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BACKGROUND Obstetric practitioners routinely deal with antenatal patients who have high risk of developing established coagulopathy, which leads to a very high incidence of maternal morbidity and mortality. We wanted to assess the role of blood components in preventing disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in highrisk patients and determine the amount of blood components required along with the rate of improvement in the DIC score, during treatment of high-risk obstetric patients of DIC and in patients with established DIC. METHODS This is an interventional study. 274 obstetric patients who were at high risk for developing DIC and / or with established DIC admitted during the 20 months study duration were included in the study. Patients were categorized in to three groups based on the DIC score according to ISTH scoring system in to non-overt and overt DIC groups. Those with DIC score < 5 were grouped as IA and IB randomly and those with DIC score > / = 5 were grouped as II. Software used was ANOVA using variance ratio F test for testing the significance between groups and chisquare test was used to find out the association between the groups or parameter. RESULTS Prophylactic transfusion of blood components showed faster rate of improvement than control group. Average consumption of blood components was more in patients of established coagulopathy as compared to non-overt group. CONCLUSIONS Transfusion of blood components can prevent overt DIC in high-risk patients. KEYWORDS DIC - Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation, PPH - Post Partum Haemorrhage, Coagulopathy, Component Therapy

BACKGROUND Surface epithelial ovarian tumour (SEOT) develops from the outer surface of ovary. It accounts for more than 90 % of all the ovarian tumours. Most of the SEOT are benign. Few SEOT are of low malignant potential or high malignant potential. The purpose of this study was to assess the rate of expression of proliferative marker Ki-67 and staining pattern of p53 in various histological types of SEOT. METHODS It was a randomised type of study carried out in the Department of Pathology, GSVM Medical College, Kanpur, for 2 years. It included 100 random patients with surgically resected specimens of SEOT. Ki-67 immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed on all malignant cases and few random benign cases; and the percentage of immunopositive cells in each case was expressed as Ki-67 labelling index (Ki-67 LI). p53 expression was interpreted as positive when cells showed diffuse and intense nuclear staining in malignant cases. RESULTS Out of 100 cases, 70 were benign and 30 were malignant. Cases comprised of serous and mucinous histological subtypes. In all malignant cases, Ki-67 expression was found to be positive (Ki-67 LI > 1 %). Highest Ki-67 LI of 52 % was associated with high grade serous cystadenocarcinoma. High grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) had higher p53 positivity. 88.8 % of HGSC were p53 positive. CONCLUSIONS Ki-67 is a cost-effective proliferative marker; therefore, its assessment can be included in routine histopathological report of SEOT for better understanding of the biologic behaviour and aggressiveness of the tumour. p53 expression was more common in HGSC and can help in discriminating between HGSC and lowgrade serous carcinoma (LGSC). KEYWORDS p53, Ki-67, Ovarian Tumour, Serous, Mucinous, SEOT

BACKGROUND The primary aspect of blood transfusion lies in the availability of blood and blood components which are tested and reported negative for transfusion transmitted infections (TTI’s). The increased seroprevalence of TTI’s indicate their prevalence in general public. The study was conducted to analyse the increasing seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) over a period of 3 years. The objectives of the study determine the seroprevalence of hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among the voluntary blood donors at a tertiary care hospital & associated blood bank. METHODS This cross-sectional study was done at the Department of Transfusion Medicine, GSVM Medical College, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, over a period of 3 years from July 2017 to June 2020. The samples collected were screened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests. RESULTS A total of 69561 blood units were collected during this 3-year study from July 2017 to June 2020. Of all the blood bags screened, the highest prevalence was seen for HBV followed by HCV and HIV. 949 (1.4 %) were reactive for HBV, 75 (0.1 %) were reactive for HIV and 332 (0.5 %) were reactive for HCV. The results show a remarkable increase in the seropositivity for hepatitis C infection. CONCLUSIONS The seroprevalence of HCV has seen an increase in case load over the years as compared to HBV and HIV. This increase in case volume is indicative of impending liver diseases progressing to chronic stage over the years. Thus, it is imperative to create awareness in the general population to help reduce the risk factors responsible for HCV infection. KEYWORDS Blood Transfusion, Voluntary Donors, HCV, HBV, HIV, Seroprevalence, Transfusion Transmitted Infections (TTI’s)

BACKGROUND Every blood transfusion is associated with 1 % chance of transfusion associated problems including transfusion transmitted blood-borne infections to its recipient. The major globally prevalent transfusion transmitted infections are human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, syphilis and malaria parasite. We wanted to compare safety of blood among replacement and voluntary donations by comparing the prevalence of transfusion-transmissible infections among them. METHODS All donors were screened by enzyme-linked immunoassay for five transfusion transmissible infectious agents - human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and syphilis by collecting plasma from the pilot tube attached to the blood bag. Malaria was tested from whole blood sample. RESULTS A total of 24,491 donors was included in the study. Among them 21,090 (86.11 %) were replacement and 3,401 (13.89 %) were voluntary donors. Out of 24,491 donors, 560 (2.29 %) units tested positive. Hepatitis B virus (hepatitis B surface antigen) is found to be the most prevalent transfusion transmitted infection among both replacement donations and voluntary donations. CONCLUSIONS There should be more voluntary donations to achieve safer blood transfusion practices as self-deferral by donors with high risk condition is the most effective way to reduce prevalence of transfusion transmitted infections. KEYWORDS Enzyme-Linked Immunoassay, Hepatitis C Virus, Hepatitis, Replacement Donors, Transfusion Transmitted Infections, Voluntary Donors

BACKGROUND Oral cancer is the 11th most common cancer in the world, and death due to this, ranks 6 th globally. India has the highest incidence of oral cancer globally and accounts for approximately 30-40% of all other cancers. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most commonly encountered malignancy of the oral cavity. The most important prognostic factor for patients diagnosed with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is metastasis to cervical lymph nodes or distant organs. METHODS This study was carried out among patients attending ENT OPD in LLR Hospital attached to G.S.V.M. Medical College, Kanpur. A detailed clinical history of present illness including relevant past history was recorded and a complete general examination was done. A total of 100 cases diagnosed in histopathology laboratory between July 2017 and August 2019 were included. Expression of E-cadherin was evaluated in normal oral mucosa, oral premalignant lesions and oral squamous cell carcinomas and was correlated with pathological grade. RESULTS There was male preponderance with a male to female ratio of 4.5:1. Maximum cases of oral lesions were encountered in fourth and fifth decades of life. Majority of the cases were tobacco users (85%). CONCLUSIONS Correlation of Squamous Cell Carcinoma cases with the expression of intensity of staining with E-Cadherin was found to be significant with p