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Zingiber densissimum S.Q.Tong & Y.M.Xia and Kaempferia laotica Gagnep., belong to the Zingiberaceae family, which were found in Vietnam and Laos in recent years. To date, there has been very limited information on their phytochemical profiles and pharmacological activities. The present study was conducted to give insights into the chemical composition of the essential oils isolated from two plants and their antimicrobial activities. Gas Chromatographic–Mass Spectral (GC-MS) analysis was utilized to identify the chemical composition of the rhizome essential oils of Z. densissimum and K. laotica. The antimicrobial activities were evaluated on three Gram-positive bacterial strains, three Gram-negative bacterial strains, and a pathogenic yeast. The GC-MS analysis showed that β-pinene (38.36%), β-phellandrene (26.85%), and α-pinene (13.31%) were the most dominant components in Z. densissimum rhizome essential oil, while K. laotica rhizome essential oil was found to contain mainly camphene (23.44%), α-pinene (10.69%), 3-carene (8.60%) and β-pinene (6.85%). As for the antimicrobial activity test results, the rhizome essential oil of Z. densissimum displayed potent activities against Candida albicans (MIC value = 2 μg/mL), Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli (MIC values = 8 μg/ mL). Meanwhile, the rhizome essential oil of K. laotica showed weaker activities against all investigated microbial strains (MIC values ranging from 32 to 256 μg/mL). The study results indicated the chemical constituents of the essential oils prepared from these plants. The two essential oil samples were also shown to exhibit potential antimicrobial activities against several pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commiphora foliacea Sprague and related species are renowned for the expensive perfumes, cosmetics, and aromatherapy due to its pleasant smell of essential oils used to promote relaxation, reduce stress, and improve memory loss. The chemical ingredients from the stem of C. foliacea Sprague essential oil (EO) were evaluated for GC-MS analysis, in vitro (antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and carbonic anhydrase-II (CA-II)) and in vivo (anti-analgesic and anti-inflammatory) studies. The EO encompasses 56 compounds contributed 93.58% of the total with leading compounds of camphene (14.02%) followed by eremophilene (11.46%). Maximum activity was depicted via DPPH and ABTS protocols compared to the standards. The EO was found effective against B. subtilis (gram-positive bacteria), while maximum antifungal inhibition was observed against A. parasiticus. The substantial antidiabetic and CA-II potential was noted compared with standards. The EO presented considerable potential against breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) and normal (MCF-10A) cell lines with an IC50 of 108.4 and 300 µg/mL, correspondingly and it has been assumed that the essential oil did not deliver much damage to the normal cell lines. Moreover, among the in vivo, the EO revealed the substantial anti-inflammatory potential to reduce paw edema with 63.81% inhibition in comparison to the standard Diclofenac. EO also depicted a significant reduction in analgesic potential (62.05%) compared to the standard aspirin. Furthermore, up to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the GC-MS analysis, in vitro, anti-analgesic, and anti-inflammatory potential of the EO isolated from the stem of C. foliacea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional uses of piper plants to cure diseases are associated with their constituents. In this research, we extracted the essential oils from Piper betle, Piper ramipilum, and Piper aduncum by steam distillation yielding extracts of 1.44%, 1.11%, and 1.93% (v/w), respectively. GC-MS analysis showed low-oxygenated terpenes in these Piper species. The identified components of P. betle, P. ramipilum, and P. aduncum consisted of 46, 42, and 43 compounds, respectively. P. betle had β-phellandrene (8.67%), 4-terpineol (7.05%), trans-β-caryophyllene (5.44%), α-humulene (6.30%), and caryophyllene oxide (5.53%) as its main constituents. The compounds of β-phellandrene, trans-β-caryophyllene, and caryophyllene oxide were also identified as predominant constituents in P. ramipilum along with α-pinene, linalool, and β-selinene compounds with percentages of 7.79, 14.76, 5.36, 6.02, 9.41, and 6.68%, respectively. In addition, P. aduncum was dominated by apiole (33.49%) and trans-β-caryophyllene (6.67%). Antibacterial activity against foodborne pathogens was evaluated by a disk diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The diluted essential oils of P. betle showed the highest sensitivity to E. coli with the inhibition zone and activity percentage of 15.38±0.22 mm and 47.11±1.03%, respectively. Meanwhile, the highest antibacterial activity against S. aureus was