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Tripeptidyl peptidase II (TPPII) is an oligopeptidase forming giant complexes in the cytosol that have high exo-, but also, endoproteolytic activity. Immunohistochemically, the complexes appear as distinct foci in the cytosol. In part controversial biochemical and functional studies have suggested that TPPII contributes, on the one hand, positively to Ag processing by generating epitope carboxyl termini or by trimming epitope precursors, and, on the other, negatively by destroying potentially antigenic peptides. To clarify which of these roles is predominant, we generated and analyzed TPPII-deficient mice. Cell surface levels of MHC class I peptide complexes tended to be increased on most cell types of these mice. Although presentation of three individual epitopes derived from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus was not elevated on TPPII-/- cells, that of the immunodominant OVA epitope SIINFEKL was significantly enhanced. Consistent with this, degradation of a synthetic peptide corresponding to the OVA epitope and of another corresponding to a precursor thereof, both being proteasomally generated OVA fragments, was delayed in TPPII-deficient cytosolic extracts. In addition, dendritic cell cross-presentation of phagocytosed OVA and of OVA internalized as an immune complex was increased to about the same level as direct presentation of the Ag. The data suggest a moderate, predominantly destructive role of TPPII in class I Ag processing, in line with our finding that TPPII is not induced by IFN-gamma, which up-regulates numerous, predominantly constructive components of the Ag processing and presentation machinery.

Endoplasmic reticulum-associated aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1) is involved in the final processing of endogenous peptides presented by MHC class I molecules to CTLs. We generated ERAP1-deficient mice and analyzed cytotoxic responses upon infection with three viruses, including lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, which causes vigorous T cell activation and is controlled by CTLs. Despite pronounced effects on the presentation of selected epitopes, the in vivo cytotoxic response was altered for only one of several epitopes tested. Moreover, control of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus was not impaired in the knockout mice. Thus, we conclude that lack of ERAP1 has little influence on antiviral immunohierarchies and antiviral immunity in the infections studied. We also focused on the role of ERAP1 in cross-presentation. We demonstrate that ERAP1 is required for efficient cross-presentation of cell-associated Ag and of OVA/anti-OVA immunocomplexes. Surprisingly, however, ERAP1 deficiency has no effect on cross-presentation of soluble OVA, suggesting that for soluble exogenous proteins, final processing may not take place in an environment containing active ERAP1.