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In environmental protection, government and market forces must work together. However, existing literature often separates the two and discusses their roles independently. Therefore, this study incorporates both the market and government into a unified analytical framework. It redefines government force as environmental regulation and market force as allocation efficiency in environmental protection. The study empirically examines the synergistic emission reduction effects of active government and efficient market on air pollution, using data from 272 prefectural-level cities in China from 2003 to 2019. The results show: (1) Both government and market interventions can significantly reduce air pollution levels, and their combination achieves a synergistic emission reduction effect.(2) Within this synergy, government intervention remains dominant, while the market plays a supportive role. (3) Analyzing the heterogeneous effects under different scenarios reveals that collaboration and mutual monitoring between the government and the market can effectively counteract the adverse effects of economic policy uncertainty and corruption on the environment. Furthermore, when a single entity undertakes environmental protection, it may encounter issues of diminishing effectiveness over time. However, the synergistic effects of government and market cooperation can mitigate these challenges. (4) The synergy exhibits a threshold effect based on the varying strengths of government and market forces. (5) Public participation enhances the synergistic emission reduction effect of government and market, acting as a vital complement to their environmental protection efforts. This study provides new empirical evidence on the synergistic effect of current environmental protection measures in improving air pollution control., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Businesses embracing green innovation can encourage high-quality green economic development in addition to reducing emissions. In this paper, we use the Difference-in-Differences (DID) to investigate the influence of green investor behavior on the green innovation of companies, using the first-ever green investor investment in a company as a quasi-natural experiment. According to research, green investors have the power to accelerate corporate green innovation greatly. Three key strategies that green investors can use to do this include raising institutional investment levels, enhancing the green perception of executives, and bringing in top talent. Heterogeneity analysis shows that non-high-polluting, big, and state-owned enterprises (SOEs) are more likely to benefit from green investors' green innovation effects. Further analysis reveals that (ⅰ) green investors' influence on an enterprise's level of green innovation can help it improve its ESG ratings; (ii) green investors can encourage green innovation in source control but have little effect on green innovation in end-of-pipe treatment; (ⅲ) green investors can support both non-green and green innovation in enterprises, but have a greater influence on green innovation. This study strengthens the micro relationship between green investors and corporate green innovation. It also supports the theoretical underpinnings of corporate green innovation, which is significant for advancing green innovation, environmental protection, and high-quality economic development in emerging economies. • This paper explores the relationship between green investor behavior and corporate green innovation. • Green investors have the power to accelerate corporate green innovation greatly. • Green investors significantly accelerate corporate green innovation mainly through raising institutional investment levels, enhancing the green perception of executives, and bringing in top talent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To achieve net-zero emissions by 2050, we need economic means of sequestering carbon dioxide (CO 2) and reducing greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). We analyze the sequestration potential of the Intermountain West (I-West) region, US, as a primary energy transition hub through analysis of wellbore retrofit potential and emission reduction in both fugitive gas abatement and flare gas. We selected the I-West region due to its abundant energy sources and oil and gas production legacy. Preliminary analysis hints that well retrofits can breathe new life into a well at a fraction of the cost of a new drill. With millions of potential candidates in the US, even a modest fraction (1% or less) suitable for retrofit could accelerate the shift to large-scale CO 2 sequestration. Fugitive gas, the unintentional release of wellbore gases such as methane, is a significant emissions source. Through conservative analysis, it is estimated that wellhead leakage alone may account for 5 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO 2 e) emissions. We conclude by assessing the CO 2 emissions from flaring, which is the burning of associated gas during well operations, conservative analysis indicates flaring contributes another 2 million tonnes of CO 2 emissions to the region. We find that with targeted retrofit and better controls on emissions sources, the I-West region can make a significant impact in the nation's push to become net-zero. This study outlines economic feasibility and actionable items