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1. Monocyte‐derived extracellular vesicles, stimulated by Trypanosoma cruzi, enhance cellular invasion in vitro via activated TGF‐β1

Author

Ephraim A. Ansa‐Addo, Paras Pathak, Maria V. McCrossan, Izadora Volpato Rossi, Mahamed Abdullahi, Dan Stratton, Sigrun Lange, Marcel I. Ramirez, and Jameel M. Inal

Subjects
cell uptake, endocytosis, extracellular vesicles, Trypanosoma cruzi, Cytology, QH573-671
Abstract

Abstract During cell invasion, large Extracellular Vesicle (lEV) release from host cells was dose‐dependently triggered by Trypanosoma cruzi metacyclic trypomastigotes (Mtr). This lEV release was inhibited when IP3‐mediated Ca2+ exit from the ER and further Ca2+ entry from plasma membrane channels was blocked, but whilst any store‐independent Ca2+ entry (SICE) could continue unabated. That lEV release was equally inhibited if all entry from external sources was blocked by chelation of external Ca2+ points to the major contributor to Mtr‐triggered host cell lEV release being IP3/store‐mediated Ca2+ release, SICE playing a minor role. Host cell lEVs were released through Mtr interaction with host cell lipid raft domains, integrins, and mechanosensitive ion channels, whereupon [Ca2+]cyt increased (50 to 750 nM) within 15 s. lEV release and cell entry of T. cruzi, which increased up to 30 and 60 mpi, respectively, as well as raised actin depolymerization at 60 mpi, were all reduced by TRPC inhibitor, GsMTx‐4. Vesicle release and infection was also reduced with RGD peptide, methyl‐β‐cyclodextrin, knockdown of calpain and with the calpain inhibitor, calpeptin. Restoration of lEV levels, whether with lEVs from infected or uninfected epithelial cells, did not restore invasion, but supplementation with lEVs from infected monocytes, did. We provide evidence of THP‐1 monocyte‐derived lEV interaction with Mtr (lipid mixing by R18‐dequenching; flow cytometry showing transfer to Mtr of R18 from R18‐lEVs and of LAP(TGF‐β1). Active, mature TGF‐β1 (at 175 pg/×105 in THP‐1 lEVs) was detected in concentrated lEV‐/cell‐free supernatant by western blotting, only after THP‐1 lEVs had interacted with Mtr. The TGF‐β1 receptor (TβRI) inhibitor, SB‐431542, reduced the enhanced cellular invasion due to monocyte‐lEVs.

Published
2024
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2. Monocyte‐derived extracellular vesicles, stimulated by Trypanosoma cruzi, enhance cellular invasion in vitro via activated TGF‐β1.

Author

Ansa‐Addo, Ephraim A., Pathak, Paras, McCrossan, Maria V., Volpato Rossi, Izadora, Abdullahi, Mahamed, Stratton, Dan, Lange, Sigrun, Ramirez, Marcel I., and Inal, Jameel M.

Subjects
LIPID rafts, EXTRACELLULAR vesicles, PEPTIDES, CELL membranes, CALCIUM ions, ION channels
Abstract

