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A tryptophan ionic liquid (TrpIL) decorated magnetic graphene oxide (Fe3O4@SiO2-GO-TrpIL) nanocomposite has been prepared for magnetic solid-phase extraction of Sudan I–IV before their high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticles loaded on graphene oxide endow the as-prepared nanocomposite with superparamagnetic performance, benefiting conveniently magnetic separation of the Sudan-absorbed nanocomposites from an aqueous phase. Both TrpIL and grapheme oxide make the Fe3O4@SiO2-GO-TrpIL adsorbent possess high affinity and extraction efficiency toward target analytes, Taking full advantages of the adsorbent, each of Sudan I–IV could be accurately quantified in a linear range of 0.01–0.50 µg mL−1 with the detection limit of 1.0 ng mL−1 under the optimized conditions. A 10-fold enrichment factor was obtained. The present method was employed for the simultaneous determination of Sudan I–IV in chill and water samples with satisfactory results. The thermodynamic and kinetic investigations proved that the targets might be chemisorbed onto the Fe3O4@SiO2-GO-TrpIL nanocomposite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]