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Introduction: Anorectal malformation (ARM) associated esophageal atresia (EA) with tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) spawns special therapeutic propositions. The outcome of these patients banks on numerous factors. We performed this study with an aim to compare the outcome of single-staged simultaneous primary repair of both anomalies versus staged repair of these disorders. Materials and Methods: Retrospective review of cases with ARM and associated EA with TEF managed over a period of 5 years from July 2010 to June 2015 after ethical approval was undertaken. Patients were split into two groups based on whether they underwent staged repair (Group A) or single-staged simultaneous primary repair of ARM with TEF (Group B). Patient's records were analyzed for demography, weight, gestational age, associated anomaly, preoperative and postoperative sepsis screen results, early and late postoperative complications (at least up to 1 year of age). Patient's Kelly score for continence at the age of 3 years or more was compared. Observation: A total of 28 were included in the study. Among these, 17 were managed with staged procedure for ARM (Group A), whereas 11 underwent simultaneous single-stage repair of ARM with TEF (Group B). No difference in continence score was observed in outcome between the two groups (P = 0.96). Overall mortality in Group A at 1-year follow-up was 52.9% and in Group B was 43.4%. Conclusion: The simultaneous single-staged primary repairs result in better long-term outcome in our setup.

Anorectal malformations (ARMs) are among the more frequent congenital anomalies encountered in paediatric surgery, with an estimated incidence ranging between 1 in 2000 and 1 in 5000 live births. Antenatal diagnosis of an isolated ARM is rare. Most cases are diagnosed in the early neonatal period. There is a wide spectrum of presentation ranging from low anomalies with perineal fistula having simple management to high anomalies with complex management. Advances in the imaging techniques with improvement in knowledge of the embryology, anatomy and physiology of ARM cases have refined diagnosis and initial management. There has been marked improvement in survival of such patient over the last century. The management of ARM has moved forward from classical procedures to PSARP to minimal invasive procedures. But still the fecal and urinary incontinence can occur even with an excellent anatomic repair, mainly due to associated problems. There has been a paradigm shift in approach to these patients which involves holistic approach to the syndrome of Anorectal malformations with a long term goal of achievement of complete fecal and urinary continence with excellent quality of life.

The need for successful management of posterior urethral valves always captivates the minds of pediatric surgeons. Its success, however, depends on several factors ranging from prenatal preservation of upper tracts to postoperative pharmacological compliance. Regardless of measures available, some cases do not respond and progress to end stage. The management depends on several issues ranging from age and severity at presentation to long-term follow-up and prevention of secondary renal damage and managing valve bladder syndrome. This article is based on a consensus to the set of questionnaires, prepared by research section of Indian Association of Paediatric Surgeons and discussed by experienced pediatric surgeons based in different institutions in the country. Standard operating procedures for conducting a voiding cystourethrogram and cystoscopy were formulated. Age-wise contrast dosage was calculated for ready reference. Current evidence from literature was also reviewed and included to complete the topic.

Congenital pouch colon (CPC) in the female patient presents with highly variable and anomalous anatomy. We herein report the first case of CPC with uterus didelphys having normal anal opening, H-type vestibular fistula, two other fistulous communications between pouch colon and two vagina managed in a single stage with excellent postoperative outcome.

Rectal atresia is a rare condition in which the anus and sphincter muscles are normally developed, with usually no fistulous communication with the urinary tract. We describe an unusual case of membranous rectal atresia with recto-labial fistula. It was treated by blind perforation of rectal membrane with lay opening of fistlous tract.

Background: Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is a serious infection of soft tissues. This paper presents experience with pediatric NF and suitability of conservative surgery in its management. Materials and Methods : In this retrospective study, 70 patients of NF were managed during the study period of eight years. The study was divided into two time periods- first period (June 1998 to June 2001- group 1) and second period (June 2001 to June 2006- group 2). The parameters studied were age, sex, site of involvement and treatment. The treatment included intravenous antibiotics, supportive therapy and either aggressive (group 1) or conservative surgery (group 2). Results: Age of presentation ranged from 10 days to 11 years. Male to female ratio was 1.69:1. Back was the commonest site to be involved. Culture reports were polymicrobial in 70% with predominance of Staphylococcus species. Predisposing factors included malnourishment, boils, scratch injury, intravenous cannulation and injections. Conservative surgery had better outcome in terms of hospital stay, complications and cost of treatment. Conclusion: NF is a serious and disease which requires immediate and all out attention. Early diagnosis, aggressive supportive treatment and conservative surgery improve survival.

Aim: To evaluate the role of end-to-end oblique bowel anastomosis in bowel atresia. Methods: End-to-end oblique anastomosis was done in 25 neonates of bowel atresia and the results were compared with traditional method of end to back anastomosis in 25 cases. Results: We found less mortality and morbidity (5%) in our technique as compared to end to back technique (20%). Conclusions: We recommend this technique, as anastomosis is wide with less angulations, flow of effluent is linear, and there is less force exerted over post-anastomotic side wall.

Atresia of ileocecal junction and isolated atresia of ileocecal valve are rare types of intestinal atresia with very few reports in literature. We report two such cases. Radiology showed dilated ileal segment and distal micro colon in both the cases. At laparotomy there was atresia of ileocecal junction in the first case and isolated ileocaecal valve atresia with normal ileocecal junction in the other case. Both the babies were managed by ileocolic resection with an end to end anastomosis. The prognosis of ileocecal atresias is satisfactory.

To evaluate the role of human chronic gonadotropin (HCG) and compare the results when it is given preoperatively and postoperatively in bilateral nonpalpable undescended testes (BNUDT) to facilitate the surgical outcome. Sixty-six cases of BNUDT, from January 1997 to January 2004, were divided equally into two groups on a random basis: Group A - control group received HCG doses which were completed 7-10 days preoperatively and Group B - test group received postoperative HCG doses started 7-10 days after surgery. The HCG was given as per WHO recommendation. The results were assessed clinically, by color Doppler ultrasound and HCG stimulated testosterone assay. Standard orchidopexy was done in all cases. Both groups were comparable in terms of age, testicular size, and vascularity as assessed by the Doppler ultrasonographic study. The mean basal serum testosterone and the HCG stimulation were also comparable in both the groups. At the sixth week follow up, the difference in the serum testosterone level was statistically significant, Group A 60.50 + 7.19 ng/dl vs Group B 81.17 + 5.88 ng/dl. The testicular vascularity at the sixth week follow up was more in Group B (74% normal vs 55% normal). Sixteen (24%) testis were retracted in Group A, while none were in Group B. Postoperative HCG therapy has been proved to be more effective than conventional preoperative therapy for better surgical outcome in BNUDT.

Tubularized free preputial graft for hypospadias repair had been tried in the past and discarded due to high incidence of graft shrinkage causing stricture formation. We have tried to revive the technique using onlay method thus avoiding stricture formation. The technique was used in 33 subjects (Group A) and compared with 33 subjects in control group (Group B) in whom other techniques of urethroplasty were used. The study was a randomized controlled trial. The mean length of the free preputial graft was 22.06 + 4.68 mm (16-35 mm) and breadth was 9.0 + 1.32 mm (7-11 mm). Fistulae developed in 3 patients in group A out of which one healed spontaneously. In group B, 6 patients had fistula formation. Complications developed in 18% cases in group A and 50% cases in group B. There was significant difference between the cosmetic results (p