to achieve the critical reductions in emissions and increases in sequestration necessary to attain net zero. • A holistic analysis of fugitive and flaring gas emissions along with well retrofit potential. • Wellhead emissions and flaring contribute significantly to GHG emissions. • Well retrofitting is a viable, cost-effective option for CO 2 sequestration. • The I-WEST region possesses great potential for CO 2 sequestration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon neutrality is a growing concern for all global economies. We considered the number of new and used cars registered during 2009–2018 in Japan and estimated the total number of private and shared cars, assuming that when owners abandoned their old cars, a certain percentage of the owners chose to use a car-sharing service (i.e., car rental service), instead of buying a new private car. We estimated the CO 2 emissions generated during the manufacturing, driving, and disposal stages of cars, to analyze the impact of car sharing on CO 2 emissions. Then, we determined the changes in the life-cycle CO 2 emissions of all the cars for three car-sharing penetration rates (0, 5, and 100%), assuming that all the cars were gasoline-powered. Additionally, we analyzed how electric vehicles can optimize the proposed strategy. An increase in car-sharing services significantly reduced vehicular CO 2 emissions; the decrease in CO 2 emissions from private cars when owners switched to car services significantly exceeded the increase in the CO 2 emissions associated with the increased number of cars. The proposed model can serve as a reliable framework to analyze the current status of CO 2 emissions and simulate the future changes in car-sharing services. • This study develops an analysis framework to estimate the life-cycle CO2 from private and shared cars. • This study conducts scenario analyses to estimate the CO2 impacts of an increase in carsharing services. • The car-sharing penetration can significantly contribute to CO2 emission reductions. • The amount of additional reduction resulting from the introduction of EVs in the car-sharing services was marginal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a national pilot city for solid waste disposal and resource reuse, Dongguan in Guangdong Province aims to vigorously promote the high-value utilization of solid waste and contribute to the sustainable development of the Greater Bay Area. In this study, life cycle assessment (LCA) coupled with principal component analysis (PCA) and the random forest (RF) algorithm was applied to assess the environmental impact of multi-source solid waste disposal technologies to guide the environmental protection direction. In order to improve the technical efficiency and reduce pollution emissions, some advanced technologies including carbothermal reduction‒oxygen-enriched side blowing, directional depolymerization‒flocculation demulsification, anaerobic digestion and incineration power generation, were applied for treating inorganic waste, organic waste, kitchen waste and household waste in the park. Based on the improved techniques, we proposed a cyclic model for multi-source solid waste disposal. Results of the combined LCA-PCA-RF calculation indicated that the key environmental load type was human toxicity potential (HTP), came from the technical units of carbothermal reduction and oxygen-enriched side blowing. Compared to the improved one, the cyclic model was proved to reduce material and energy inputs by 66%–85% and the pollution emissions by 15%–88%. To sum up, the environmental impact assessment and systematic comparison suggest a cyclic mode for multi-source solid waste treatments in the park, which could be promoted and contributed to the green and low-carbon development of the city. • LCA, PCA, and RF methods are coupled to evaluate the environmental impacts of multi-source solid waste treatment. • Human toxicity potential was the key environmental load within the recycling park. • Cyclic model provides enhanced energy conservation and emission reduction ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid growth of energy-intensive and high-emission industries has propelled China's economy but has also led to massive levels of air pollutant emissions and ecological problems, such as acid deposition. Despite recent declines, atmospheric acid deposition in China is still severe. Long-term exposure to high levels of acid depositions has a substantial negative impact on the ecosystem. Evaluating these hazards and incorporating this issue into planning and decision-making processes is critical to achieving sustainable development goals in China. However, the long-term economic loss caused by atmospheric acid deposition and its temporal and spatial variation in China is unclear. Hence, the aim of this study was to assess the environmental cost of acid deposition in the agriculture, forestry, construction, and transportation industries from 1980 to 2019, using long-term monitoring, integrated data, and the dose–response method with localization parameters. The results showed that the estimated cumulative environmental cost of acid deposition was USD 230 billion, representing 0.27% of the gross domestic product (GDP) in China. This cost, was particularly high for building materials, followed by crops, forests, and roads. Temporally, the environmental cost and the ratio of environmental cost to GDP decreased from their