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A critical review of some recent research on sex roles; suggestions are made for an alternative approach. Much research is found to be misleading and seriously biased to minimize indications of strains and changes in American sex roles. Most research is limited to women's roles, not men's, and to the internal processes of the middle class family without consideration of functional, historical, or political aspects. American sex roles are explained in this paper as serving historical and psychological needs which are no longer appropriate. Differential, sex roles are maladapted to contemporary conditions of rapid social change and temporary associations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A review of 12 studies completed in the English-speaking Caribbean islands of Bahamas, Barbados, British Honduras, Carriacou, Grenada, Trinidad, and the Virgin Islands, as well as Guyana, is the central locus of this paper. The samples were predominantly rural, lower-class families, and the studies were completed during the 1951-1960 period. The findings of the studies are reviewed, and some comparison is made between the family patterns found in the various islands which are strung out on a 2,500-mile area in the West Indies. A discussion of ‘marriage’ and ‘household’ is included in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on aspirations and expectations held toward marriage by adolescent girls from three rural counties in the South. The research objective was to determine to what extent racial differences existed for aspirations and expectations toward the following: age of marriage; number of children; and employment after marriage. It was found that, except for number of children desired and expected, statistically significant racial differences existed. Both black and white girls desired and expected small families-a mean of three children. On the other hand, black girls desired marriage significantly later than white girls. While a large majority of both racial groupings desired and expected to work after marriage, significant racial differences were observed in reference to work before and after the arrival of children. Racial differences persisted even when the respondents were grouped by social class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses some implications for the study of marital stability of a causal model in which education and occupation are seen as causes of income. Proper time order then places marital stability events after all three of these measures of social class. The class variable closest to instability is income. Therefore, assessment of the direct effects of education or occupation on marital stability must first remove the effects of income. Data from the 1960 Census using the percent of ever-married males living with the first spouse as a measure of marital stability are subjected to multivariate analysis. Little positive effect of education or occupation is found when the effects of income on stability are removed. Two alternative models which might explain how income acts to alter the risks of marital stability are discussed. A second measure of marriage behavior among ever-married males is analyzed. This study allows a reexamination of inferences that are often drawn regarding alleged white and nonwhite differences in attitudes toward marriage. An explanation of white and nonwhite differences in stability of first marriages is advanced. The possibility that income maintenance programs might increase marital stability is examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts a subsequent test of Reiss' hypothesis that among conservatives those of higher social status are less permissive than those of lower status while among liberals the relationship is in the opposite direction. A student sample was utilized and measures of fundamentalism, idealism, academic orientation, and authoritarianism were used independently to identify liberals and conservatives. Both a chi-square test and a sign test were applied to the data; neither test confirmed Reiss' hypothesis. an extraordinarily strong relationship between permissiveness and the sex of the person, however, was found. Consequently the data was reanalyzed while controlling for sex in order to investigate the possibility that the validity of the hypothesis is contingent upon a condition, the sex of a person, but again the hypothesis was not confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A review of ten studies related to the Jamaican family indicates that all of the samples tended to come primarily from rural-lower-class Jamaicans. The studies were completed during the 1951–1959 period and were conducted mostly by non-West Indian investigators. The findings of the studies are examined, and some critical analysis is made, which includes some historical background of Jamaican society. References are made to present-day, middle-class Jamaican families, and the many gaps in research in this area are noted. A comprehensive analysis of the lower-class family by Raymond Smith is included in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mate selection in a Muslim society is based on marriages arranged by the families of the principals, and in this paper the function of dower, or the sum of money the bridegroom agrees to pay the bride, is examined. A sample of 1,333 marriage registrations was taken in Karachi, Pakistan, from three distinct socioeconomic areas—upper, middle, and lower class—to determine what differentials, if any, exist among them in the role that dower plays. Although there exists an arrangement for the payment of a minimum amount of dower, it was found that the upper class made the largest commitment, the lower class the smallest, with the middle class falling between the two. Dower largely functions as a form of insurance to provide a degree of economic security for the wife should the couple separate or either party seek a divorce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper refutes the ideas that students on a given campus are a relatively homogeneous population and that socioeconomic differences disappear when a student enters college. Interviews were conduced with 282 married college students living in university housing to test the hypotheses that (1) the marriage rate of college students will vary inversely by social class background and (2) family and college adjustment patterns of married students living on a college campus will vary by social class background. Married students bad a social class background slightly lower than single students, but the difference was too small to firmly support the first hypothesis. Important differences by social class background were found for the education and employment of the wives, the curriculum, career choice, employment pasterns, and the trend of grades in college for the husband, and the number, planning, effect of children on adjustment, and the advising of other students to marry in college. