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Abstract: Foraging honeybees are subjected to considerable variations of microclimatic conditions challenging their thermoregulatory ability. Solar heat is a gain in the cold but may be a burden in the heat. We investigated the balancing of endothermic activity with radiative heat gain and physiological functions of water foraging Apis mellifera carnica honeybees in the whole range of ambient temperatures (T a) and solar radiation they are likely to be exposed in their natural environment in Middle Europe. The mean thorax temperature (T th) during foraging stays was regulated at a constantly high level (37.0–38.5°C) in a broad range of T a (3–30°C). At warmer conditions (T a =30–39°C) T th increased to a maximal level of 45.3°C. The endothermic temperature excess (difference of T body − T a of living and dead bees) was used to assess the endogenously generated temperature elevation as a correlate of energy turnover. Up to a T a of ∼30°C bees used solar heat gain for a double purpose: to reduce energetic expenditure and to increase T th by about 1–3°C to improve force production of flight muscles. At higher T a they exhibited cooling efforts to get rid of excess heat. A high T th also allowed regulation of the head temperature high enough to guarantee proper function of the bees’ suction pump even at low T a. This shortened the foraging stays and this way reduced energetic costs. With decreasing T a bees also reduced arrival body weight and crop loading to do both minimize costs and optimize flight performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A comparison of the thermoregulation of water foraging wasps (Vespula vulgaris, Polistes dominulus) under special consideration of ambient temperature and solar radiation was conducted. The body surface temperature of living and dead wasps was measured by infrared thermography under natural conditions in their environment without disturbing the insects’ behaviour. The body temperature of both of them was positively correlated with T a and solar radiation. At moderate T a (22–28°C) the regression lines revealed mean thorax temperatures (T th) of 35.5–37.5°C in Vespula, and of 28.6–33.7°C in Polistes. At high T a (30–39°C) T th was 37.2–40.6°C in Vespula and 37.0–40.8°C in Polistes. The thorax temperature excess (T th–T a) increased at moderate T a by 1.9°C (Vespula) and 4.4°C (Polistes) per kW−1 m−2. At high T a it increased by 4.0°C per kW−1 m−2 in both wasps. A comparison of the living water foraging Vespula and Polistes with dead wasps revealed a great difference in their thermoregulatory behaviour. At moderate T a (22–28°C) Vespula exhibited distinct endothermy in contrast to Polistes, which showed only a weak endothermic activity. At high T a (30–39°C) Vespula reduced their active heat production, and Polistes were always ectothermic. Both species exhibited an increasing cooling effort with increasing insolation and ambient temperature. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The relation between the respiratory activity of resting honeybees and ambient temperature (T a) was investigated in the range of 5–40°C. Bees were kept in a temperature controlled flow through respirometer chamber where their locomotor and endothermic activity, as well as abdominal ventilatory movements was recorded by infrared thermography. Surprisingly, true resting bees were often weakly endothermic (thorax surface up to 2.8°C warmer than abdomen) at a T a of 14–30°C. Above 33°C many bees cooled their body via evaporation from their mouthparts. A novel mathematical model allows description of the relationship of resting (standard) metabolic rate and temperature across the entire functional temperature range of bees. In chill coma (<11°C) bees were ectothermic and CO2 release was mostly continuous. CO2 release rate (nls−1) decreased from 9.3 at 9.7°C to 5.4 at 5°C. At a T a of >11°C CO2 was released discontinuously. In the bees’ active temperature range mean CO2 production rate (nls−1) increased sigmoidally (10.6 at 14.1°C, 24.1 at 26.5°C, and 55.2 at 38.1°C), coming to a halt towards the upper lethal temperature. This was primarily accomplished by an exponential increase in gas exchange frequency (0.54 and 3.1breathsmin−1 at 14.1 and 38.1°C) but not in released CO2 volume per respiratory cycle (1487 and 1083nlcycle−1 at 14.1 and 38.1°C). Emission of CO2 bursts was mostly (98%) accompanied by abdominal ventilation movements even in small CO2 bursts. Larger bursts coincided with a longer duration of active ventilation. An increased amount of CO2 expelled per unit time of ventilation indicates a higher efficiency of ventilation at high ambient temperatures. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We investigated the respiration patterns of wasps (Vespula sp.) in their viable temperature range (2.9–42.4°C) by measuring CO2 production and locomotor and endothermic activity. Wasps showed cycles of an interburst–burst type at low ambient temperatures (T a <5°C) or typical discontinuous gas exchange patterns with closed, flutter and open phases. At high T a of >31°C, CO2 emission became cyclic. With rising T a they enhanced CO2-emission primarily by an exponential increase in respiration frequency, from 2.6mHz at 4.7°C to 74mHz at 39.7°C. In the same range of T a CO2 release per cycle decreased from 38.9 to 26.4μlg−1 cycle−1. A comparison of wasps with other insects showed that they are among the insects with a low respiratory frequency at a given resting metabolic rate (RMR), and a relatively flat increase of respiratory frequency with RMR. CO2 emission was always accompanied by abdominal respiration movements in all open phases and in 71.4% of the flutter phases, often accompanied by body movements. Results suggest that resting wasps gain their highly efficient gas exchange to a considerable extent via the length and type of respiration movements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Vespine wasps are known for their high endothermic capacity. Endothermic activity is directly linked to respiration. However, knowledge on wasp respiration is sparse and almost nothing is known about their resting metabolism. We investigated the yellowjackets’ CO2 production in a flow-through respirometer chamber overnight. Endothermic and behavioral activity was observed by real-time infrared thermography. Most resting wasps were ectothermic or only slightly endothermic (thoracic temperature excess against abdomen <0.6°C). In the investigated temperature range (T a =2.9–42.4°C) mean CO2 production rate of resting wasps increased steeply according to an exponential function, from 5.658μlg−1 min−1 at 8.3°C to 8.504μlg−1 min−1 at 20.2°C, 58.686μlg−1 min−1 at 35.3°C and 102.84μlg−1 min−1 at 40°C. The wasps’ respiratory critical thermal maximum (CTmax), marking the upper edge of their viable temperature range, was 45.3°C. The respiratory CTmax did not differ significantly from the activity CTmax of 44.9°C. CTmax values were considerably below that of honeybees (48.9 and 49.0°C for respiration and activity, respectively). This allows honeybees to kill wasps by heat-balling. Comparison with other arthropods showed that vespine wasps are among the insects with the highest mass-specific resting metabolic rate and the steepest increase of metabolism with ambient temperature. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]