peaks by 43% and 91%, respectively, because of emission controls targeting acidifying pollutants and promotion of clean energy. Spatially, the largest environmental cost occurred in developing provinces, indicating that more stringent emission reduction measures should be implemented in these regions. These findings highlight the huge environmental costs behind rapid development; however, the implementation of reasonable emission reduction measures can effectively reduce these environmental costs, providing a promising paradigm for other undeveloped and developing countries. [Display omitted] • Cumulative environmental cost in China of acid deposition was 230 billion dollars. • Dominant losses have shifted from crops to construction due to rapid urbanization. • Both economic loss and ratio of economic loss to GDP have been declining in 2010s. • Ratio of loss to GDP increased firstly and decreased with human development level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fabrication of ceramics can produce the emission of several gases, denominated exhaust gases, and also vapours resulting from firing processes, which usually contain metals and toxic substances affecting the environment and the health of workers. Especially harmful are the diffuse emissions of CO2, fluorine, chlorine and sulphur from the ceramics industry, which, in highly industrialized areas, can suppose an important emission focus of dangerous effects. Concerning CO2, factories that use carbonate-rich raw materials (>30% carbonates) can emit high concentrations of CO2 to the atmosphere. Thus, carbonate reduction or substitution with other raw materials would reduce the emissions. In this contribution, we propose the addition of Al-shales to the carbonated ceramic materials (marls) for CO2 emission reduction, also improving the quality of the products. The employed shales are inexpensive materials of large reserves in SW-Spain. The ceramic bodies prepared with the addition of selected Al-shale to marls in variable proportions resulted in a 40%–65% CO2 emission reduction. In addition, this research underlines at the same time that the use of a low-price raw material can also contribute to obtaining products with higher added value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With global climate change becoming increasingly serious, carbon neutrality, a key strategy to mitigate climate change, has attracted widespread attention. However, due to the multidisciplinary and complexity of carbon neutrality studies, as well as the diversification of research content, a comprehensive review and systematic synthesis of which is quite limited. In this paper, a bibliometric analysis on the topic of carbon neutrality is conducted to reveal the research progress from a quantitative and visual perspective and describe the evolution of research hotspots. The results show that carbon neutrality research is abundant at both the macro and micro levels. Low carbon development is the premise of carbon neutrality, and emission reduction and carbon sinks are the basis of carbon neutrality. The degree of research varies significantly in different countries, with China dominating in the number of publications, followed by the USA and the UK. The realization of carbon neutrality cannot be fully achieved by one single perspective and requires a comprehensive and systematic analysis of technology, economy, and society. Carbon neutrality is a technology-driven process guided by policy. Economically, carbon taxes and carbon markets are two important market mechanisms for reducing carbon emissions. Technically, researches of negative carbon technologies and renewable energy are growing rapidly. Carbon market, carbon negative technology, circular economy, and green energy will become the focus of future research. This paper helps scholars to understand the overall state of carbon neutrality research and provides a historical reference for future research. • The evolution of carbon neutrality research is identified by a bibliometric method. • Visualizes research status and outlines research foci, frontiers and prospects. • Retrieve 5271 articles published over 25 years in SCIE and SSCI databases. • Carbon neutrality is a technology-driven process guided by policy. • Circular economy and carbon markets are new areas of carbon neutrality research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

City clusters play an important role in air pollutant and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction in China, primarily due to their high fossil energy consumption levels. The "2 + 26" Cities, i.e., Beijing, Tianjin and 26 other perfectures in northern China, has experienced serious air pollution in recent years. We employ the Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies model adapted to the "2 + 26" Cities (GAINS-JJJ) to evaluate the impacts of structural adjustments in four major sectors, industry, energy, transport and land use, under the Three-Year Action Plan for Blue Skies (Three-Year Action Plan) on the emissions of both the major air pollutants and CO 2 in the "2 + 26" Cities. The results indicate that the Three-Year Action Plan applied in the "2 + 26" Cities reduces the total emissions of primary fine particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of ≤ 2.5 μm (PM 2.5), SO 2 , NO x , NH 3 and CO 2 by 17%, 25%, 21%, 3% and 1%, respectively, from 2017 to 2020. The emission reduction potentials