During cell invasion, large Extracellular Vesicle (lEV) release from host cells was dose‐dependently triggered by Trypanosoma cruzi metacyclic trypomastigotes (Mtr). This lEV release was inhibited when IP3‐mediated Ca2+ exit from the ER and further Ca2+ entry from plasma membrane channels was blocked, but whilst any store‐independent Ca2+ entry (SICE) could continue unabated. That lEV release was equally inhibited if all entry from external sources was blocked by chelation of external Ca2+ points to the major contributor to Mtr‐triggered host cell lEV release being IP3/store‐mediated Ca2+ release, SICE playing a minor role. Host cell lEVs were released through Mtr interaction with host cell lipid raft domains, integrins, and mechanosensitive ion channels, whereupon [Ca2+]cyt increased (50 to 750 nM) within 15 s. lEV release and cell entry of T. cruzi, which increased up to 30 and 60 mpi, respectively, as well as raised actin depolymerization at 60 mpi, were all reduced by TRPC inhibitor, GsMTx‐4. Vesicle release and infection was also reduced with RGD peptide, methyl‐β‐cyclodextrin, knockdown of calpain and with the calpain inhibitor, calpeptin. Restoration of lEV levels, whether with lEVs from infected or uninfected epithelial cells, did not restore invasion, but supplementation with lEVs from infected monocytes, did. We provide evidence of THP‐1 monocyte‐derived lEV interaction with Mtr (lipid mixing by R18‐dequenching; flow cytometry showing transfer to Mtr of R18 from R18‐lEVs and of LAP(TGF‐β1). Active, mature TGF‐β1 (at 175 pg/×105 in THP‐1 lEVs) was detected in concentrated lEV‐/cell‐free supernatant by western blotting, only after THP‐1 lEVs had interacted with Mtr. The TGF‐β1 receptor (TβRI) inhibitor, SB‐431542, reduced the enhanced cellular invasion due to monocyte‐lEVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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3. Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines

