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The increasing incidence of diabetes mellitus worldwide has prompted a rapid growth in the pace of scientific discovery of the mechanisms involved in the etiopathogenesis of this multifactorial disease. Accumulating evidence suggests that endoplasmic reticulum stress plays a role in the pathogenesis of diabetes, contributing to pancreatic beta cell loss and insulin resistance. Wolfram syndrome is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder accompanied by insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and progressive optic atrophy. The pathogenesis of this rare neurodegenerative genetic disease is unknown. A Wolfram gene (WFS1 locus) has recently been mapped to chromosome 4p16.1, but there is evidence for locus heterogeneity, including the mitochondrial genome deletion. Recent positional cloning led to identification of the second WFS locus, a mutation in the CISD2 gene, which encodes an endoplasmic reticulum intermembrane small protein. Our results were obtained by the analysis of a families belonging to specific population, affected by Wolfram syndrome. We have identified the newly diagnosed genetic alteration of WFS1 locus, a double non- synonymous and frameshift mutation, providing further evidence for the genetic heterogeneity of this syndrome. Newly identified mutations may contribute to the further elucidation of the pathogenesis of Wolfram syndrome, as well as of the complex mechanisms involved in diabetes mellitus development.