vary widely across the 28 prefectures, which may be attributed to the differences in energy structure, industrial composition, and policy enforcement rate. Among the four sectors, adjustment of industrial structure attains the highest co-benefits of CO 2 reduction and air pollution control due to its high CO 2 reduction potential, while structural adjustments in energy and transport attain much lower co-benefits, despite their relatively high air pollutant emissions reductions, primarily resulting from an increase in the coal-electric load and associated carbon emissions caused by electric reform policies.. • Impacts of structural adjustments on emissions of air pollutants and CO 2 in the "2 + 26" Cities are evaluated. • The higher the pollutant emissions are, the higher the reduction potential. • Adjustment of industrial structure attains the highest co-benefits of CO 2 reduction and air pollution control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a worldwide focus on reducing the environmental impacts of livestock manure management. In China, there are different manure treatment and application modes, including complete treatment to remove nitrogen (N) for direct discharge into watercourses. But we lack a systematic quantitative comparison of the environmental losses that occur from different management modes. We used an example farm of 10,000 finisher pigs to quantitatively analyze the annual N losses from land application (LA) and treatment to remove N from manure to the level of discharge consent (DS) under 24 sub-modes. This is an important study to unravel the effect of choice of different manure management systems on subsequent N losses. The results showed that the N losses from the LA mode (52.6% of total N excretion) were significantly lower than that from the DS mode (75.9%). Compared with other sub-modes, N emission from whole slurry injection was the smallest, accounting for 43.2% of total N excretion. NH 3 –N was the main source of N loss which accounted for 72.9% and 50.2% in LA and DS mode, respectively. The lowest N emission of LA mode with mitigation options, including slurry store covers, composting with bio-filter deodorization and injection application, was 28.8% of total N excretion, which is only 42.2% of N emission from DS mode with mitigation options. Insights from this systematic study of different manure management modes in China show the imperative of control ammonia emission for China, and provide guidance to the sustainable manure management in rapidly developing countries. [Display omitted] • The N losses from 24 manure management sub-modes were quantitative assessed. • N losses from land application model were 30% lower than standard discharge model. • Gaseous emissions were the main loss pathway in which NH 3 –N was the main source. • Policy and technology guidance should focus on NH 3 mitigation in key stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing plants and flowers in greenhouses is a commercial activity that imposes a burden on the environment. Recently a system of registration, control, and licensing has been developed by the sector of greenhouse growers in the Netherlands, acknowledged by the state. The current study was executed to understand the achievements of the greenhouse growers within this system. We applied a social-cognitive model to understand intentions to reduce emissions and predict actual pesticide use. The social-cognitive concepts from the model were measured in a questionnaire that was completed by 743 greenhouse growers. Factual information on these growers’ pesticide use in 2004 and 2005 was provided by the agency responsible for the program, and could be linked to the questionnaire data. Using structural equation modeling we found that intention to reduce emission was primarily predicted by the attitude, descriptive norm, and self-efficacy. Actual pesticide use was predicted by the interaction of intention and response efficacy. Results can be used to improve communication with growers, focusing on the influential determinants of intention and behavior. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Globally, the interaction and vulnerability of tourism and climate change have recently been in focus. This study examines how carbon dioxide emissions respond to changes in the tourism development. Panel data from 2000 to 2017 for 70 countries are analyzed using spatial econometric method to investigate the spatial spillover effect of tourism development on environmental pollution. The direct, indirect, and overall impact of tourism on environmental pollution are estimated after the selection of the most appropriate GNS method. The findings reveal that tourism has a positive direct effect and a negative indirect effect; both are significant at the 1 % level. The negative indirect effect of tourism is greater than its direct positive effect, implying an overall significantly negative impact. Further, the outcome of financial development and carbon emissions have an inverted U-shaped and U-shaped relationship in direct and indirect impacts. Population density, trade openness and economic growth significantly influence on environmental pollution through spatial spill over. In addition, education expenditure and infrastructure play a significant moderating role in the relationship among tourism development and environmental pollution. The results have important policy implications as they