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a general description of normative marriage and family roles as found in middle-class Mexico today. An attempt is made to show how culturally defined ideals of male and female roles in courtship influence marriage relationships. It is argued that the discontinuity of role expectations by women is reflected in childrearing practices; in turn these practices lead to a male-female role dichotomy which perpetuates the cycle. The analysis is based on published reports and materials not yet publicity available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More than half of the 229 university students in this survey reported actual or threatened use of physical punishment during their last year of high school. There were no important differences in the frequency with which middle and working class parents used physical punishment. However, physical punishment was found to vary with sex of the child and with the traits which parents valued in their children. These findings are interpreted as supporting a "linkage theory" explanation of use of physical punishment. This theory holds that the use of physical punishment by parents is influenced by the parents' conception of the roles the child is to play as an adult. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research has shown that a specific family process - parental encouragement (PE) - mediates between social class and the child's aspirations for the future. Based upon data from a random sample of families a typology of PE techniques was tested and two predominant types were found. A three-way analysis using comparable data from both parents and the ninth grade son reveals considerably less than one-to-one correspondence on reported PE attempts. There is more agreement on PE types in any family dyad versus the family triad, indicating that validity of PE types as mediating between parent and son is moderate at this age level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data comparing working-class families living in a suburb with similar families living in a central city are presented which challenge some commonly held assumptions about suburban life. It is suggested that for working-class women, moving to the suburbs takes on the social-psychological characteristics of a crisis. Evidence is presented to support two propositions: (1) upward mobility deprives these women of a system of structural supports and therefore increases their sense of social isolation and disaffection; and (2) the sense of social disaffection is associated with a breakdown in primary group relations. The move to the suburbs is considered as a special care relevant to these generalizations. A sequence of events leading to social disaffection is inferred sterling with migration away from neighborhoods end families of orientation. This leads to isolation and the need to change conjugal and external roles which, in turn, makes marital conflict a more salient issue, thereby increasing the disaffection of the women involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of industrialization results in the structural isolation of the nuclear family in the context of kinship system, which should conceptually be distinguished from the isolation of the family in the context of social system. However, the isolated nuclear family tends to fall into family anomie, one of whose symptomatic manifestations is the isolation of the family. In a structural sense, the family anomie must be solved in one way or another. In Japanese society, the Dozoku-like occupational system is supposed to contribute to prevent isolated nuclear families of the urban middle class from falling into family anomie. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This inquiry explores the rural migrant's involvement in a branch-family network in the industrial area of destination and the effect of such involvement upon various aspects of the migrant's social psychological adjustment. Five specified conditions are taken into account: age, sex, level of schooling, social class origin, and length of residence in urban localities. Data are derived from a project designed to follow up all persons who, 20 years earlier, were residents of an isolated mountain neighborhood in eastern Kentucky. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variations in interethnic marriage rates in Singapore demonstrate that the influence of ethnicity and religion on family organization is far stronger than the influence of class or education. In particular the striking variations in the proportions of men and women marrying out of each of the major ethnic groups in the Republic appear to result from the continuing operation of traditional ideals of family and local-group organization in a contemporary situation that is otherwise rapidly changing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Certain dimensions of parental behavior were hypothesized to be influential in the development of an external as opposed to an internal control orientation. These dimensions were parental consistency, constraint, and support. A questionnaire administered to 552 white male ninth graders attending eight junior high schools in two medium-sized cities in a midwestern state provided data on parent-child variables and internal-external control orientation (I-E). Degree of perceived parental support is related more strongly to I-E than are parental consistency and parental constraint. Controlling on subjects' social class background and size of family had negligible effect upon the original correlations between the parent-child variables and I-E. A stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the best predictor of variation in I-E is degree of perceived paternal support. Implications of the findings and suggestions for further research are offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This survey of the literature on the history of the family in Western Europe examines recent research along three lines: studies of particular social classes; demographic history and household analysis; and local and regional studies. It is argued that social, economic, legal and political difference were responsible for considerable variation in household size and composition in the past. Certain common assumptions such as cultural diffusion from upper-class behavior, the progressive nuclearization of the household, and the decline of family solidarity are examined critically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study of the black family structure in seven Ohio Valley cities is an effort to fill the void in historical literature on the origins of the present-day urban black family, especially the phenomenon of the lower-class "black matriarchy." Based on the manuscript census, all male- and female-headed families are compared with such demographic data as the age, sex, and family structures; size and number of children; and socioeconomic data of real estate ownership and occupations. The basic conclusions are twofold: (1) the urban black family structure during the nineteenth century was basically a two-parent, male-headed family that showed little evidence of retaining structural characteristics of the slave family, and (2) despite the increasing trend towards residential segregation, the only sign of a lessening of the two-parent family is a rise in the proportion of female-headed extended families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses various issues related to the participation of women in revolutionary movements in Latin America. Latin America has a tradition of female revolutionaries and women are playing their roles in modern guerrilla movements in the continent. Women participating in guerrilla movements share certain common characteristics including their age, the social class they belong to, and educational backgrounds, etc. There seems to be a relation between female participation in guerrilla movements and the development of political statements aimed at feminist issues.

Evidence for the thesis that sibling solidarity is a characteristic of American kinship is not conclusive. In particular, data on interaction among siblings and spouse's siblings is lacking. In an attempt to clarify the nature of sibling solidarity, this study of interaction patterns among a white, urban working-class sample suggests that previously held notions should be altered insofar as this location in the class structure is concerned. Siblings simply are not available for interaction in the metropolitan area for a large proportion of the sample. The sibling bond is not sustained at the same level throughout the lift cycle, but appears to become less prevalent among older people. The presence or absence of the conjugal tie plays the crucial role in interaction among collaterals. Sibling interaction may be compensatory upon the disruption of marriage, rather than, as some have claimed, the focal kinship relation in itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a Protestant subsample of Toledo, Ohio, mothers who gave birth to a child in 1962, social class and alienation variables are related to fertility and fertility-related variables. Through use of a series of high, modal, and low fertility categories which standardize parity by marital duration, alienation profiles are shown to increase fertility differentials previously obtained by separate dimensions of alienation and socioeconomic status. In addition, the combination of social class and alienation results in greater fertility differentials than either stratification or alienation variables alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analysis of eighty couples' three-year exploration of the feasibility of entering into communal living or group marriage, based on interviews, questionnaires, discussion group notes, correspondence, and anecdotal records. Over 90 per cent of husbands and wives, if employed, were in academic, professional, or managerial positions. Major reasons for wives' involvement: isolation with children, overdependence on husband for adult contact, or underutilization of talents and training; for husbands, concern about the "rat race" or desire for higher living standards; for both, childrearing/training, need to expand sexual intimacy, and concern for "what is happening." Three group marriages and three communes have resulted from this exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is an attempt to determine whether or not volunteers for marital research differ from nonvolunteers, and, if so, to profile the characteristics of each. A random sample was drawn from the community of Boulder, Colorado, and respondents were interviewed in their homes. At the time of the initial interview, details of the study of marital counseling were described to the respondents, and they were asked to volunteer for the study. Subjects were classified into three groups: (1) refusals (2) those who verbally agreed to participate but failed to do so, and (3) those who volunteered and actually participated. The latter group, the volunteer participants, tended to have dated longer before marriage, to be from families of origin with higher socioeconomic status, to have larger incomes, and to have attained a higher level of education than the volunteer nonparticipants. Many of the same social class related variables distinguished refusals from volunteers. In general, it seemed that both volunteering for such research and actually paricipating was related to a more cautious courtship pattern and to an upper-middle-class background. