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[Display omitted] • Overview of fundamentals of Nb 2 O 5 as photocatalyst-structure and properties. • Heterojunction photocatalysts -Z and S scheme- charge transfer routes. • Recent advances in Nb 2 O 5 based heterojunctions for photocatalytic applications. • Strategies for improving the photocatalytic performance Nb 2 O 5 based heterojunctions. Significant advancements in the field of photocatalysis in recent years have highlighted the heterojunctions based on Nb 2 O 5 as a focal point of research. This comprehensive review diligently analyses the progress in Nb 2 O 5 -based heterojunctions for their application in photocatalysis, focusing on synthesis, characteristics and their pivotal role in addressing crucial energy and environmental challenges. The review emphasizes the fundamental principles of photocatalysis in pollutant removal and H 2 generation, elucidating key processes such as light absorption, charge generation and surface reactions. The different types of heterojunctions, their basic principles and role in enhancing the charge separation and overall photocatlytic performance have been discussed. The recent advances in Nb 2 O 5 -based heterojunctions are extensively discussed for the photocatalytic applications such as pollutants removal and H 2 evolution. Furthermore, the review delves into strategies employed to enhance the photocatalytic activity of Nb 2 O 5 -based heterojunctions such as doping, oxygen vacancies modification, morphological engineering and atomic control, as well as loading with support materials. Each strategy is explained, emphasizing its impact on charge separation and overall efficiency. The review concludes by highlighting existing challenges and providing insights into potential future directions that integrates synthetic processes, novel methods for photoelectric characterization, and an in-depth understanding of the local structure of Nb 2 O 5. This review serves as a valuable resource for researchers in the field, offering a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art in Nb 2 O 5 -based heterojunctions for advanced photocatalytic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• g-C 3 N 4 and MOFs based heterojunctions –synthesis routes and advantages. • Types of g-C 3 N 4 and MOFs heterojunctions were discussed-modification strategies. • g-C 3 N 4 and MOFs based heterojunctions for photocatalytic environmental remediation and energy production. • Conclusion and future research prospects on g-C 3 N 4 and MOFs based on heterojunctions. Photocatalytic technology has emerged as a promising solution for environmental remediation and energy production, and the development of efficient and stable photocatalysts is of great importance. Recent advances in g-C 3 N 4 /Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) heterojunctions have shown excellent potential in achieving high-performance photocatalytic environmental remediation and energy production. In this review, we have summarized the recent advances in the design and synthesis of g-C 3 N 4 /MOFs heterojunctions and their application in photocatalytic environmental remediation and energy production. We have discussed the advantages and challenges of g-C 3 N 4 /MOFs heterojunctions, such as enhanced light absorption, increased surface area, and improved electron-hole separation, and their effects on photocatalytic performance. We also highlight the recent research progress in the utilization of g-C 3 N 4 /MOFs heterojunctions for various environmental remediation applications, including the degradation of organic pollutants and the removal of heavy metals, as well as for energy production applications such as hydrogen evolution and CO 2 reduction. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the latest theoretical and experimental investigations into the mechanisms of photocatalysis in g-C 3 N 4 /MOFs heterojunctions, which can help to guide the rational design of high-performance photocatalysts. Our analysis of the literature reveals that g-C 3 N 4 /MOF heterojunctions have demonstrated excellent photocatalytic activity for the degradation of various pollutants, such as methyl orange, rhodamine B, and bisphenol A. For instance, a g-C 3 N 4 /ZIF-8 heterojunction achieved a photocatalytic degradation rate of 99.9% for methyl orange under visible light irradiation within 60 min. Moreover, the g-C 3 N 4 /MOF heterojunctions have also been found to be efficient in water splitting for hydrogen