Author

Clotilde Théry, Kenneth W Witwer, Elena Aikawa, Maria Jose Alcaraz, Johnathon D Anderson, Ramaroson Andriantsitohaina, Anna Antoniou, Tanina Arab, Fabienne Archer, Georgia K Atkin-Smith, D Craig Ayre, Jean-Marie Bach, Daniel Bachurski, Hossein Baharvand, Leonora Balaj, Shawn Baldacchino, Natalie N Bauer, Amy A Baxter, Mary Bebawy, Carla Beckham, Apolonija Bedina Zavec, Abderrahim Benmoussa, Anna C Berardi, Paolo Bergese, Ewa Bielska, Cherie Blenkiron, Sylwia Bobis-Wozowicz, Eric Boilard, Wilfrid Boireau, Antonella Bongiovanni, Francesc E Borràs, Steffi Bosch, Chantal M Boulanger, Xandra Breakefield, Andrew M Breglio, Meadhbh Á Brennan, David R Brigstock, Alain Brisson, Marike LD Broekman, Jacqueline F Bromberg, Paulina Bryl-Górecka, Shilpa Buch, Amy H Buck, Dylan Burger, Sara Busatto, Dominik Buschmann, Benedetta Bussolati, Edit I Buzás, James Bryan Byrd, Giovanni Camussi, David RF Carter, Sarah Caruso, Lawrence W Chamley, Yu-Ting Chang, Chihchen Chen, Shuai Chen, Lesley Cheng, Andrew R Chin, Aled Clayton, Stefano P Clerici, Alex Cocks, Emanuele Cocucci, Robert J Coffey, Anabela Cordeiro-da-Silva, Yvonne Couch, Frank AW Coumans, Beth Coyle, Rossella Crescitelli, Miria Ferreira Criado, Crislyn D’Souza-Schorey, Saumya Das, Amrita Datta Chaudhuri, Paola de Candia, Eliezer F De Santana, Olivier De Wever, Hernando A del Portillo, Tanguy Demaret, Sarah Deville, Andrew Devitt, Bert Dhondt, Dolores Di Vizio, Lothar C Dieterich, Vincenza Dolo, Ana Paula Dominguez Rubio, Massimo Dominici, Mauricio R Dourado, Tom AP Driedonks, Filipe V Duarte, Heather M Duncan, Ramon M Eichenberger, Karin Ekström, Samir EL Andaloussi, Celine Elie-Caille, Uta Erdbrügger, Juan M Falcón-Pérez, Farah Fatima, Jason E Fish, Miguel Flores-Bellver, András Försönits, Annie Frelet-Barrand, Fabia Fricke, Gregor Fuhrmann, Susanne Gabrielsson, Ana Gámez-Valero, Chris Gardiner, Kathrin Gärtner, Raphael Gaudin, Yong Song Gho, Bernd Giebel, Caroline Gilbert, Mario Gimona, Ilaria Giusti, Deborah CI Goberdhan, André Görgens, Sharon M Gorski, David W Greening, Julia Christina Gross, Alice Gualerzi, Gopal N Gupta, Dakota Gustafson, Aase Handberg, Reka A Haraszti, Paul Harrison, Hargita Hegyesi, An Hendrix, Andrew F Hill, Fred H Hochberg, Karl F Hoffmann, Beth Holder, Harry Holthofer, Baharak Hosseinkhani, Guoku Hu, Yiyao Huang, Veronica Huber, Stuart Hunt, Ahmed Gamal-Eldin Ibrahim, Tsuneya Ikezu, Jameel M Inal, Mustafa Isin, Alena Ivanova, Hannah K Jackson, Soren Jacobsen, Steven M Jay, Muthuvel Jayachandran, Guido Jenster, Lanzhou Jiang, Suzanne M Johnson, Jennifer C Jones, Ambrose Jong, Tijana Jovanovic-Talisman, Stephanie Jung, Raghu Kalluri, Shin-ichi Kano, Sukhbir Kaur, Yumi Kawamura, Evan T Keller, Delaram Khamari, Elena Khomyakova, Anastasia Khvorova, Peter Kierulf, Kwang Pyo Kim, Thomas Kislinger, Mikael Klingeborn, David J Klinke, Miroslaw Kornek, Maja M Kosanović, Árpád Ferenc Kovács, Eva-Maria Krämer-Albers, Susanne Krasemann, Mirja Krause, Igor V Kurochkin, Gina D Kusuma, Sören Kuypers, Saara Laitinen, Scott M Langevin, Lucia R Languino, Joanne Lannigan, Cecilia Lässer, Louise C Laurent, Gregory Lavieu, Elisa Lázaro-Ibáñez, Soazig Le Lay, Myung-Shin Lee, Yi Xin Fiona Lee, Debora S Lemos, Metka Lenassi, Aleksandra Leszczynska, Isaac TS Li, Ke Liao, Sten F Libregts, Erzsebet Ligeti, Rebecca Lim, Sai Kiang Lim, Aija Linē, Karen Linnemannstöns, Alicia Llorente, Catherine A Lombard, Magdalena J Lorenowicz, Ákos M Lörincz, Jan Lötvall, Jason Lovett, Michelle C Lowry, Xavier Loyer, Quan Lu, Barbara Lukomska, Taral R Lunavat, Sybren LN Maas, Harmeet Malhi, Antonio Marcilla, Jacopo Mariani, Javier Mariscal, Elena S Martens-Uzunova, Lorena Martin-Jaular, M Carmen Martinez, Vilma Regina Martins, Mathilde Mathieu, Suresh Mathivanan, Marco Maugeri, Lynda K McGinnis, Mark J McVey, David G Meckes, Katie L Meehan, Inge Mertens, Valentina R Minciacchi, Andreas Möller, Malene Møller Jørgensen, Aizea Morales-Kastresana, Jess Morhayim, François Mullier, Maurizio Muraca, Luca Musante, Veronika Mussack, Dillon C Muth, Kathryn H Myburgh, Tanbir Najrana, Muhammad Nawaz, Irina Nazarenko, Peter Nejsum, Christian Neri, Tommaso Neri, Rienk Nieuwland, Leonardo Nimrichter, John P Nolan, Esther NM Nolte-’t Hoen, Nicole Noren Hooten, Lorraine O’Driscoll, Tina O’Grady, Ana O’Loghlen, Takahiro Ochiya, Martin Olivier, Alberto Ortiz, Luis A Ortiz, Xabier Osteikoetxea, Ole Østergaard, Matias Ostrowski, Jaesung Park, D. Michiel Pegtel, Hector Peinado, Francesca Perut, Michael W Pfaffl, Donald G Phinney, Bartijn CH Pieters, Ryan C Pink, David S Pisetsky, Elke Pogge von Strandmann, Iva Polakovicova, Ivan KH Poon, Bonita H Powell, Ilaria Prada, Lynn Pulliam, Peter Quesenberry, Annalisa Radeghieri, Robert L Raffai, Stefania Raimondo, Janusz Rak, Marcel I Ramirez, Graça Raposo, Morsi S Rayyan, Neta Regev-Rudzki, Franz L Ricklefs, Paul D Robbins, David D Roberts, Silvia C Rodrigues, Eva Rohde, Sophie Rome, Kasper MA Rouschop, Aurelia Rughetti, Ashley E Russell, Paula Saá, Susmita Sahoo, Edison Salas-Huenuleo, Catherine Sánchez, Julie A Saugstad, Meike J Saul, Raymond M Schiffelers, Raphael Schneider, Tine Hiorth Schøyen, Aaron Scott, Eriomina Shahaj, Shivani Sharma, Olga Shatnyeva, Faezeh Shekari, Ganesh Vilas Shelke, Ashok K Shetty, Kiyotaka Shiba, Pia R-M Siljander, Andreia M Silva, Agata Skowronek, Orman L Snyder, Rodrigo Pedro Soares, Barbara W Sódar, Carolina Soekmadji, Javier Sotillo, Philip D Stahl, Willem Stoorvogel, Shannon L Stott, Erwin F Strasser, Simon Swift, Hidetoshi Tahara, Muneesh Tewari, Kate Timms, Swasti Tiwari, Rochelle Tixeira, Mercedes Tkach, Wei Seong Toh, Richard Tomasini, Ana Claudia Torrecilhas, Juan Pablo Tosar, Vasilis Toxavidis, Lorena Urbanelli, Pieter Vader, Bas WM van Balkom, Susanne G van der Grein, Jan Van Deun, Martijn JC van Herwijnen, Kendall Van Keuren-Jensen, Guillaume van Niel, Martin E van Royen, Andre J van Wijnen, M Helena Vasconcelos, Ivan J Vechetti, Tiago D Veit, Laura J Vella, Émilie Velot, Frederik J Verweij, Beate Vestad, Jose L Viñas, Tamás Visnovitz, Krisztina V Vukman, Jessica Wahlgren, Dionysios C Watson, Marca HM Wauben, Alissa Weaver, Jason P Webber, Viktoria Weber, Ann M Wehman, Daniel J Weiss, Joshua A Welsh, Sebastian Wendt, Asa M Wheelock, Zoltán Wiener, Leonie Witte, Joy Wolfram, Angeliki Xagorari, Patricia Xander, Jing Xu, Xiaomei Yan, María Yáñez-Mó, Hang Yin, Yuana Yuana, Valentina Zappulli, Jana Zarubova, Vytautas Žėkas, Jian-ye Zhang, Zezhou Zhao, Lei Zheng, Alexander R Zheutlin, Antje M Zickler, Pascale Zimmermann, Angela M Zivkovic, Davide Zocco, and Ewa K Zuba-Surma