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a sample of young, white, recently married couples the greatest value consensus was found among those in the high (professional) SES group. However, level of value consensus was found to reflect both the amount of general accord between husband and wife and the degree to which specific value areas are emphasized by particular sex-status groups. Working class couples exhibit relatively low consensus because of the poor pairing of spouses within the status group, while middle class couples exhibit approximately the same level of consensus because of the tendency for the husbands and wives to emphasize somewhat different values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Findings are reported regarding the relationship between the level of self-de-rogation of adult subjects and the prior experience of a broken home during childhood. Data were collected by survey research methods from a sample (N=500) of the adult population of Harris County (including the city of Houston), Texas. The data were analyzed to determine the particular characteristics of the broken home situation (those relating to resultant living arrangements, cause of broken home, subject's age at time of broken home, parental remarriage, and subject's age at time of parental remarriage) which were associated with high self-derogation scores relative to subjects from intact families. Results are reported for the total sample and for subgroups differentiated by the race, sex, and social class of the subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study is designed to provide an understanding of extramarital sexual involvement through an analysis of middle class, middle-aged couples. A comparison is made between those individuals who have experienced a sexual affair outside the conjugal bond and those who have not. The following independent variables were utilized as a basis for this comparison: (1) opportunity for involvement; (2) perceived desire of others for involvement; (3) potential involvement; (4) justification of involvement; (5) marital sexual satisfaction, marital adjustment and involvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a comparative study on parental and filial role definitions in a family. The two sources of data analyzed for this study are Head Start Multidisciplinary Research Study conducted by researchers at the Merrill-Palmer Institute Faculty in Detroit, Michigan and the study "Family, Social Class and Mental Illness in Urban Greece" conducted in Athens, Greece, during the summer of 1964. The study reveals that the parental role of both sexes is not clearly distinguished and has different combination of instrumental and expressive roles.

Ira L. Reiss formulated the hypothesis that among persons whose general style of life is 'conservative' there is a negative relationship between social class and premarital sexual permissiveness whereas for persons having a generally liberal style of life, this relationship would be positive. In this article the evidence presented in favor of this theory is challenged. Two alternative rationales for the theory are presented. The results did not confirm the theory. By way of elaboration and contrasting-groups analyses some determinants of permissiveness regarding premarital sexual relationships were then isolated. They appeared to be: (a) Religion, with liberalism-conservatism as an interpreting variable, (b) Age, with liberalism-conservatism only partly interpreting, (c) As weak determinants: residence (along the urban-rural continuum) and sex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Possible dysfunctional consequences of upward social mobility for nuclear family integration were sought from 89 upwardly mobile families in Uppsala, Sweden. Educational, occupational and financial mobility were correlated with husband-wife agreement, marital adjustment, parent-child closeness, and family orientation measures, as perceived by the wife. Nuclear family integration was found to be negatively associated with differential husband-wife mobility orientations and differential generational husband-wife mobility. Some negative association was found between unclear family integration and high rates of upward mobility, mobility from lower to middle class, different role-models for husband and wife, and where role models of the husband and wife are from different social classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upper middle class, middle-aged couples residing in a midwestern community provided meaningful data regarding their extramarital sexual behavior. It was found that information pertaining to extramarital coital activity is accessible to the social scientist from representative samples of the population if care and precision is taken in developing the methodological framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The empirical research on early marriage is reviewed and restated in propositional form, The 23 propositions obtained are reduced to three theoretical propositions involving social class, hereto. sexual involvement, and profit between single and marital status. Three derived propositions are obtained from the original theoretical propositions. Consequences of early marriage are reviewed and stated as three propositions involving social class placement following marriage, divorce rate, and negative affect. Three derived propositions are also obtained from these. Finally, the theoretical family propositions are related to exchange theory and shown to be special cases of it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Differential socialization experiences resulting in a "transformation of identity" is seen to be an intervening variable between social mobility and kinship solidarity. The hypothesis that, when occupationally based pressure for transformation of identity is greatest (i. e., occupational mobility between working or farm class and middle class), there will be a weakening of kinship solidarity, was tested on a comparable sample of American and Japanese students. Findings supported the hypothesis for the American sample but not for the Japanese sample. The great social changes occurring in Japan during the twentieth century is seen to be a factor accounting for differential socialization experiences for the Japanese middle class and its consequent low kinship solidarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study attempts to trace the pattern of general and specific aspects of marital satisfaction over the family life cycle. Separate questionnaire data were obtained from both husbands and wives in 799 middle class families. The results suggest that husbands and wives are influenced in very different ways by stage of family life cycle experiences. In general, family life cycle experiences were more associated with marital satisfaction for wives than husbands. Especially in the subjective area of feelings about marital interaction, the dependent children stages of the family life cycle were associated with negative evaluations of the marriage by the wife. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Illness frequency, physician utilization, and perceived legitimacy to the sick role were examined in relationship to SES and family size. A household respondent in each unit from 67 three-generation families was interviewed quarterly over the period of one year. SES and family size were inversely related to perceived right to assume the sick role. However SES was not significantly related to the frequency of reported illnesses or physician utilization. In contrast, the latter were inversely related to family size. The association between "illness behavior" and family size was specified when controlling for age (generation) and social class. Family size was inversely related to both illness frequency and doctor visits in the lower class, but not in the middle class or among respondents in the grandparent generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The several "parenthood as a crisis" studies (including one significant but unpublished investigation) are critically reviewed. Possible explanations for the great discrepancy in published "crisis scores" are offered. In this context, the relationship of social class to variation in the ease with which the parenthood role is assumed is explored in some detail. Freilich's concept of the "natural triad" is shown as a potentially useful theoretical approach to understanding parenthood. It is suggested that future research the adjustment of parents to their children include (1) a distinction between objective behavioral changes required by parenthood and the subjective interpretation of these changes by the parents; (2) the use of standard, reliable, and valid instrument for measuring both the rewards and difficulties of parenthood; (3) larger and more representative samples; and (4) a continuing attempt to identify the structural variables related to degree of ease in making the transition to parenthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is an attempt to add empirical relevance to some of the theories which pertain to relationships between types of family and forms of social stratification. In addition, it makes new contributions to this segment of sociological theory. Using a worldwide sample, it was found that there is a relationship between these two variables. Furthermore, the findings indicate that the lineal family is positively associated with complex systems of social stratification. In addition, the current theory—that the independent family is associated with complex systems of social stratification—is refuted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An Inventory designed to examine women's perception of the female role as home- and family-oriented versus the female role as outward-achieving-oriented was administered to women selected from one North American and two South American urban-industrial communities. The purpose was to determine how the women perceived themselves in these roles as opposed to how they thought the "man's ideal woman" would perceive these roles. Results indicated that both North American and South American women believed that man's ideal woman would be traditionally submissive and place home and family above outward-achieving strivings. North American women, more than South American women, felt career could be integrated with family life and were more aggressive towards outward achievement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An effort is made to determine what degree of social change might be detected in attitudes of middle- and upper-class male and female graduate students at two universities in Pakistan in 1963, toward dower and dowry, when compared to actual practices as shown by data for the period 1961–1964 collected in middle- and upper-class areas of Karachi. Dower is legally required of all bridegrooms and, although dowry is not, some is always provided for the bride. There is a strong indication of a desire for economic independence on the part of students, as reflected by the highly negative attitudes toward the current institutionalized system of dower and dowry. However, most students are likely to conform to the current practices of their families for the foreseeable future. Within the context of traditional arrangements, attitudes reflecting ‘modernity’ are manifested that are not in conflict with contemporary norms. More definite signs of change must await replicative studies at periodic intervals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An attempt was made to isolate the effects of social class, child-rearing attitudes, and advice on Negro parents' decision to institutionalize their retarded children. Negro families who had formal plans to institutionalize and others who planned to keep their children at home were interviewed. Similar groups of white families were used for comparisons. Social class, domestic placement of the child, and child-rearing attitudes all failed to explain planning. Advice to institutionalize did differentiate in the expected direction especially for Negroes. This tendency of Negro parents to follow advice might be based on the Negro's history in the society, which may lead to a compliance with advice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is concerned with an urban Muslim community where the variables of race, nationality, caste, religion, and ethnic group are held relatively constant. A total sample of 1,333 marriage registrations was taken in Karachi from three socioeconomic areas (upper, middle, and lower class) during the period of 1961-1964, to determine what differentials, if any, exist among the three social classes. It was found that all marriages are arranged by the families and that the interests of the families predominate. Mate selection is also dependent on a marriage pool of eligible persons in a community. With the exception of same address registrations, where the upper class shows the highest percentage and the lower class the lowest, it can be generalized that the lower the class