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Basketball players are prone to injury. Advanced sporting nations have systematic injury monitoring systems for managing player’s health. The epidemiology of injuries occurring during practice and competitions were investigated for the male professional basketball players (n = 60) in South Korea. The data were prospectively collected which covered the pre- and regular seasons of 2019–2020, 2020–2021 and 2021–2022. The calculated injury rate ratios (IRRs) assessed the injuries based on number of athletes involved in games and practice. The pre-season injury rate (IR) was ~1.6 times higher compared to the regular season IR (IRR = 1.55, 95% CI (confidence interval) = 1.11–2.17, p = 0.008). The competition IR was ~4.3 times higher compared to the practice IR (IRR = 4.33, 95% CI = 3.90–6.04, p < 0.001). Ankle was the most frequently injured wherein lateral ankle sprains were highly prevalent. Practice injuries were mostly of non-contact nature, while those of competition were contact related (p < 0.001). In conclusion, overuse injuries such as muscle strains/spasms and inflammatory conditions were prevalent in practice, whereas acute injuries like sprains and contusions occurred in competitions. These findings demonstrated that injury characteristics of Korean Basketball League players varied by season and event type, which emphasized the significance of season- and event-specific injury prevention programs.

Testosterone plays an important role in regulating fertility, muscle mass and bone density. Low bone mineral density has been reported in men with testosterone deficiency syndrome (TDS); however, there is limited research available on the prevalence of TDS. In this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia in middle-aged and older men (n = 4707, age: 40–79 years) with TDS. Their total serum testosterone levels were measured, and TDS was defined as a testosterone level of ≤3.5 ng/mL. To assess bone mineral density, we used dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry to measure the density at the lumbar spine (L1–L4) and femoral neck (T-score: osteopenia ≤−1.0; osteoporosis ≤−2.5). We performed logistic regression analysis to calculate adjusted odds ratios (AORs) after adjusting for age, body mass index, physical activity and VO2peak (Volume oxygen peak). The results showed a significant difference in physical activity between men with TDS and those without TDS (NTDS) in both middle-aged and older age groups (p < 0.05). Among middle-aged men, the AOR for osteopenia in the lumbar spine was 1.2-fold higher (Confience interval, CI (Confidence interval), 1.017–2.698), and in the femoral neck, it was 1.3-fold higher (CI, 1.012–3.013) for individuals with TDS compared to those without TDS. In older men, the AOR for osteopenia in the femoral neck increased by 1.4-fold (CI, 1.029–2.530). In conclusion, our findings suggest that middle-aged men with TDS have a higher likelihood of experiencing osteopenia in both the lumbar spine and femoral neck, while older men are more likely to have osteopenia, specifically in the femoral neck, but not osteoporosis.

Obesity has become a global health challenge linked to morbidity and mortality associated with cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to compare metabolic health indicators according to obesity phenotypes and examine prevalence according to physical activity (PA) and sedentary time in metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) and metabolically unhealthy normal weight (MUNW). Data were obtained from 3242 men participating in the 7th and 8th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Participants were divided into four groups based on body phenotype and metabolic health status using obesity. Metabolic health was defined as metabolic syndrome. Representative statistical analyzes were one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multiple logistic regression analysis. Compared with MUNW, the MHO had higher obesity, but systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting glucose (FG), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), and total cholesterol (TC) were significantly lower. In comparison between MHO and metabolically healthy normal weight (MHNW), the same health group, there were no significant differences in SBP, FG, HbA1c, and LDLC. The odds ratio of MUNW in the normal weight group was 1.8 times higher than that of the high group in the low leisure PA group. The group with high sedentary time increased the MUNW odds ratio by 1.5 times compared to the low group. Meanwhile, in the obesity group, the high leisure PA group showed a 1.4-fold increase in the MHO odds ratio compared to the low group. In addition, the low sedentary group showed a 1.6-fold increase in the MHO odds ratio compared to the high sedentary group. In conclusion, MHO had higher adiposity than MUNW, but the metabolic health index was better. Low PA and high sedentary time increased the risk of MUNW even in normal weight. Conversely, high PA and low sedentary time increased the likelihood of MHO in the obesity group.