Subjects
extracellular vesicles, exosomes, ectosomes, microvesicles, minimal information requirements, guidelines, standardization, microparticles, rigor, reproducibility, Cytology, QH573-671
Abstract

The last decade has seen a sharp increase in the number of scientific publications describing physiological and pathological functions of extracellular vesicles (EVs), a collective term covering various subtypes of cell-released, membranous structures, called exosomes, microvesicles, microparticles, ectosomes, oncosomes, apoptotic bodies, and many other names. However, specific issues arise when working with these entities, whose size and amount often make them difficult to obtain as relatively pure preparations, and to characterize properly. The International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) proposed Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles (“MISEV”) guidelines for the field in 2014. We now update these “MISEV2014” guidelines based on evolution of the collective knowledge in the last four years. An important point to consider is that ascribing a specific function to EVs in general, or to subtypes of EVs, requires reporting of specific information beyond mere description of function in a crude, potentially contaminated, and heterogeneous preparation. For example, claims that exosomes are endowed with exquisite and specific activities remain difficult to support experimentally, given our still limited knowledge of their specific molecular machineries of biogenesis and release, as compared with other biophysically similar EVs. The MISEV2018 guidelines include tables and outlines of suggested protocols and steps to follow to document specific EV-associated functional activities. Finally, a checklist is provided with summaries of key points.

