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Little is known about what predicts disengagement from rehabilitation treatment for people affected by severe and persistent mental illness (SPMI). To identify predictors of unplanned discharge among consumers admitted to community-based residential rehabilitation units in Australia. Secondary analysis of data from a prospective cohort study of consumers admitted to three Community Care Units (CCUs) between 2014 and 2017 (n = 139). CCUs provide transitional residential rehabilitation support to people affected by SPMI. Demographic, treatment-related and clinical predictors of unplanned discharge were identified using binomial regression models controlling for site-level variability. Factors associated with self- vs staff-initiated unplanned discharge were also examined. 38.8% of consumers experienced unplanned discharge. Significant predictors of unplanned discharge were younger age, higher alcohol consumption and disability associated with mental illness, as well as recovery stage indicating a sense of growth and higher competence in daily task performance. 63.0% of unplanned discharges were initiated by staff, mostly for substance-related reasons (55.9%). History of trauma was more likely among consumers with self-initiated discharge than those with staff-initiated unplanned and planned discharge. Assertive intervention to address alcohol-use, and ensuring care is trauma-informed, may assist in reducing rates of unplanned discharge from rehabilitation care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]