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MMP-9 is a zinc-dependent endopeptidase that is involved in the proteolytic degradation of the extracellular matrix and plays an important role in cancer migration, invasion, and metastasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of MMP-tracers [18 F]BR420 and [18 F]BR351 for MMP-9 imaging in a colorectal cancer xenograft model. [18 F]BR420 and [18 F]BR351 were synthesized using an automated synthesis module. For [18 F]BR420, a novel and improved radiosynthesis was developed. Plasma stability and MMP-9-targeting capacity of both radiotracers was compared in the Colo205 colorectal cancer model. MMP-9 and MMP-2 expression levels in the tumors were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and in situ zymography. μPET imaging as well as ex vivo biodistribution revealed a higher tumor uptake for [18 F]BR420 (3.15% ± 0.03% ID/g vs 0.94% ± 0.18% ID/g for [18 F]BR351 at 2 hours pi) but slower blood clearance compared with [18 F]BR351. [18 F]BR351 was quickly metabolized in plasma with 20.28% ± 5.41% of intact tracer remaining at 15 minutes postinjection (PI). By contrast, [18 F]BR420 displayed a higher metabolic stability with >86% intact tracer remaining at 2 hours PI. Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of MMP-9 and MMP-2 in the tumor tissue, which was confirmed by in situ zymography. However, an autoradiography analysis of tracer distribution in the tumors did not correlate with MMP-9 expression. [18 F]BR420 displayed a higher tumor uptake and higher stability compared with [18 F]BR351 but a low tumor-to-blood ratio and discrepancy between tracer distribution and MMP-9 immunohistochemistry. Therefore, both tracers will not be usefulness for MMP-9 imaging in colorectal cancer.

Phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4 is the most prevalent PDE in the central nervous system (CNS) and catalyzes hydrolysis of intracellular cAMP, a secondary messenger. By therapeutic inhibition of PDE4, intracellular cAMP levels can be stabilized, and the symptoms of psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders including depression, memory loss and Parkinson's disease can be ameliorated. Radiotracers targeting PDE4 can be used to study PDE4 density and function, and evaluate new PDE4 therapeutics, in vivo in a non-invasive way, as has been shown using the carbon-11 labeled PDE4 inhibitor R-(-)-rolipram. Herein we describe a small series of rolipram analogs that contain fluoro- or iodo-substituents that could be used as fluorine-18 PET or iodine-123 SPECT PDE4 radiotracers. This series was evaluated with an in vitro binding assay and a 4-(fluoromethyl) derivative of rolipram, MNI-617, was identified, with a five-fold increase in affinity for PDE4 (Kd = 0.26 nM) over R-(-)-rolipram (Kd = 1.6 nM). A deutero-analogue d2 -[(18) F]MNI-617 was radiolabeled and produced in 23% yield with high (>5 Ci/µmol) specific activity and evaluated in non-human primate, where it rapidly entered the brain, with SUVs between 4 and 5, and with a distribution pattern consistent with that of PDE4.

The fluorine-18-labeled positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer [(18) F]MK-9470 is a selective, high affinity inverse agonist that has been used to image the cannabinoid receptor type 1 in human brain in healthy and disease states. This report describes a simplified, one-step [(18) F]radiofluorination approach using a GE TRACERlab FXFN module for the routine production of this tracer. The one-step synthesis, by [(18) F]fluoride displacement of a primary tosylate precursor, gives a six-fold increase in yield over the previous two-step method employing O-alkylation of a phenol precursor with 1,2-[(18) F]fluorobromoethane. The average radiochemical yield of [(18) F]MK-9470 using the one-step method was 30.3 ± 11.7% (n = 12), with specific activity in excess of 6 Ci/µmol and radiochemical purity of 97.2 ± 1.5% (n = 12), in less than 60 min. This simplified, high yielding, automated process was validated for routine GMP production of [(18) F]MK-9470 for clinical studies.