Published
2018
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4. Exosomes serve as tumour markers for personalized diagnostics owing to their important role in cancer metastasis

Author

Taixue An, Sihua Qin, Yong Xu, Yueting Tang, Yiyao Huang, Bo Situ, Jameel M. Inal, and Lei Zheng

Subjects
extracellular vesicle, metastasis, malignant neoplasms, microenvironment, personalized diagnostics, cancer biomarkers, Cytology, QH573-671
Abstract

Exosomes, membrane vesicles of 40–100 nm in diameter, are derived from endosomes in various cells. The bioactive molecules specifically packed into exosomes can be horizontally transferred into recipient cells changing their biological properties, by which tumour cells continuously modify their surrounding microenvironment and distant target cells favouring cancer metastasis. It has been suspected for a long time that exosomes participate in the whole process of tumour metastasis. Although there is much unknown and many controversies in the role of cancer exosome, the major contribution of tumour-associated exosomes to different steps of cancer metastasis are demonstrated in this review. Mainly because these exosomes are easily accessible and capable of representing their parental cells, exosomes draw much attention as a promising biomarker for tumour screening, diagnosis and prognosis. Currently, researchers have found numerous biomarkers in exosomes with great potential to be utilized in personalized medicine. In this article, we summarize the roles of biomarkers, which are validated by clinical samples. Even though many conundrums remain, such as exosome extraction, large multicentre validation of biomarkers and data interpretation, exosomes are certain to be used in clinical practice in the near future as the field rapidly expands.

Published
2015
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5. A novel role for peptidylarginine deiminases in microvesicle release reveals therapeutic potential of PAD inhibition in sensitizing prostate cancer cells to chemotherapy

Author

Sharad Kholia, Samireh Jorfi, Paul R. Thompson, Corey P. Causey, Anthony P. Nicholas, Jameel M. Inal, and Sigrun Lange

Subjects
peptidylarginine deiminases, chloramidine, microvesicles, microvesiculation, prostate cancer cells (PC3), Cytology, QH573-671
Abstract

Introduction: Protein deimination, defined as the post-translational conversion of protein-bound arginine to citrulline, is carried out by a family of 5 calcium-dependent enzymes, the peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) and has been linked to various cancers. Cellular microvesicle (MV) release, which is involved in cancer progression, and deimination have not been associated before. We hypothesize that elevated PAD expression, observed in cancers, causes increased MV release in cancer cells and contributes to cancer progression. Background: We have previously reported that inhibition of MV release sensitizes cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. PAD2 and PAD4, the isozymes expressed in patients with malignant tumours, can be inhibited with the pan-PAD-inhibitor chloramidine (Cl-am). We sought to investigate whether Cl-am can inhibit MV release and whether this pathway could be utilized to further increase the sensitivity of cancer cells to drug-directed treatment. Methods: Prostate cancer cells (PC3) were induced to release high levels of MVs upon BzATP stimulation of P2X7 receptors. Western blotting with the pan-protein deimination antibody F95 was used to detect a range of deiminated proteins in cells stimulated to microvesiculate. Changes in deiminated proteins during microvesiculation were revealed by immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting, and mass spectrometry identified deiminated target proteins with putative roles in microvesiculation. Conclusion: We report for the first time a novel function of PADs in the biogenesis of MVs in cancer cells. Our results reveal that during the stimulation of prostate cancer cells (PC3) to microvesiculate, PAD2 and PAD4 expression levels and the deimination of cytoskeletal actin are increased. Pharmacological inhibition of PAD enzyme activity using Cl-am significantly reduced MV release and abrogated the deimination of cytoskeletal actin. We demonstrated that combined Cl-am and methotrexate (MTX) treatment of prostate cancer cells increased the cytotoxic effect of MTX synergistically. Refined PAD inhibitors may form part of a novel combination therapy in cancer treatment.