establish an inverted-U-shaped relationship among tourism and environmental pollution and indicate that while a country's emissions initially rise with the tourism industry's growth, they begin declining after a limit. • Identifying the spatial spillover effect of tourism development on environmental pollution. • The outcome of financial development and carbon emissions have an inverted U-shaped and U-shaped relationship in direct and indirect impacts. • Establishing an inverted-U-shaped relationship among tourism and environmental pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Joint prevention and control of atmospheric pollution (JPCAP) policies play a vital role in alleviating regional pollution. Based on Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) model, we construct two policy strength measures of effectiveness and number, and investigate the effects of policy strength on air pollutant emissions for four types of JPCAP policies. The results show that the effects of economic incentive policy tools and supporting policy tools on emission reduction deviate significantly from policy preferences. Economic incentive policy tools are the most effective in promoting emission reductions in SO 2 , NOx and dust, but their effectiveness are the lowest in reality. Supporting policy tools, with the highest strength, have little effect on emission reduction. Command-control policies and persuasion policies are both relatively high in quantity and effectiveness. In addition, policy strength plays a more important role in reducing air pollutants in key regions than in non-key regions. JPCAP policies have gradually changed from a single policy tool to multiple policy tools, and the government shifted its attention to improving the legal effectiveness of policies after 2015. Finally, we propose some policy implications to optimize JPCAP policies and address regional air pollution problem. • Machine learning methods are very suitable for text data. • The effectiveness and number of policies have a significant impact on pollutant emissions. • The effects of economic incentive and supporting policy tools on emission reduction deviate from policy preferences. • JPCAP policies have changed from a single policy tool to multiple policy tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Two cogeneration units were each fitted with a prechamber (IDI) diesel engine in order to test the feasibility of using waste oils from the food industry as a fuel source, and additionally to test emissions generated by the combustion of these fuels. Esterified waste oils and animal fats as well as mustard oil were tested and compared to the more or less “common” fuels: diesel, rapeseed oil and rapeseed methyl ester. The results show that, in principle, each of these fuels is suitable for use in a prechamber diesel engine. Engine performance can be maintained at a constant level. Without catalytic conversion, the nitrogen oxides emissions were comparable. A significant reduction in NO x was achieved through the injection of urea. Combining a urea injection with the SCR catalytic converter reduced NO x emissions between 53% and 67%. The carbon monoxide emissions from waste oils are not significantly different from those of “common” fuels and can be reduced the same way as of hydrocarbon emissions, through utilization of a catalytic converter. The rate of carbon monoxide reduction by catalytic conversion was 84–86%. A lower hydrocarbon concentration was associated with fuels of agricultural origin. With the catalytic converter a reduction of 29–42% achieved. Each prechamber diesel engine exhibited its own characteristic exhaust, which was independent of fuel type. The selective catalytic reduction of the exhaust emissions can be realized without restriction using fuels of agricultural origin. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

To develop sound air quality plans, regional authorities should have instruments that link the complex behaviour of pollutants both in time and space with costs of emission reduction. The problem is particularly important for ground level ozone which forms kilometres away, hours later from the emission of its precursors. To approach this problem, a method (1) to identify local pollutant-precursor models on the basis of results from a large photochemical model (CALGRID), (2) to integrate them in a multi-objective mathematical program, together with an estimate of the emission reduction costs, is suggested. The method has been used to assess action priorities in Lombardy (Northern Italy). This area, characterised by a complex terrain, high urban and industrial emissions and a dense road network is often affected by severe photochemical pollution episodes during summer. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The northern part of the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region in China suffers from high concentrations of fine particular matter (PM 2.5) during the past years yet received much less attention compared to the other parts of the YRD region. In this study, we integrated observational data, control policies and strategies, and air quality simulations to develop PM 2.5 attainment demonstration by year 2030 for the city of Bengbu, which represents a typical non-compliant city in the northern YRD region. In 2018, the annual average PM 2.5 concentration in Bengbu was 51.8 μg/m3, which was 48 % higher than the standard of 35 μg/m3 set by the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Different future emission scenarios were developed for year 2025 as mid-term and year 2030 as long-term. Integrated meteorology and air quality modeling system together with monitoring data was applied to predict the air quality under the future emission scenarios. Results show that when a conservative emission reduction ratio of 40 % was assumed for surrounding regions, the annual average PM 2.5 concentration in Bengbu could meet the target value by 2030, in which case emissions of SO 2 , NOx, PM 2.5 , VOCs, and NH 3 need to be reduced by 70.6 %, 43.5 %, 47.2 %, 33.4 %, and 47.5 %, respectively. PM 2.5 concentration in Bengbu is not only controlled by local emission reductions but also affected by emission reductions of surrounding regions as well as contribution from long-range transport. More attentions need to be paid to the control of VOCs emissions in the near future to avoid increase of ozone concentrations while reducing PM 2.5. Our results provide scientific support for the local government to formulate future air pollution prevention and control strategies, sub-regional joint-control among surrounding cities, as well as trans-regional joint-control between the north China and the YRD region. • PM 2.5 attainment demonstration at a typical non-attainment city in China is presented. • Both local reductions and regional prevention and control are needed for attainment. • Future control strategies should be focused more on VOCs emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The triple components of energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions, and economic expansion are important to achieving sustained economic activity and sound ecological advancement. This study aims to estimate the impact of wide-ranging parameters on environmental circumstances in South Asian countries. This analysis required two approaches: 1)quantile autoregressive distributed lag (QARDL) as an econometric model, and 2) data envelopment analysis (DEA) non-parametric comparable composite index to examine concurrently South Asian nations' data for the 2000–2018 period. The underscored category of the parameters were grouped into four key indices, namely financial, fiscal, human, and energy. The DEA's mathematical composite findings reveal varied circumstances regarding environmental self-maintenance in South Asian nations. India and Pakistan are doing quite well; Afghanistan is abysmal. In addition, the QARDL approach findings reveal that energy use and fiscal indicators abate pollution. Furthermore, the correlation between fiscal decentralization and ecological attributes is strengthened by the excellent level of institutions and human capital progress. There is a unidirectional impact emanating from fiscal devolution, gross domestic product, human capital, eco-innovation, and institutional excellence on carbon dioxide pollution, although different from the other correlations obtained. • To assess the impact of fiscal policy and the impact on environmental degradation within the scope of developing countries. • Consequently, a dual approach model is employed to assess the motivation of adopting an environmentally sustainable model. • We find that fiscal imbalance and debt levels are the main drivers of degradation based on consumption and intensity. • These factors attribute a slower progress towards the inflection point in the proposed environmental Kuznets curve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the relationship between energy security, energy equity, and environmental sustainability from the perspective of economic growth and CO 2 emissions. For this purpose, this study utilizes the energy trilemma index (ETI) 2018 of the World Energy Council (WEC) to measure, evaluate and assess the energy efficiency of the top ten best-performing countries around the world. This study formulates an interval decision matrix to apply Principal Components Analysis (PCA) by reducing a large set into a small set of underlying variables with comprehensive information. Finally, this study uses the Fuzzy-TOPSIS method to determine the comprehensive ranks of all countries. This study shows that Denmark holds overall first rank in energy efficiency with a score of one in energy security, eleven in energy equity, and seventeen in environmental sustainability. In contrast, Germany has dominated all top ten performers by energy and environmental progress, which cannot be shirker within the UK's social progress concept. Thus, with ceteris paribus, a higher energy price will indicate a higher degree of scarcity of energy sources, encouraging working for cheaper and renewable alternatives and ultimately influencing the energy supply side. Carbon valuation can reduce greenhouse emissions by paying the extra dollar to the enterprise for less emission. It will lead to changing energy consumption structures and make it a cleaner choice for profit maximization. • Energy Trilemma Index of World Energy Council 2018 has been evaluated. • Fuzzy-TOPSIS and Principal Components Analysis applied to 10 best-performing countries. • Denmark led in energy efficiency while Germany dominated in environmental progress. • A higher energy price will indicate a higher degree of scarcity of energy sources. • CO 2 valuation can reduce emissions by paying extra $ to enterprise for less emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]