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Translating basic science evidence into clinical trials is particularly challenging. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Relationship between periodontal disease and lung cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Wang J, Yang X, Zou X, Zhang Y, Wang J, Wang Y. J Periodontal Res. 2020 Oct;55(5):581–593. doi: 10.1111/jre.12772. Epub 2020 Jun 25. PMID: 32,583,879. National Natural Science Foundation of China and Scientific Research foundation of the Health Planning Committee of Sichuan. Systematic review with meta-analysis of cohort and case-control studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disasters surrounding medical drugs and devices that led to public outcries for regulation have led to both legislation and the recognition that all sources of evidence are not equal in terms of reliability. Randomized controlled trials provide more reliable evidence than case-series, and human studies provide more reliable evidence than animal studies. In evidence-based medicine, different hierarchies have been created to grade the reliability of evidence. This report provides a brief review of the evidence-pyramid. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Three different types of systematic experiments are powerful tools to evaluate whether the low-level evidence on cause and effect indeed translates into tangible outcomes in humans. The evidence pyramid forms the core of evidence-based dentistry that allows grading the evidence. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Article Title and Bibliographic Information: Miyamoto T, Kumagai T, Jones JA, Van Dyke TE, Nunn ME. Compliance as a prognostic indicator: retrospective study of 505 patients treated and maintained for 15 years. J Periodontol 2006;77(2):223-32. Level of Evidence: 3a Purpose/Question: To evaluate the impact of compliance with maintenance on tooth loss Source of Funding: Not reported Type of Study/Design: Cohort study [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Article Title and Bibliographic Information: Safety of oral bisphosphonates: controlled studies on alveolar bone Jeffcoat MK. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2006 May-Jun;21(3):349-53 Level of Evidence: 4 Purpose/Question: To determine if oral bisphosphonates cause osteonecrosis of the jaw Source of Funding: Proctor and Gamble & Merck Research Type of Study/Design: 2 cohort studies [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Original Article: Sedaghatfar M, August MA, Dodson TB. Panoramic radiographic findings as predictors of inferior alveolar nerve exposure following third molar extraction. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2005;63(1):3-7. Level of Evidence: 3 Source of Funding: Not reported Type of Study/Design: Cross-sectional study [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Original Article: Longstreth WT Jr, Phillips LE, Drangsholt M, Koepsell TD, Custer BS, Gehrels JA, et al. Dental x-rays and the risk of intracranial meningioma: a population-based case-control study. Cancer 2004;100(5):1026-34. Level of Evidence: 3a Purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate whether dental radiography increases the risk for intra-cranial meningioma. Source of Funding: National Cancer Insitute Type of Study/Design: Population-based case-control study [Copyright &y& Elsevier]