1. The flexible clock: predictive and reactive homeostasis, energy balance and the circadian regulation of sleep–wake timing
- Author
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Sjaak J. Riede, Roelof A. Hut, and Vincent van der Vinne
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,PHASE PREFERENCE ,Physiology ,Endogeny ,Aquatic Science ,Biology ,Energy homeostasis ,Peripheral ,SIBERIAN HAMSTERS ,03 medical and health sciences ,Circadian rhythm flexibility ,0302 clinical medicine ,Rhythm ,clock phase ,Darwinian Fitness ,PERIPHERAL-TISSUES ,Animals ,Homeostasis ,Humans ,ACTIVITY PATTERNS ,Circadian rhythm ,Adaptation ,Wakefulness ,Molecular Biology ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,GENE-EXPRESSION ,Ecology ,LOCOMOTOR-ACTIVITY ,fungi ,FOOD-DEPRIVATION ,Temperature ,Flexibility (personality) ,BODY-TEMPERATURE ,Circadian thermo-energetics ,Circadian Rhythm ,030104 developmental biology ,MAMMALIAN SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS ,Insect Science ,Suprachiasmatic Nucleus ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Energy Metabolism ,Sleep ,Neuroscience ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,NEURAL ACTIVITY ,Body Temperature Regulation - Abstract
The Darwinian fitness of mammals living in a rhythmic environment depends on endogenous daily (circadian) rhythms in behavior and physiology. Here, we discuss the mechanisms underlying the circadian regulation of physiology and behavior in mammals. We also review recent efforts to understand circadian flexibility, such as how the phase of activity and rest is altered depending on the encountered environment. We explain why shifting activity to the day is an adaptive strategy to cope with energetic challenges and show how this can reduce thermoregulatory costs. A framework is provided to make predictions about the optimal timing of activity and rest of non-model species for a wide range of habitats. This Review illustrates how the timing of daily rhythms is reciprocally linked to energy homeostasis, and it highlights the importance of this link in understanding daily rhythms in physiology and behavior.
- Published
- 2017
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