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Background: Bariatric surgery (BS) may result in inadequate nutrient intake and poor diet quality, which can lead to nutritional complications. The present study aimed to evaluate changes in macro‐ and micronutrient composition and diet quality in the first 6 months following BS. Methods: One hundred seven participants undergoing BS (Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass: n = 87, sleeve gastrectomy: n = 20) completed 3‐day food records before and 6 months after surgery. Changes in energy, macronutrient (carbohydrates, protein, fat, dietary fibre) and micronutrient intake (folate, vitamin B12, vitamin D, calcium, iron) were evaluated. Diet quality was assessed by adherence to the Dutch food‐based dietary guidelines. Results: After BS, we observed a significant decrease in intake of energy and all macro‐ and micronutrients (p < 0.01 for all), except for calcium (−39.0 ± 404.6 mg; p = 0.32). Overall, nutrient composition slightly changed with an increase in the relative intake of protein (+1.1 ± 4.3 energy percentage [en%]; p = 0.01) and mono‐ and disaccharides (+4.2 ± 6.4 en%; p < 0.001) post‐surgery. Consumption (median [Q1, Q3]) of vegetables (−50 [−120, 6] g day–1), wholegrain products (−38 [−81, −8] g day–1), liquid fats (−5 [−13, 2] g day–1), red meat (−3 [−30, 4] g day–1), processed meat (−32 [−55, 13] g day–1), sodium (−0.7 [−1.1, −0.2] g day–1) and unhealthy food choices (−2.4 [−5.0, 0.6] serves week–1) significantly decreased after BS (p < 0.01 for all). Conclusions: Our results demonstrate both favourable and unfavourable changes in macro‐ and micronutrient composition and diet quality in the first 6 months following BS. Insight into these changes can improve dietary counselling in this population. Future research into underlying causes, consequences and long‐term changes in dietary intake is needed. Key points: Only small changes in nutrient composition and diet quality are observed 6 months after bariatric surgery.Favourable changes include a decrease in the intake of foods to limit, including unhealthy food choices (e.g., sweets and snacks), red and processed meat and sodium, as well as an increase in dairy consumption and relative protein intake.Unfavourable changes include reduced intake of vegetables and wholegrain products, a decreased fibre and micronutrient intake, and an increase in the intake of mono‐ and disaccharides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: People who live with and beyond cancer are considered to be motivated to change their diet. However, there is a lack of reviews conducted on what specific dietary changes people make and further evaluation may inform future interventional studies. Hence, we aim to summarise the evidence on dietary changes in observational studies before and after a cancer diagnosis. Methods: This systematic review followed the guidelines of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis. Electronic searches were conducted in four databases to identify cohort and cross‐sectional studies on dietary changes before and after a cancer diagnosis, excluding studies that evaluated an intervention. Quality assessment was undertaken, and meta‐analyses were conducted where suitable. Results: We identified 14 studies with 16,443 participants diagnosed with cancer, with age range 18–75 years. Dietary change was assessed <1–5 years before diagnosis and up to 12 years post‐diagnosis. Meta‐analyses showed that the standard mean difference (SMD) for energy (SMD‐0.32, 95% confidence interval = −0.46 to −0.17) and carbohydrate consumption (SMD 0.20, 95% confidence interval = −0.27 to −0.14). Studies showed inconsistent findings for fat, protein and fibre, most food groups, and supplement intake. A small decrease in red and processed meat consumption was consistently reported. Conclusions: All studies reported some positive changes in dietary intake and supplement consumption after receiving a cancer diagnosis without any intervention. However, differences for food groups and nutrients were mainly small and not necessarily clinically meaningful. Evidence demonstrates that a cancer diagnosis alone is insufficient to motivate people to change their dietary intake, indicating that most people would benefit from a dietary intervention to facilitate change. Highlights: This systematic review summarised the evidence on dietary changes in observational studies before and after a cancer diagnosis. Four databases were used to conduct an electronic search. Fourteen studies were included in this systematic review. Cohort and cross‐sectional studies were included in this review. Most of the included studies were among breast cancer survivors. All studies showed that people after cancer diagnosis made some positive changes in dietary intake and supplement consumption without intervention. Cancer diagnosis alone is insufficient to motivate people to change their diet. Most people would benefit from a dietary intervention to facilitate dietary change after cancer diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Infertility affects 15% of couples in Italy and approximately 10%–12% of couples worldwide. Focusing on female fertility, there are multiple causes, among which diet has a great influence. Methods: We investigated whether the consumption of certain fatty acids affects four outcomes of the assisted reproduction techniques. From September 2014 to December 2016, women referring to our Italian fertility unit, eligible for assisted