obtained from P. ramipilum with an inhibition zone of 11.25 ± 0.22 mm and an activity percentage of 31.48±0.93%. Generally, these Piper species had higher activity against E. coli than S. aureus. Our results demonstrate that P. betle and P. ramipilum have good potential to be developed as complementary or alternative treatments for foodborne diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hygroscopic behavior and the effect of different drying methods (shade, oven and forced convective drying at 40°C, 50°C, and 60°C, natural convective, and greenhouse drying) on Pelargonium graveolens leave essential oils' quantity and quality parameters were studied. The optimal water activity for storage was estimated at awap = 0.363±0.005 and the net isosteric heat of sorption was 61.20±1.01 kJ.mol−1. The GAB model was the best fitting model for the experimental data. The essential oil yields were between 0.3±0.08% (w/w) and 1.27±0.21% (w/w) calculated on a dry weight basis. The highest yield was obtained by natural convective drying while greenhouse caused the most important loss of essential oils. β-Citronellol was the main compound, the ratios were from 25.8% to 12.1%. Natural convective drying had the highest content for total polyphenol content (6.71±0.38 mg GAE/g DM). The same for the antioxidant activity, the highest antioxidant activity was found for shade (384.78±15.59 µg/ml), followed by natural convective drying (424.19±17.86 µg/ml). While the lowest antioxidant activity was revealed by forced convective drying at 60°C (724.54±15.82 µg/ml). Greenhouse gives the lowest values. The color evaluation revealed that forced convective drying at 40°C preserves the appearance of Pelargonium leaves. The biochemical parameters were significantly affected by the drying technique, temperature, and air velocity. Convective drying was more suitable for drying the Moroccan rose geranium leaves. It will contribute to the development of a working methodology for food industries to solve problems related to the deterioration of the quality of the dried Moroccan rose geranium leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current investigation, the chemical composition of the essential oils (EOs) from the stem and leaves of Acridocarpus orientalis A. Juss. were evaluated by gas chromatography (GC) and gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The main volatile constituents identified in the essential oil of stem were rich in methyl 8-pimaren-18-oate (43.8 %), octacosane (5.8 %), heptacosane (4.6 %) and hexacosane (4.1 %), methyl dehydroabietate (3.9 %) and methyl pimar-8(14)-en-18-oate (3.6 %), while tetracosane (16.6 %), heptacosane (16.4 %), docosane (13.9 %), hentriacontane (13.5 %), heneicosane (10.9 %) and α-pinene (7.7 %) were abundant in the EO of leaves. Both essential oils, screened against urease, α-glucosidase and carbonic anhydrase II (CA-II) enzyme inhibitory activities, were found active against CA-II and inactive against urease and α-glucosidase enzymes. The leaves of AO were found more active only against CA-II enzyme having IC50 values of 45.6 ± 1.0 μg/mL than stem (156.3 ± 1.5 μg/mL). The results determined that the EO of leaves could be a promising target for anti-cancer treatment. This is the first report, up to the best of the author's knowledge, on the chemical composition and CA-II activity of this essential oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intention of this study was to explore the antibacterial and antifungal properties of essential oil from the flowers of Rhanterium suaveolens Desf. growing in Tunisia and determine its chemical composition which leads to the Tunisian chemotype. The GC and GC-MS analyses of essential oil conducted to the identification of twenty-seven compounds representing 99.08 % of the total oil. The main constituents were α-pinene (25.84 %), β-pinene (17.57 %), 1-octen-3-ol (16.23 %), camphene (12.28 %), limonene (8.03 %), β-myrcene (5.13 %), pinocarvone (2.98 %) and p-cymene (2.51 %). The antibacterial and antifungal activities of the volatile oil were screened in vitro using microdilution and disc diffusion methods. Considerable antibacterial effect was recorded against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with MIC values ranging from 23 to 230 μg/mL. A powerful antifungal activity was also observed against five human pathogenic fungi. The highest antifungal effect was revealed against Candida albicans and Fusarium phylophylum with less MIC values of 11.5 μg/mL. On the basis of these results, the major eight chemical constituents of Rhanterium suaveolens essential oil could be used for constructing regression models to predict antibacterial and antifungal activities. These results suggest the possibility to use of Rh. suaveolens essential oil as a promising antimicrobial agent in drug and food preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study essential oil components