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BACKGROUND: Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC), Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) and Brush Cytology are important diagnostic tools for evaluation of pulmonary lesions. Considering the limitations of these procedures correlation of these cytological techniques may help in improving accuracy and increasing the diagnostic yield. AIM: To determine the role of FNAC, Brush and BAL Cytology in pulmonary lesions and to correlate the efficacy of FNAC with Brush and BAL Cytology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective study was conducted on 78 patients with radiologically demonstrable pulmonary lesions in the department of pathology and Dr ML Chest Hospital, GSVM Medical College, Kanpur over a period from nov2011-july2013. The cases selected had to give consent for the procedure. Bronchoalveolar lavage, bronchial brush sample were taken and FNAC was done in the cases. RESULTS: In present study 78 cases of pulmonary lesions were subjected to FNAC and/ or Bronchoalveolar lavage and brush cytology. Among them 49 cases were selected in which all three procedures were done. The sensitivity and specificity for detecting lung tumors by FNAC was 96.29% and 95.45% which was more than that of BAL cytology (84.61%, 91.30%) and Brush cytology (81.48%, 95.45%). FNA correlates with Brush and BAL cytology in 78.57% of malignant lesions. Among malignant lesions 84.61% of BAL and Brush cytology correlates with FNA for diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma. FNA correlates with 66.67% of brush and 83.37% of BAL fluid cytology for diagnosis of adenocarcinoma. BAL and Brush both correlates with FNA in 83.33% cases of small cell carcinoma. Overall 85.71% of BAL and 82.14% of brush smear cytology correlates with FNA cytology for diagnosis of lung cancers. CONCLUSIONS: FNA, BAL and Brush cytology provide a high yield for evaluation of pulmonary lesions. BAL fluid and brush cytology

BACKGROUND: Ovarian tumors are characterized by marked heterogeneity in their clinical presentation, so an accurate histopathological diagnosis is needed. Immunohistochemistry is helpful in vast number of cases where the morphology and clinical data alone do not allow definite diagnosis of tumor present in tissue sections. AIMS: 1. To evaluate the role of immune- histochemistry in classification and histogenesis of ovarian tumours and in resolving diagnostic dilemma in closely mimicking and poorly differentiated tumours. 2. To evaluate the role of immunohistochemistry in ovarian tumours and to differentiate primary from metastatic tumours. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 80 operated cases of ovarian tumours over a period of one and half year (January 2008 to September 2010) were studied. Paraffin blocks of various ovarian tumours for relevant immunostains were subjected for automated immunostaining. Total 52 immunostains were included in the study. RESULTS: Out of the 80 cases of ovarian tumours, benign ovarian lesions were more common (75%) than malignant lesions (25%). Serous cystadenoma was the commonest benign tumor (45%). Overall surface epithelial carcinomas were responsible for 70% of all malignant lesions among which serous cyst adenocarcinoma was most common (45%). 88.8% cases of serous carcinomas showed diffuse positivity for CK7, 60% showed positivity for CA125 and 100% were negative for CK20. 100% cases of mucinous carcinoma showed positivity for CK7, 66.66% showed positivity for CEA and 100% were negative for CA125. ER and PR showed nuclear positivity in both cases (100%) of endometrioid carcinoma. Dysgerminoma showed positivity for placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP). Yolk sac tumor was positive for alpha-feto protein (AFP). Embryonal carcinoma was positive for CD30. Granulosa cell tumor was positive for Calretinin and Inhibin and negative for AFP. CONCLUSION: Thus IHC is helpful in confirming the histological diagnosis, to know the histogenesis of ovarian tumours. It is particularly helpful in resolving the diagnostic dilemma in closely mimicking and poorly differentiated ovarian tumours. IHC is also helpful in differentiating primary ovarian tumours from metastatic tumours. This differentiation is important for both

PURPOSE: To evaluate effect of oral pentoxifylline in optic neuropathies of different etiologies. METHOD: Thirty two patients (42 eyes) with different stages of optic atrophy of less than 1 year duration were selected for the study. They were randomly divided into two groups. Treatment group was given oral pentoxifylline 16-18mg/kg body weight administered in two equal divided doses. Patients in Control group were kept on placebo for minimum of 6 months. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was recorded at one, three and 6 months using Snellen’s visual acuity charts. RESULTS: All patients completed minimum 6 month of treatment. In Treatment group, 03 eyes had pre-treatment visual acuity of light perception (PL), which at the end of 6 months of treatment attained BCVA of 20/80, 20/200, and finger counting at 2 feet respectively. Another 4 eyes in the treatment group had pre-treatment BCVA of no light perception (NPL) which showed no improvement after 6 months of therapy. In control group 7 eyes with PL or NPL showed no improvement. Among rest of the patients, in treatment group pre-treatment and 6 month post-treatment median BCVA were 1.35 ± 0.44 and 0.75 ± 0.45 respectively (p=0.002, CI = -0.9 to -0.25), while in control group, pre-treatment and post treatment median BCVA was 1.32 ± 0.42 and 1.31 ± 0.42 respectively (p=0.157, CI = -0. 5 to 0.0), respectively. CONCLUSION: Oral Pentoxifylline causes functional improvement as suggested by improved BCVA, without causing any gross structural changes in the optic disc. It has no effect on pupillary reaction as well.