1. Sea urchin immune cells and associated microbiota co-exposed to iron oxide nanoparticles activate cellular and molecular reprogramming that promotes physiological adaptation.
- Author
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Alijagic A, Russo R, Scuderi V, Ussia M, Scalese S, Taverna S, Engwall M, and Pinsino A
- Subjects
- Animals, Cells, Cultured, Cell Survival drug effects, Caspase 3 metabolism, Caspase 7 metabolism, Transcriptome genetics, Cell Communication drug effects, Phylogeny, Proteome metabolism, Sea Urchins cytology, Sea Urchins enzymology, Sea Urchins immunology, Sea Urchins microbiology, Microbiota drug effects, Metal Nanoparticles toxicity, Metal Nanoparticles ultrastructure, Cellular Reprogramming drug effects, Adaptation, Physiological drug effects, Environmental Exposure, Ferric Compounds toxicity
- Abstract
The innate immune system is the first player involved in the recognition/interaction with nanomaterials. Still, it is not the only system involved. The co-evolution of the microbiota with the innate immune system built an interdependence regulating immune homeostasis that is poorly studied. Herein, the simultaneous interaction of iron-oxide nanoparticles (Fe-oxide NPs), immune cells, and the microbiota associated with the blood of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus was explored by using a microbiota/immune cell model in vitro-ex vivo and a battery of complementary tools, including Raman spectroscopy, 16S Next-Generation Sequencing, high-content imaging, NanoString nCounter. Our findings highlight the P. lividus immune cells and microbiota dynamics in response to Fe-oxide NPs, including i) morphological rearrangement and immune cell health status maintenance (intracellular trafficking increasing, no phenotypic alterations or caspase 3/7 activation), ii) transcriptomic reprogramming in immune cells (Smad6, Lmo2, Univin, suPaxB, Frizzled-7, Fgfr2, Gp96 upregulation), iii) immune signaling unchanged (e.g., P-p38 MAPK, P-ERK, TLR4, IL-6 protein level unchanged), iv) enrichment in extracellular vesicle released in the co-culture medium, and v) a shift in the composition of microbial groups mainly in favor of Gram-positive bacteria (e.g., Firmicutes, Actinobacteria),. Our findings suggest that Fe-oxide NPs induce a multi-level immune cell-microbiota response restoring homeostasis., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests. Pinsino Annalisa reports financial support was provided by European Union (Next-generation EU). Scalese Silvia reports financial support was provided by European Union (Next-generation EU). If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2025
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