membership, the shorter the distance between registrants at the time of marriage and, conversely, the higher the social class, the greater the distance. The results of this study also show a high correlation with results of the Bossard, the Davie and Reeves, and other studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Client family users of a Family Service agency are compared with random samples of families from the two communities using the Agency. Findings strongly support the hypothesis that the community value structure influences the use of the agency; the value structure of one community depresses the rate of use at the several socioeconomic levels, while the value structure of the other community raises the rate of use. Findings also indicate a general pattern of social isolation for clients, suggesting support for the anomia theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study presented below is a research report which seeks to shed light on the relationship between the social functioning of urban families and their ethnic status. More specifically, this research attempts to assess the influence of social class on the way ethnic group membership affects family behavior. New interest in this issue was sparked three years ago by the publication of the so-called Moynihan Report. Findings show that social status overshadows ethnicity in determining the nature of family functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Class differences in the socialization practices of Negro mothers were investigated in the context of their child-rearing goals. Direct observation of mother-child interactions in the homes and a card-sorting method of studying child-rearing goals led to the conclusion that middle- and lower-lower-class Negro mothers do not differ fundamentally in their goals, but they differ considerably in their socialization practices. The relationship of these practices to the development of anaclitic identification, internal controls, and subsequent conformity to society's norms was discussed, along with the implication of these conclusions for education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge of grandfather's occupation was examined as an index of genealogical concern among various segments of American society. In a study population of 1,556 newly inducted soldiers, respondents were found to differ in their knowledge according to their education, their father's social class and occupation, their own mobility aspirations, and their parents' immigration status. These differences are interpreted as a reflection of basic orientations toward kindred which vary according to social status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

City school problems are considered in the context of city economic and racial problems. Social class differences between educators and pupils are presented as a particular source of problems. Special projects and a ‘new breed’ of educators are discussed as solutions to these problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The method of character education employed by the Communists, their system of developing socialist morality, and their childrearing practices are reviewed and commented upon in the light of practices and standards prevalent in the United States. The tremendous social problems that are confronting us present the greatest challenge that humanity has ever faced. These problems must be solved by individuals who have learned to live responsibly in a democracy. The ultimate hope of humanity lies in man's capacity to be concerned for others in such a way as to establish a human fellowship that will cross all lines of political difference, social class, race, sex, philosophy, and religion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the possible effects of divorce upon the behavior of adolescent children. A large sample of parents (N = 1,566) completed usable questionnaires; the sample was then divided into the independent variables of family type and social class and the dependent variables of adolescent characteristics and school social relationships. Nonsignificant differences were found for the majority of relationships tested pertaining to the detrimental effects of divorce upon children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some characteristics dud attitudes of 100 middle-class families, recent migrants to a California metropolitan area, were sampled by questionnaire. The respondents had a history of frequent moves on short notice and reported that they settled into new communities quickly and without apparent difficulty. The sample showed a higher than anticipated level of independence, self- reliance, and ability to adapt to what is often considered a tension- and stress-producing situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the expectations and attitudes of teenage couples which have been seen as a source of financial problems. It has been pointed out that meager financial resources and the parental responsibility are among the sources of the problems for young couples. High expectations would also differ on what social class the teenager belongs to. Students from upper-power class families are modest than the middle class families, and they have a more optimistic expectation on marriage. While teenagers from low-income families, sees it as involvement in installment debt.

Assuming that partial maintenance of a family's identity and the ‘presentation of the family’ to ‘others’ involves information control and reduction of visibility, a survey was conducted to determine bow the housewife controls and stages a ‘presentation of inner symbols’ in the matter of hanging out the family wash. This research sought to determine (1) whether or not covet elements could be detected in clotheslines patterns, and (2) attitudes and social characteristics of housewives and family related to the presence or absence of covertness in clotheslines patterns. Data reveal a high frequency of covert clothesline patterns, such covertness being further evidenced by attitudinal and behavioral ‘inconsistency’ among housewives. The husband's occupational prestige rating, home-ownership, and ownership of an indoor dryer do significantly distinguish among housewives with covert and noncovert clothesline patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]