of sixteen thyme genotypes from 4 species (T. daenensis, T. kotschyanus, T. lancifolius, T. fedchenkoi T. pubescens) were assayed by GC and GC-MS. Total of 10 chemical compounds could be identified among these species. Thymol, carvacrol, geraniol and α-terpineol were reported more than 24 percentages (24.75 to 83.34 %). It is evident that the highest levels of volume percentage of essential oils and thymol in first group of claster analysis, linalool, geraniol and geranyl acetate in second group and borneol and carvacrol in last group were observed. Factor analysis showed that three factors explain 70 percentage of variation between genotypes. These factors classified different chemical components to 3 chemical types (ether, alcohol and total essential oil, phenol). Regarding the PCA analysis, T. kotschyanusi (Azerbayjan) and T. pubescens (Zanjan) were highly correlated with borneol, p-cymene and cineole. Also T. daenesis (Markazi), T. lacifolius (Markazi) and T. daenesis (Isfahan/Ferydan) were highly correlated with total essential oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was undertaken to explore the effect of essential oil hydrodistilled from oleo gum resin of Commiphora molmol in inhibiting the growth of plant pathogenic and post-harvest fungi. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation of resins of C. molmol, its chemical composition was determined by GC-MS analysis and antifungal potential was evaluated against A. flavus, Cladosporium sp., A. alternata, F. oxysporum and F. solani. GC-MS analysis of myrrh essential oil reveals the presence of 15 compounds. The leading compounds were curzerene (41.81 %), furanoeudesma 1,3-diene (18.8 %) and caryophyllene (14.3 %). Myrrh essential oil inhibited the growth of all tested fungi. The maximum zone of inhibition by myrrh essential oil was observed for F. solani (27.8 mm), followed by F. oxysporum (26.0 mm), A. alternata (25.8 mm), Cladosporium sp. (25. 8 mm) and the least was for A. flavus (10.0 mm). The percent reduction in the germination of spores was 76.75 %, 73.5 %, 71.0 %, 70.25 % and 67.5 % for F. solani, Cladosporium sp., A. alternata, F. oxysporum and A. flavus, respectively. The MICs and MFCs values of myrrh essential oil were 1.25 μl/ml and 2.5 μl/ml for F. solani, Cladosporium sp., A. alternata, F. oxysporum, whereas, it was 2.5 μl/ ml (MIC) and 5 μl/ml (MFC) for A. flavus. The present study proves that myrrh essential oil has a potential to qualify as an alternative of synthetic fungicides, especially managing the post-harvest fungal infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oils, as sources of natural products, represent an alternative to synthetic antioxidants and antimicrobial agents in food and pharmaceutical industry, alternative medicine and natural therapy. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) belongs to the Lamiaceae family of herbs, which in addition to being used as a spice, is also medicinally known as a powerful antibacterial, antimutagenic and chemopreventive agent. The aim of the present study was to determine chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of essential oil obtained from basil aerial parts (grown in the northwestern Republic of Srpska) by hydrodistillation on semiindustrial level of production. Qualitative and quantitative composition of the oil was determined by GC-MS and GC-FID spectrometry. The antioxidant activity of essential oil was investigated spectrophotometrically by DPPH assay and antimicrobial activity using the agar diffusion method on the following microorganisms: Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus, Providencia stuartii, coagulase-positive Staphylococcus, Streptococcus group D, Salmonella spp. and Candida albicans. The results obtained proved the presence of 65 components, with the highest content of linalool (31.6%) and methyl chavicol (23.8%). Essential oil has shown the best antioxidant properties after 90 minutes of incubation with EC50 value of 2.38 mg/ml. The oil has shown the best antimicrobial activity on coagulase-positive Staphylococcus. Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the investigated basil essential oil indicate a significant phytomedical potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study is to evaluate the impact of enzymatic pre-treatment on chemical composition ofCymbopogon citratusleaves volatile oil. Enzymatic pre-treatment has been considered as a novel and an effective way to release bounded compounds and increase overall yield. Lemongrass leaves with enzymatic pre-treatment with enzymesviz. β-galactosidase and cellulase yielded 0.82 % and 0.91 % volatile oil respectively. While, with mixture of enzymes (β-glactosidase and cellulase), the yield of volatile oil was 0.97 %. GC-MS analysis of enzymatic per-treated oil showed thirty three chemical constituents (99.5 %) with significant variation in area percentage of major constituents. However, in conventional hydro-distillation method, twenty two chemical constituents (72.4 %) were present. On comparison of enzyme aided extraction using mixture of enzymes showed the presence of some new chemical constituent’sviz.1R α-pinene (0.43 %), α-phellendren (0.46 %), D-limonene (0.53 %), and citronellol (0.64 %) and a very significant increase in percentage of major components like α-citral, β-citral, geraniol, and β-Linalool. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Aegle marmelosis frequently used in Ayurveda medicine in countries of the Indian subcontinent like Bangladesh. The present study attempts to elucidate the antibacterial activity ofA. marmelosleaves growing in Bangladesh (A. marmelosLBD) and to screen therapeutically important phytochemicals. The extracts of this plant’s leaves prepared with six organic solvents were tested for their antibacterial activity againstBacillus subtilisIFO 3026, Escherichia coliIFO 3007, Klebsiella pneumoniaeATTC 10031, Proteus vulgarisMTTC 321, Pseudomonas denitrificansKACC 32026, SarcinaluteaIFO 3232, andXanthomonas campestrisIAM 1671. Inhibition of bacterial growth and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were assayed by the disk diffusion method. Essential oil ofA. marmelosLBD was used for gas chromatographicmass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis in order to determine its chemical composition. Among the six solvents, n-hexane and petroleum ether extracts showed a great potential of antibacterial activity against all the bacteria, with inhibition zones of 13.3±0.58 to 10±1.0 mm. whereas essential oil showed 12.33±1.53 mm to 9.33±0.58 mm inhibition zone. The MIC value was 32 μgD ml for petroleum ether, dichloromethane, n-hexane extracts and 16 μlD ml for essential oil ofA. marmelosLBD. Eighteen chemical components were found after GC-MS analysis of essential oil ofA. marmelosLBD. The major components of the essential oil are ledene oxide-(II) (18.16%); menthol, 12 -(butyn-3-one-1-yl), (1R, 2S, 5R) (7.04%); (-)-caryophyllene oxide (7.10%); and himachalol (6.15%). These phytochemicals were previously well known to have strong antibacterial activity, which explains whyA. marmelosLBDis an effective antibacterial agent against various infectious diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Aromatic plants are potential natural sources of novel antibiotics and particular interest has focused on their essential oils as main sources of potent antimicrobial and antifungal compounds classified as terpenoids, flavonoids and phenolics. EO extracted by hydrodistillation from IranianAchillea millefoliumwas characterized by means of GC-MS. The EO was also subjected to evaluation for antioxidant properties. Results clearly show the antioxidant effects of the plant essential oil. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study was outlined to probe chemical composition, antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities ofTaxus cuspidatastem essential oil (TCEO) using different antioxidant models followed by determination of its total phenolic content. The TCEO was obtained by hydrodistillation of stem material using a microwave-assisted extraction technique. Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry analysis of the TCEO resulted in the determination of 87 different compounds, representing 92.3% of total oil. The oil contained monoand sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoand sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, phenolics, hydroxy derivatives, steroids, indole derivatives, and fatty acids as its major constituents. The TCEO showed antioxidant capacity as the inhibition of DPPH radical by 92.8%. Also the TCEO had potent inhibitory effect on nitric oxide, superoxide, and hydroxyl radicals by 80.0%, 71.7%, and 73.7%, respectively. Moreover, the TCEO displayed concentration-dependent reducing power ability and remarkable ferric ion-induced lipid peroxidation inhibitory effect in bovine brain extract. In addition, the TCEO yielded 6.5 ± 0.5 mg GAE/g sample equivalent phenolic content. These findings confirm the biological efficacy ofT. cuspidatastem as a potential source of natural antioxidant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coriander was grown for seed in the field experiment conducted on three localities during two years by applying six different fertilization regimes. There were 11 compounds identified in the coriander essential oil by GC-MS. The main component was linalool with 73.23%, followed by α-pinene (8.43%), γterpinene (7.64%), camphor (3.07%), limonene (1.78%) and geranyl acetate (1.57%), while other compounds (camphene, p-cymene, β-pinene, myrcene and sabinene) were present in less than 1%. The content of all compounds was strongly influenced by weather conditions during the year, while the application of different fertilizers significantly influenced the content of