reproduction techniques, were invited to participate. Information on diet was recorded through a validated food frequency questionnaire. Results: Four hundred and ninety‐four women were included, of whom 95% achieved good quality oocytes, 87% achieved embryo transfer, 32.0% achieved clinical pregnancies and 24.5% achieved pregnancy at term. The fourth quartile of saturated fatty acids consumption, compared to the first one, showed an association with clinical pregnancy (adjusted relative risk 0.67, 95% confidence interval 0.45–1.00, p = 0.0491). Some associations emerge accounting for confounders. Age was associated with clinical pregnancy and pregnancy at term in the models considering all fatty intakes and food groups variables but was not associated with oocytes quality and embryo transfer. Physical activity was associated with clinical pregnancy. Conclusions: There is biological plausibility for the effect of omega‐3 and omega‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids on oocyte development via synthesis of eicosanoids, even if only limited associations are shown in the present study. Future research should aim to measure the serum levels of fatty acids and investigate the outcomes of assisted reproduction techniques. Research highlights: There is biological plausibility for the effect of omega‐3 and omega‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids on oocyte development via synthesis of eicosanoids.We investigated the relationship between fatty acids intake in a population of women undergoing assisted reproduction techniques (ART) and four outcomes: good quality oocytes, embryo transfer, clinical pregnancy and pregnancy at term.No associations emerged between fatty acids intake and ART outcomes, except for the fourth quartile of saturated fatty acids consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: When aiming to develop dietary messaging to achieve reductions in added sugar intakes, it is necessary to identify key food contributors. Food contributors are not expected to remain static over time. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare the total added sugars (AS) intake and related food sources for adult respondents of two Australian national consumption surveys. Methods: Repeated 24‐h recall data from the 1995 National Nutrition Survey (1995NNS, n = 10 851) and the 2011–12 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (2012NNPAS, n = 9341) was used to estimate AS consumption. Food group sources of AS were examined per consumer and per capita and the food group predictors of energy provided by AS were determined. Results: A significant difference in total AS intake was identified by age and gender between the surveys (all P < 0.001). Increased variability in food group contributions per consumer was also identified. Nine of the top 20 food groups from the 1995NNS differed (P < 0.001) in their contribution to AS in 2012NNPAS per consumer. Fewer changes were apparent at the population level, with >40% AS coming from only three food groups. Age‐stratified analyses showed that the 'sugar, honeys and syrups' and the 'sweetened beverages' food groups were the top contributors between the surveys up to the age group of 70 years. 'Sugar, honey and syrups', 'chocolate and chocolate‐based confectionery,' and 'other confectionery' (all, P < 0.001) were significant predictors of AS intake (1995NNS, r2 = 0.755; 2012NNPAS r2 = 0.740). Conclusions: At a population level, food group contributions to AS intakes for Australian adults have not changed substantially over time, yet notable shifts in AS can be seen when targeting only the consumers of these food sources. 'Cake type desserts' appear to be increasingly consumed though 'sweetened beverages' remain a major contributor to AS intakes warranting targeted public health strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background: Although growing evidence suggests that dietary patterns associated with noncommunicable diseases in adulthood may develop early in life, when these are established, as well as their determinants, remains unclear. Methods: We examined determinants and tracking of a dietary pattern (DP) associated with metabolic risk and its key food groups among 860 adolescents in the Western Australian Pregnancy (Raine) Cohort study. Food intake was reported using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) at 14 and 17 years. Z‐scores for an ‘energy‐dense, high‐fat, low‐fibre’ DP were estimated by applying reduced rank regression at both ages. Tracking was based on the predictive value (PV) of remaining in the DPZ‐score or food intake quartile at 14 and 17 years. Early‐life exposures included: maternal age; maternal pre‐pregnancy body mass index; parent smoking status during pregnancy; and parent socio‐economic position (SEP) at 14 and 17 years. Associations between the DPZ‐scores, early‐life factors and SEP were analysed using regression analysis. Results: Dietary tracking was strongest among boys with high DPZ‐scores, high intakes of processed meat, low‐fibre bread, crisps and savoury snacks (PV > 1) and the lowest intakes of vegetables, fruit and legumes. Lower maternal education (β = 0.09, P = 0.002 at 14 years; β = 0.14, P < 0.001 at 17 years) and lower maternal age at birth (β = 0.09, P = 0.003 at 14 years; β = 0.11, P = 0.004 at 17 years) were positively associated with higher DPZ‐scores. Conclusions: An energy‐dense, high‐fat, low‐fibre dietary pattern tracks more strongly among adolescent boys who have high scores for this pattern at 14 years of age. These findings highlight target foods and population subgroups for early interventions aiming to improve dietary behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Although dietary habits have been associated with the likelihood of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in the general population, similar associations in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD) patients have not been explored. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to assess the presence of the MetS and to explore its potential association with dietary habits in a sample of NAFLD patients. Methods Seventy-three adult patients with recent NAFLD diagnosis based on elevated liver enzyme levels and evidence of hepatic steatosis on ultrasound were enrolled. Participants' habitual food consumption was retrospectively assessed through a food frequency questionnaire and adherence to the Mediterranean diet ( MD) was assessed via the Mediterranean Diet Score (MedDietScore). The presence of the MetS was defined as the concomitant presence of at least three of its individual components, according to the criteria proposed by a recent joint statement of several major organisations. Results The MetS was present in 46.5% of the sample, with increased waist circumference values and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels being the most prevalent disorders (63% and 88.7%, respectively). Consumption of refined grains [odds ratio ( OR) = 1.02, 95% confidence interval ( CI) = 1.00-1.05] and red meat and products ( OR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.01-1.21) were positively associated with the presence of the MetS, whereas the consumption of whole grains ( OR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.84-0.99) and MedDietScore ( OR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.76-0.99) were negatively associated, after adjusting for participants' age, sex, daily energy intake and time spent in sedentary activities. Conclusions Low refined grain and red meat intake, high whole grain intake and high adherence to the MD were associated with lower odds of the MetS in NAFLD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives There is a lack of published data about the food intake of patients with type 2 diabetes and the changes that they make in response to patient-centred dietary advice. The present study describes the changes reported in response to a nonprescriptive dietary intervention based upon UK dietary guidelines. Methods Two hundred and sixty-two patients (87 women and 175 men) from the Early ACTivity in Diabetes (ACTID) trial who received the dietary intervention returned 4 days food diaries at baseline and 6 months. Nonparametric tests were used to examine changes in meal patterns, total energy intake and energy from food groups between baseline and 6 months. Results Mean (SD) number of reported meals day-1 was 3.0 (0.3) and mean (SD) number of snacks was 1.1 (0.6) at both baseline and 6 months for men and women. Men reported decreasing energy intake by a mean (SD) of 912 (1389) KJ/day [218 (332) kcal day-1] ( P < 0.001) and women by 515 (1130) KJ/day [123 (270) kcal day-1] ( P < 0.001). Men reported reducing energy from alcoholic drinks [−234 (527) KJ day-1; P < 0.001], white bread [−113 (402) KJ day-1; P = 0.001], biscuits [i.e. cookies −67 (205) KJ day-1; P < 0.001] and cakes [−50 (410) KJ day-1; P = 0.0012]. Women reported reducing energy from mixed main meals [−134 (456) KJ day-1; P = 0.036], pasta and rice [−79 (326) KJ day-1; P = 0.019], high-energy drinks [−59 (159) KJ day-1; P = 0.001] and white bread [−59 (368) KJ day-1; P = 0.042]. Conclusions Men and women in the Early ACTID study reported small changes in higher-energy and lower-fibre foods and drinks in response to patient-centred dietary advice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background There is a lack of data in Greece on trends in food intake according to weight status and physical activity ( PA), despite the high prevalence of obesity. The present study aimed to examine differences in these parameters among first-grade children from Crete, Greece, over a 15-year period. Methods Children (aged 5.9-7.6 years) from two representative cross-sectional studies participated during 1992/93 ( n = 245) and 2006/07 ( n = 257). Estimated 3-day food records were used to assess food consumption and energy-density ( ED) [kJ g−1 (kcal g−1)]. Moderate-to-vigorous- PA ( MVPA) and cardiorespiratory-fitness were assessed by questionnaires and the 20-m shuttle-run test (20m SRT), respectively. Results In 2006/07, compared to 1992/93, both sexes had a significantly higher intake of dairy products and snacks ( P < 0.001), a lower intake of cereals ( P < 0.001) and higher cardiorespiratory fitness levels ( P < 0.001). Among girls, fruit/vegetable consumption was higher ( P < 0.05), although legume intake was lower ( P < 0.005). Among overweight/obese ( OW/ OB) children, ED significantly decreased ( P < 0.05) and the mean consumption of fruits/vegetables was higher ( P < 0.001). The percentage of OW/ OB boys was significantly higher ( P < 0.001); however, MVPA was significant higher in this group compared to 1992/93 ( P < 0.001). During the two time-periods, active children in 2006/07 appeared to have a lower ED than active ones in 1992/93 ( P < 0.001). Conclusions Several differences in food intake were observed among first-grade children of Crete between 1992/93 and 2006/07, as characterised