Published
2015
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6. Plasma mEV levels in Ghanain malaria patients with low parasitaemia are higher than those of healthy controls, raising the potential for parasite markers in mEVs as diagnostic targets

Author

Samuel Antwi-Baffour, Dan Stratton, Sigrun Lange, Samireh Jorfi, Memory Malibha-Pinchbeck, and Jameel M. Inal

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Histology, Short Communication, dewey610, Medical care, Extracellular vesicles, parasitaemia, Andrology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Age groups, Medicine, Parasite hosting, lcsh:QH573-671, Parasite density, dewey570, biology, business.industry, lcsh:Cytology, Plasmodium falciparum, Cell Biology, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, Malaria, 030104 developmental biology, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, business, extracellular vesicles
Abstract

This study sought to measure medium-sized extracellular vesicles (mEVs) in plasma, when patients have low Plasmodium falciparum early in infection. We aimed to define the relationship between plasma mEVs and: (i) parasitaemia, (ii) period from onset of malaria symptoms until seeking medical care (patient delay, PD), (iii) age and (iv) gender. In this cross-sectional study, n = 434 patients were analysed and Nanosight Tracking Analysis (NTA) used to quantify mEVs (vesicles of 150–500 nm diameter, isolated at 15,000 × g, β-tubulin-positive and staining for annexin V, but weak or negative for CD81). Overall plasma mEV levels (1.69 × 1010 mEVs mL−1) were 2.3-fold higher than for uninfected controls (0.51 × 1010 mEVs mL−1). Divided into four age groups, we found a bimodal distribution with 2.5- and 2.1-fold higher mEVs in infected children (10 mEVs mL−1) and the elderly (>45 yo) (median:1.92 × 1010 mEVs mL−1), respectively, compared to uninfected controls; parasite density varied similarly with age groups. There was a positive association between mEVs and parasite density (r = 0.587, p < 0.0001) and mEVs were strongly associated with PD (r = 0.919, p < 0.0001), but gender had no effect on plasma mEV levels (p = 0.667). Parasite density was also exponentially related to patient delay. Gender (p = 0.667) had no effect on plasma mEV levels. During periods of low parasitaemia (PD = 72h), mEVs were 0.93-fold greater than in uninfected controls. As 75% (49/65) of patients had low parasitaemia levels (20–500 parasites µL−1), close to the detection limits of microscopy of Giemsa-stained thick blood films (5–150 parasites µL−1), mEV quantification by NTA could potentially have early diagnostic value, and raises the potential of Pf markers in mEVs as early diagnostic targets.

Published
2018

7. Exosomes serve as tumour markers for personalized diagnostics owing to their important role in cancer metastasis

Author

Yiyao Huang, Sihua Qin, Yue-Ting Tang, Lei Zheng, Taixue An, Yong Xu, Bo Situ, Jameel M. Inal, Southern Medical University, and National Natural Science Foundation of China

Subjects
Histology, Endosome, business.industry, cancer biomarkers, lcsh:Cytology, personalized diagnostics, Cancer, Cell Biology, Extracellular vesicle, Review Article, Bioinformatics, medicine.disease, malignant neoplasms, Exosome, microenvironment, Microvesicles, Metastasis, Medicine, metastasis, Cancer biomarkers, Personalized medicine, extracellular vesicle, lcsh:QH573-671, business
Abstract

