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Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) is a well known gaseous signal transmitter in physiological and pathological processes. Herein, we developed a near infrared (NIR) fluorescence probe XXMU-H 2 S based on dicyanophosphone derivatives, which was surprisingly found to show high selectivity for H 2 S over various other analytes including biothiols, making it feasible to detect H 2 S in living system. After reaction with H 2 S, this probe showed rapid and significant turn-on NIR emission changes centered at 686 nm within 10 min, a remarkable large Stokes shift (138 nm) and high sensitivity (LOD: 16 nM). Furthermore, the probe has also been successfully applied to imaging of exogenous and endogenous H 2 S in living cells and zebrafish. • A near-infrared turn-on fluorescent probe (XXMU-H 2 S) was developed. • This probe was employed for the detection of H 2 S in living systems. • XXMU-H 2 S showed a high selectivity and sensitivity toward H 2 S with a fast response. • Reaction with H 2 S gave a large Stokes shift and fluorescence intensity enhancement. • XXMU-H2S was used for the in vitro and in vivo detection of H2S. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]