by significant increases in the consumption of dairy products and snacks and a decrease in the intake of cereals, among both sexes. Future school-based interventions in this population should emphasise the need to increase fruit/vegetable, unrefined cereal and legume consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the normal range of nutrient intakes and fund consumption patterns in 18-month-old children. Subjects 1026 children resident in South West England, forming part of the Children in Focus (CIF) research cohort. Methods Diet was assessed using a 3-day unweighed dietary record. Nutrient and food intakes were compared with the dietary reference values and with the results of a British survey of preschool children — the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS). Results Intakes of energy and nearly all nutrients were significantly higher in boys than in girls. Intakes of energy were slightly above the estimated average requirements. For most nutrients the mean and median intakes were well above the Reference Nutrient Intakes (RNI). The exceptions were vitamin D, iron and zinc. Nutrient intakes in CIF were very similar to those in the NDNS except for carotene, calcium, vitamin D and iodine, where intakes were considerably higher in CIF, and sugar intake which was lower in CIF. Intakes of most foods were similar in the two surveys. However, consumption of milk, yoghurt and fromage frais and baby foods was higher in CIF, intakes of most fruit and vegetables was somewhat higher, and intakes of savoury snacks and sugar confectionery were lower. In addition, there were differences between the two groups in the types of meat and meat products consumed. Conclusions These children are unlikely to be deficient in any nutrients, with the possible exceptions of iron, zinc and vitamin D. The use of vitamin D supplements and the inclusion of iron- and zinc-rich foods in the diets of preschool children should be encouraged. These data will be important in assessing the influence of early diet on subsequent health and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Breastfed infants may grow more slowly in the second half of infancy than formula-fed infants, differences in weaning practice may contribute. Methods Dietary intakes of 4-month-old infants have been investigated cross-sectionally. Diet was assessed using a structured 1-day un-weighed dietary record in 852 white singletons (72% of those invited) from a random sub-sample of infants taking part in Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Nutrient intakes of formula-fed infants were compared by sex and with UK reference values. Estimated mean energy and nutrient intakes, mean bodyweight and daily quantities of food consumed were compared by weaning practice. Results In formula-fed infants mean energy intakes and intakes of most nutrients were adequate. There were significant differences in intakes of most nutrients by weaning practice; however, mean energy intake and body weight of breastfed infants was similar to formula-fed infants. Infants given formula milk were less likely to consume vegetables and fruit, and more likely to consume commercial infant drinks, compared with infants who were breastfed. In breastfed infants breast milk intake was lower if solids were given (905 g versus 818 g; P = 0.01); however, nutrient intake was not compromised. In formula-fed infants milk intake was not different in those having solids compared to those having milk only (810 g versus 795 g; P = 0.649). Conclusions Differences in weaning practice and patterns of food consumption were seen between breast- and formula-fed infants, these may contribute to later growth differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the normal range of nutrient intakes and food consumption patterns in 18-month-old children. Subjects 1026 children resident in South West England, forming part of the Children in Focus (CIF) research cohort. Methods Diet was assessed using a 3-day unweighed dietary record. Nutrient and food intakes were compared with the dietary reference values and with the results of a British survey of preschool children – the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS). Results Intakes of energy and nearly all nutrients were significantly higher in boys than in girls. Intakes of energy were slightly above the estimated average requirements. For most nutrients the mean and median intakes were well above the Reference Nutrient Intakes (RNI). The exceptions were vitamin D, iron and zinc. Nutrient intakes in CIF were very similar to those in the NDNS except for carotene, calcium, vitamin D and iodine, where intakes were considerably higher in CIF, and sugar intake which was lower in CIF. Intakes of most foods were similar in the two surveys. However, consumption of milk, yoghurt and fromage frais and baby foods was higher in CIF, intakes of most fruit and vegetables was somewhat higher, and intakes of savoury snacks and sugar confectionery were lower. In addition, there were differences between the two groups in the types of meat and meat products consumed. Conclusions These children are unlikely to be deficient in any nutrients, with the possible exceptions of iron, zinc and vitamin D. The use of vitamin D supplements and the inclusion of iron- and zinc-rich foods in the diets of preschool children should be encouraged. These data will be important in assessing the influence of early diet on subsequent health and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]