Exosomes, membrane vesicles of 40–100 nm in diameter, are derived from endosomes in various cells. The bioactive molecules specifically packed into exosomes can be horizontally transferred into recipient cells changing their biological properties, by which tumour cells continuously modify their surrounding microenvironment and distant target cells favouring cancer metastasis. It has been suspected for a long time that exosomes participate in the whole process of tumour metastasis. Although there is much unknown and many controversies in the role of cancer exosome, the major contribution of tumour-associated exosomes to different steps of cancer metastasis are demonstrated in this review. Mainly because these exosomes are easily accessible and capable of representing their parental cells, exosomes draw much attention as a promising biomarker for tumour screening, diagnosis and prognosis. Currently, researchers have found numerous biomarkers in exosomes with great potential to be utilized in personalized medicine. In this article, we summarize the roles of biomarkers, which are validated by clinical samples. Even though many conundrums remain, such as exosome extraction, large multicentre validation of biomarkers and data interpretation, exosomes are certain to be used in clinical practice in the near future as the field rapidly expands. Keywords: extracellular vesicle; metastasis; malignant neoplasms; microenvironment; personalized diagnostics; cancer biomarkers (Published: 22 June 2015) Citation: Journal of Extracellular Vesicles 2015, 4: 27522 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jev.v4.27522

