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Bread is a fundamental food in many countries and comes in various forms. Bread fortified with functional ingredients attracted growing research in recent years. In the present investigation, fortification of whole wheat flour with nutmeg powder was carried out at different levels WSN1 (4% nutmeg), WSN2 (10% sunflower + 4% nutmeg), WSN3 (20% sunflower+4% nutmeg), and WSN4 (30% sunflower + 4% nutmeg). The functional attributes of flour blends were investigated. Furthermore, fortified bread during eight days of storage was determined for compositional analysis and total caloric value. The functional characteristics, that is, water and oil holding capacity (1.88–2.16 and 2.32–4.10, respectively), emulsion activity (40.13–57.58), and stability (38.04–49.83), swelling (15.02–17.25) and foaming stability (13.96–21.39) improved highly significantly by fortification. The minerals content was observed in WSN4 > WSN3 > WSN2 > WSN1 > WSN0 order. The maximum DPPH was observed in WSN4 as 44.28 ± 0.03%. From the current results, based on organoleptic properties, the incorporation of sunflower at about 20% with 4% nutmeg is better and acceptable (7.49 ± 0.01) for the commercialization of products in the industrial sector. Novelty impact statement: The findings of this study are important from the nutritional point of view as bread fortification with natural sources will help to reduce nutritional deficiencies. Incorporating sunflower seeds and nutmeg flour blends in whole wheat flour to prepare fortified bread enhanced bread's nutritional value and improved bread quality characteristics. Utilizing the flour blends could be a promising approach to making fortified bread having a balanced amino acid profile to meet the Lysine deficiency in whole wheat flour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crude xanthan gum was hydrolyzed using acid (HCl), base (NaOH), and enzyme (cellulase). Synbiotic yogurt was developed with the addition of xanthan gum and its hydrolyzed forms (0.1, 0.5, and 1% [w/v]) as prebiotic along with probiotics (Bifidobacterium longum BB536). Fat, protein, lactose, total solid contents, pH, and viscosity decreased, whereas syneresis and acidity were increased during the storage period of 28 days. The addition of hydrolyzed xanthan gum as prebiotic proved to be the best for enhancing the viability of yogurt culture and probiotics maintaining the viable count of the B. longum BB536 above 6 Log CFU/g during storage with maximum count of 7.898 Log CFU/g in yogurt containing 1% of enzyme hydrolyzed xanthan gum (EHXG). The addition of EHXG beyond this limit disturbed the final texture of yogurt due to phase separation. Hence, hydrolyzed xanthan gum can be the best candidates as prebiotics to be added in yogurt. Practical applications: The finding of the present study is beneficiary from the industrial point of view in order to develop the versatile dairy products having valuable influence on human health that provide healthy gut functions with a balance between good and bad bacteria. The use of prebiotics from microbial sources (xanthan gum) will serve as a sustainable, fast, and cheaper source and can be obtained even from waste. The study will have a good economic impact when executed in the form of commercial synbiotic food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of different encapsulation matrices on the viability and stability of probiotic. Probiotics were encapsulated by Lyophilization using different wall materials soy protein isolate (SPI), sodium alginate (SA), iota‐carrageenan (I‐CG), and starch (ST). The prepared microbeads were characterized in terms of size, encapsulation efficiency, and zeta potential. The viability of free and encapsulated probiotics was also assessed under In vitro gastrointestinal (GIT) conditions and in cow milk‐based plain yoghurt. The encapsulation efficiency of SPI (95%) and SA (92%) microbeads were higher than I‐CG (88%) and ST (79%). The zeta potentials of the microbeads were 35 mv for SPI), −11 mv for SA, −23 for I‐CG, and −26 mv for ST. The statistical results support the practicability of employed wall materials for encapsulation of probiotics for improved viability under simulated GIT conditions as well in a food matrix. Practical applications: Encapsulation is an effective approach for the delivery of sensitive core materials.Encapsulation with different wall materials is an economical technology to improve the viability of probiotics under hostile conditions.Soy protein isolate, sodium alginate are effective wall materials in ensuring the probiotic viability under stressed conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]