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Comparison of remove-compute-restore and least squares modification of Stokes' formula techniques to quasi-geoid determination over the Auvergne test areaThe remove-compute-restore (RCR) technique for regional geoid determination implies that both topography and low-degree global geopotential model signals are removed before computation and restored after Stokes' integration or Least Squares Collocation (LSC) solution. The Least Squares Modification of Stokes' Formula (LSMS) technique not requiring gravity reductions is implemented here with a Residual Terrain Modelling based interpolation of gravity data. The 2-D Spherical Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and the LSC methods applying the RCR technique and the LSMS method are tested over the Auvergne test area. All methods showed a reasonable agreement with GPS-levelling data, in the order of a 3-3.5 cm in the central region having relatively smooth topography, which is consistent with the accuracies of GPS and levelling. When a 1-parameter fit is used, the FFT method using kernel modification performs best with 3.0 cm r.m.s difference with GPS-levelling while the LSMS method gives the best agreement with GPS-levelling with 2.4 cm r.m.s after a 4-parameter fit is used. However, the quasi-geoid models derived using two techniques differed from each other up to 33 cm in the high mountains near the Alps. Comparison of quasi-geoid models with EGM2008 showed that the LSMS method agreed best in term of r.m.s.