founded in the first half of the 20th century. It is different from other methods because it treats energetic changes and lessens the pathological tension in the fascia. Whereas, other methods used by physiotherapists begin working with the patient much later, after functional changes have advanced – contractures or structural degenerations, which cannot be fully removed. And the organism will not be able to come back to full efficiency. Pains of the cervical part of the spine occur quite often in modern societies, including the Polish one. What is more, this troubles younger and younger people. The results of the research conducted on two groups of twenty people, which were described by Method T – Student, proved that both the therapeutic massage and the craniosacral therapy are effective ways of treating the pain syndrome of the cranial part of the spine.

Siminska Joanna, Pietkun Katarzyna, Porzych Piotr, Głowacka Iwona, Świątkowska Anna, Ogurkowski Karol, Grzyb Sebastian, Nowacka Krystyna, Beuth Wojciech. Przegląd wybranych metod rehabilitacji kończyny górnej u pacjentów po przebytym udarze niedokrwiennym mózgu = A review of selected methods for the rehabilitation of the upper extremity in patients after undergone brain ischemic stroke. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(4):240-248. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.50155 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3466 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 20.03.2016. Revised 17.04.2016. Accepted: 17.04.2016. PRZEGLĄD WYBRANYCH METOD REHABILITACJI KOŃCZYNY GÓRNEJ U PACJENTÓW PO PRZEBYTYM UDARZE NIEDOKRWIENNYM MÓZGU A review of selected methods for the rehabilitation of the upper extremity in patients after undergone brain ischemic stroke Siminska Joanna1, Pietkun Katarzyna1,2, Porzych Piotr1, Głowacka Iwona1, Świątkowska Anna1, Ogurkowski Karol1, Grzyb Sebastian3, Nowacka Krystyna1, Beuth Wojciech4 1Katedra i Klinika Rehabilitacji CM UMK Bydgoszcz 2Katedry Kosmetologii i Dermatologii Estetycznej CM UMK Bydgoszcz 3Klinika Neurochirurgii, Neurotraumatologii i Neurochirurgii Dziecięcej CM UMK Bydgoszcz 4Oddział Neurochirurgii, Wojewódzki Szpital Specjalistyczny, Włocławek Słowa kluczowe: udar niedokrwienny mózgu. Keywords: ischemic stroke. Streszczenie Analizując dane statystyczne uważa się, że udary mózgu stanowią około 15% wszystkich zgonów na świecie. W Polsce na udar mózgu zapada około 70 tysięcy osób rocznie , spośród których w okresie pierwszego miesiąca umiera około 20%, kolejne 10-25% pacjentów odzyskuje pełną samodzielność, u 40% chorych pozostaje umiarkowana niepełnosprawność, zaś około 15-30% osób wymaga stałej pomocy osób drugich. Dlatego tak niezwykle istotnym faktem staje się wczesne wdrążenie właściwych algorytmów postępowania procedur rehabilitacji. Wiadomo, że optymalnym okresem powrotu i poprawy funkcji, w tym wykonywania czynności samoobsługowych, są pierwsze 3 miesiące od wystąpienia incydentu udaru mózgu. W tym okresie należy odpowiednio zaplanować i zastosować możliwie najefektywniejsze metody leczenia i usprawniania, co pozwala na poprawę jakości życia jak i podniesienie możliwości wykonywania czynności w zakresie samoobsługi tych chorych. Abstract Analysing statistical data, it is considered that strokes account for approximately 15% of all deaths in the world. In Poland the stroke falls approximately 70 thousand people per year, of which during the first month dies around 20%, 10-25% of patients recover full autonomy in 40% of patients remains a moderate disability, while about 15-30% of people requires constant assistance of another person. Why it is so extremely important fact becomes early implementation of the relevant algorithms conduct rehabilitation procedures. It is known that the optimal period of return and improved features, including self-service operations, are the first 3 months of the occurrence of an incident of stroke. During this period, please plan accordingly and apply as soon as possible the most effective methods of treatment and improve, allowing you to improve the quality of life and raise the possibility of performing self-service operations of these patients.