Published
2015

8. Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines

Author

Théry, Clotilde, primary, Witwer, Kenneth W, additional, Aikawa, Elena, additional, Alcaraz, Maria Jose, additional, Anderson, Johnathon D, additional, Andriantsitohaina, Ramaroson, additional, Antoniou, Anna, additional, Arab, Tanina, additional, Archer, Fabienne, additional, Atkin-Smith, Georgia K, additional, Ayre, D Craig, additional, Bach, Jean-Marie, additional, Bachurski, Daniel, additional, Baharvand, Hossein, additional, Balaj, Leonora, additional, Baldacchino, Shawn, additional, Bauer, Natalie N, additional, Baxter, Amy A, additional, Bebawy, Mary, additional, Beckham, Carla, additional, Bedina Zavec, Apolonija, additional, Benmoussa, Abderrahim, additional, Berardi, Anna C, additional, Bergese, Paolo, additional, Bielska, Ewa, additional, Blenkiron, Cherie, additional, Bobis-Wozowicz, Sylwia, additional, Boilard, Eric, additional, Boireau, Wilfrid, additional, Bongiovanni, Antonella, additional, Borràs, Francesc E, additional, Bosch, Steffi, additional, Boulanger, Chantal M, additional, Breakefield, Xandra, additional, Breglio, Andrew M, additional, Brennan, Meadhbh Á, additional, Brigstock, David R, additional, Brisson, Alain, additional, Broekman, Marike LD, additional, Bromberg, Jacqueline F, additional, Bryl-Górecka, Paulina, additional, Buch, Shilpa, additional, Buck, Amy H, additional, Burger, Dylan, additional, Busatto, Sara, additional, Buschmann, Dominik, additional, Bussolati, Benedetta, additional, Buzás, Edit I, additional, Byrd, James Bryan, additional, Camussi, Giovanni, additional, Carter, David RF, additional, Caruso, Sarah, additional, Chamley, Lawrence W, additional, Chang, Yu-Ting, additional, Chen, Chihchen, additional, Chen, Shuai, additional, Cheng, Lesley, additional, Chin, Andrew R, additional, Clayton, Aled, additional, Clerici, Stefano P, additional, Cocks, Alex, additional, Cocucci, Emanuele, additional, Coffey, Robert J, additional, Cordeiro-da-Silva, Anabela, additional, Couch, Yvonne, additional, Coumans, Frank AW, additional, Coyle, Beth, additional, Crescitelli, Rossella, additional, Criado, Miria Ferreira, additional, D’Souza-Schorey, Crislyn, additional, Das, Saumya, additional, Datta Chaudhuri, Amrita, additional, de Candia, Paola, additional, De Santana, Eliezer F, additional, De Wever, Olivier, additional, del Portillo, Hernando A, additional, Demaret, Tanguy, additional, Deville, Sarah, additional, Devitt, Andrew, additional, Dhondt, Bert, additional, Di Vizio, Dolores, additional, Dieterich, Lothar C, additional, Dolo, Vincenza, additional, Dominguez Rubio, Ana Paula, additional, Dominici, Massimo, additional, Dourado, Mauricio R, additional, Driedonks, Tom AP, additional, Duarte, Filipe V, additional, Duncan, Heather M, additional, Eichenberger, Ramon M, additional, Ekström, Karin, additional, EL Andaloussi, Samir, additional, Elie-Caille, Celine, additional, Erdbrügger, Uta, additional, Falcón-Pérez, Juan M, additional, Fatima, Farah, additional, Fish, Jason E, additional, Flores-Bellver, Miguel, additional, Försönits, András, additional, Frelet-Barrand, Annie, additional, Fricke, Fabia, additional, Fuhrmann, Gregor, additional, Gabrielsson, Susanne, additional, Gámez-Valero, Ana, additional, Gardiner, Chris, additional, Gärtner, Kathrin, additional, Gaudin, Raphael, additional, Gho, Yong Song, additional, Giebel, Bernd, additional, Gilbert, Caroline, additional, Gimona, Mario, additional, Giusti, Ilaria, additional, Goberdhan, Deborah CI, additional, Görgens, André, additional, Gorski, Sharon M, additional, Greening, David W, additional, Gross, Julia Christina, additional, Gualerzi, Alice, additional, Gupta, Gopal N, additional, Gustafson, Dakota, additional, Handberg, Aase, additional, Haraszti, Reka A, additional, Harrison, Paul, additional, Hegyesi, Hargita, additional, Hendrix, An, additional, Hill, Andrew F, additional, Hochberg, Fred H, additional, Hoffmann, Karl F, additional, Holder, Beth, additional, Holthofer, Harry, additional, Hosseinkhani, Baharak, additional, Hu, Guoku, additional, Huang, Yiyao, additional, Huber, Veronica, additional, Hunt, Stuart, additional, Ibrahim, Ahmed Gamal-Eldin, additional, Ikezu, Tsuneya, additional, Inal, Jameel M, additional, Isin, Mustafa, additional, Ivanova, Alena, additional, Jackson, Hannah K, additional, Jacobsen, Soren, additional, Jay, Steven M, additional, Jayachandran, Muthuvel, additional, Jenster, Guido, additional, Jiang, Lanzhou, additional, Johnson, Suzanne M, additional, Jones, Jennifer C, additional, Jong, Ambrose, additional, Jovanovic-Talisman, Tijana, additional, Jung, Stephanie, additional, Kalluri, Raghu, additional, Kano, Shin-ichi, additional, Kaur, Sukhbir, additional, Kawamura, Yumi, additional, Keller, Evan T, additional, Khamari, Delaram, additional, Khomyakova, Elena, additional, Khvorova, Anastasia, additional, Kierulf, Peter, additional, Kim, Kwang Pyo, additional, Kislinger, Thomas, additional, Klingeborn, Mikael, additional, Klinke, David J, additional, Kornek, Miroslaw, additional, Kosanović, Maja M, additional, Kovács, Árpád Ferenc, additional, Krämer-Albers, Eva-Maria, additional, Krasemann, Susanne, additional, Krause, Mirja, additional, Kurochkin, Igor V, additional, Kusuma, Gina D, additional, Kuypers, Sören, additional, Laitinen, Saara, additional, Langevin, Scott M, additional, Languino, Lucia R, additional, Lannigan, Joanne, additional, Lässer, Cecilia, additional, Laurent, Louise C, additional, Lavieu, Gregory, additional, Lázaro-Ibáñez, Elisa, additional, Le Lay, Soazig, additional, Lee, Myung-Shin, additional, Lee, Yi Xin Fiona, additional, Lemos, Debora S, additional, Lenassi, Metka, additional, Leszczynska, Aleksandra, additional, Li, Isaac TS, additional, Liao, Ke, additional, Libregts, Sten F, additional, Ligeti, Erzsebet, additional, Lim, Rebecca, additional, Lim, Sai Kiang, additional, Linē, Aija, additional, Linnemannstöns, Karen, additional, Llorente, Alicia, additional, Lombard, Catherine A, additional, Lorenowicz, Magdalena J, additional, 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2018
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