production. For instance, a g-C 3 N 4 /UiO-66 heterojunction achieved a hydrogen production rate of 1260 μmol h−1g−1 under visible light irradiation. The recent data on the advances in g-C 3 N 4 /MOFs heterojunctions demonstrate their enormous potential for practical applications in photocatalytic environmental remediation and energy production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Novel Z-scheme Bi 7 O 9 I 3 /B 4 C heterojunction synthesized by hydrothermal route. • Antibiotic as sacrificial agent- H 2 evolution and antibiotic removal simultaneously. • Antibiotic degradation route and photocatalytic mechanism probed. • Waste to clean energy concept. The dual-function photocatalytic systems with a promising capability for hydrogen evolution and simultaneous pollutant degradation are surely a significant step towards waste-to-energy conversion goals. However, the performance of such photocatalysts is often limited by poor visible-light activity, charge separation and surface reverse reaction involving photogenerated electrons and radicals/intermediates. In this work, we report hydrothermal synthesis of novel Bi 7 O 9 I 3 /B 4 C (BIBC) heterojunction photocatalyst for advanced Norfloxacin antibiotic degradation with simultaneous hydrogen evolution under visible light. In particular, BIBC-30 heterojunction shows H 2 evolution rate of 812 μmol g−1h−1 with simultaneous 94.2% NFN removal which are much higher than bare B 4 C (∼6 times) and Bi 7 O 9 I 3 (∼4 times). Under oxic/aerobic conditions too, a high 456.3 μmol g−1h−1H 2 evolution with nearly complete norfloxacin degradation was achieved. The low band gap of Bi 7 O 9 I 3 and presence of metallic Bio extends the absorbance to NIR region and B 4 C enlarges the surface area of junction along with suppression of the back reaction. It was observed that BIBC heterojunction exhibits manifolds H 2 evolution rate with NFN as sacrificial agent (18.3% apparent quantum efficiency) is manifolds higher than pure water, methanol, triethanolamine and rhodamine B. An effective Z-scheme charge transfer facilitated by Bio is active in the intimately coupled heterojunction with suitably placed energy bands. This work shows that waste to energy conversion can be promisingly achieved by performing H 2 evolution and pollutant removal simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fabricating magnetically recoverable solar-active photocatalysts with high performance capabilities for removal of recalcitrant and emerging pollutants has gained worldwide attention. Especially pharmaceutical pollutants as sulfonamides drugs which are now frequently detected in water systems are hard to remove because of their resistance to microbial and biological oxidation. This laboratory scale experiment presents synthesis of Mg substituted Zn nano-ferrite (Zn 1-x Mg x Fe 2 O 4) (x = 0, 0.2, 0.4) by facile modified sol-gel technique for sulfadiazine (SDZ) degradation. Effect of Mg doping on the zinc ferrite were investigated in this work which was analyzed by Transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The UV-diffuse reflectance spectroscopy studies reveal higher visible absorption extending to longer wavelengths. The VB of the ferrite catalyst shifts to 2.30 eV in substituted ferrite M2Z8 (x = 0.2) capable of hydroxyl radicals generation from H 2 O, which is difficult in parent ferrite without any Mg substitution. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and photo-current response analysis also reveal low impedance, higher charge flow and separation in case of M2Z8 catalyst which is reflected in the 99.1% SDZ degradation in 90 min with 73.2% total organic carbon removal in 120 min. Scavenging experiments confirm that hydroxyl radicals are main active species involved in degradation with Mg2+ and Fe3+ catalyzing the generation of hydroxyl radicals by undergoing redox process. LC-MS and TOC analysis confirm the drug mineralization. The work aims at fabricating solar active tunable photocatalysts for photo-degradation and mineralization of pharmaceutical pollutants using cost-effective approach. Unlabelled Image • Magnetic solar active nano-Zn 1-x Mg x Fe 2 O 4 photocatalyst-facile synthesis • Mg enhances the degradation rate and radical generation. • Shifting of CB and VB-Changed dynamics of radical generation • High performance degradation of sulfadiazine drug-visible and solar light • Mechanism elucidation, high mineralization and magnetic recovery [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]