linalool, α-pinene, γ-terpinene and limonene. However, the influence of location was not statistically significant. It can be concluded that growing coriander in dry climate is more favorable for linalool accumulation in essential oil than moderate to humid climate. Also, fertilization positively influences linalool content in coriander essential oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antimicrobial activity of essential oils and their derivatives has been recognized for a long time. In this study, the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity ofEchinophora platylobaessential oil againstEscherichia coliO157,Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Listeria monocytogenesandAspergillus niger. The essential oil obtained by hydro-distillation extraction method using Clevenger apparatus.E. platylobaoil was analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Antimicrobial activity determined by detection of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) for bacteria and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) for the fungi strain. Broth micro-dilution and paper disc diffusion methods used for antimicrobial activity tests. Results obtained by GC-MS analysis showed 47 constituents identified in the essential oil composition with the main compounds including: asarone (10.15 %), anethole (7.39 %), eugenol (6.74 %), dimethyl styrene (6.55 %), dimethyl styrene isomer (5.28 %), nuciferol (5.087 %).E. platylobaoil showed the MIC of 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 mg/ml respectively for the mentioned microbes. The inhibition zones formed by the essential oil and standard antibiotic discs showed thatE. platylobaessential oil was inhibitory to all of the microbes at the concentrations of 3.12, 6.25, 12.5 and 25 mg/ml. Results confirmed the possibility of using this essential oil in food systems to prevent the growth of some foodborn microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work carried out on hitherto unknown chemical composition of essential oil isolated from leaf of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) and evaluation of its in vitro antioxidant activity is reported. Essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation using Clevenger apparatus was found to contain 27 volatile compounds by GC-FID and GC-MS analyses. Identification of 25 constituents comprising 98.1% of essential oil was done using NIST library and Wiley GC-MS library. This was further supported by the comparison of the reported retention indices with those determined. Confirmation of structural assignment of 13 compounds in leaf essential oil was done by co-injection with the authentic compounds. The compounds identified in essential oil include alcohols (32.1%), phenols (16.6%), aldehydes (16.2%), fatty acids (15.7%), alkanes (8.3%), esters (3.2%), terpenes (1.2%), and other classes of compounds (4.8%). Major components of the leaf essential oil were hydroquinone (16.6%), 2-hexenal (14.2%), palmitic acid (14.1%), 2-hexen-1-ol (11.5%) and phytol (11.4%). The essential oil demonstrated strong 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (IC50= 25±0.3 µg/mL). It also showed dose dependent reducing power activity. Total phenolic content of this essential oil was shown to be 28±0.4 mg GAE/g fresh leaves. This study demonstrates the strong potential of T. cordifolia leaf essential oil as a natural antioxidant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clementine is a natural tangor, resulting from an interspecific cross between mandarin and sweet orange. Gametic embryogenesis, allowing the single-step development of complete homozygous line from the heterozygous parents, increases the efficiency of perennial crop breeding programs. Tri-haploids have been regenerated through pollen embryogenesis (specifically, by anther culture) of Citrus clementina Hort. ex Tan., cv. Nules. Two of them (HOMO1 and HOMO2) have been acclimatized and grafted in vivo in 2000. Research regarding the chemical characteristics of plant regenerated by pollen embryogenesis or gynogenesis are useful to study the "gametoclonal variation", as well as for further application of haploidy technology in Citrus breeding. For these reasons and with the aim to characterize these homozygous clementine genotypes, in this study leaf essential oils were extracted by Clevenger apparatus and their chemical composition was investigated by capillary GC-MS, comparing them with oils obtained from the heterozygous plant and from its ancestors (clementine is a hybrid between sweet orange and mandarin). The obtained oil compositions, submitted to a statistical analysis, are partitioned into groups using principal components analysis (PCA) and, compared to those of both parents, distinguished in three major chemotypes sabinene/linalool, γ-terpinene and methyl N-methylanthranilate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]