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Our work was devoted to studying the effect of different concentrations of Mentha spicata aqueous extract on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in order to obtain the most effective of these concentrations for bacteria inhibitory activity. Different concentrations of the aqueous M. spicata extract (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 mM) were used as biological solvent to synthesize AgNPs by means of the reduction method. The crystal structure and morphology of the NPs were characterized UV–vis spectra, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The inhibition effect of AgNPs on Escherichia coli was studied to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The dark yellow color of the M. spicata extract aqueous solution indicates the successful synthesis of the AgNPs. UV spectra of the NPs show a gradual increase in absorption with increasing concentration of aqueous M. spicata extract solution from 0.25 to 1.00 mM, accompanied by a shift in the wavelength from 455 to 479 nm along with a change in the nanoparticle size from 31 to 9 nm. The tests also showed a high activity of the particles against bacteria (E. coli) ranging between 15.6 and 62.5 µg/ml. From the AgNPs, it was confirmed that aqueous M. spicata extract is an effective biosolvent for the synthesis of different sizes of AgNPs according to the solvent concentration. The AgNPs also proved effectual for the killing of bacteria.

Aluminum matrix composites are widely employed in aerospace, military, automobile, and transport applications. The high-strength with low-weight materials are required to fulfill the requirement of high-performance applications. The low-weight materials are reinforced with hard reinforcements to obtain high-strength-to-weight properties for using high-performance applications. The process parameters of fabrication technique define the mechanical and tribological properties. Many types of optimization tools are used for optimizing the process parameters of fabrication method. In this research, the aluminum alloy 7050 and boron carbide are selected as matrix material and reinforcement material. The fabrication of Al7050/B4C composites is produced by the stir casting method. The optimization on stir casting process parameters is done by using the Taguchi approach. The L9 orthogonal array is chosen for this investigation. The chosen input stir casting process parameters are wt% B4C, stirring time (10, 15, and 20 min), stirring speed (300, 350, and 400 rpm), and melting temperature (700, 750, and 800°C). The microhardness is selected as a valuable response parameter for optimizing the stir casting process parameters. The influencing stir casting process parameter sequence is determined by using mean table. The influencing parameters of stir casting on microhardness are stirring speed, stirring time, wt% B4C, and melting temperature. The 9 wt% of boron carbide addition increases the microhardness, and it is higher than the other wt%. The optimum combination of input process parameter combination is 9 wt% boron carbide, 750°C melting temperature, 350 rpm stirring speed, and 15 min stirring time (A3B2C2D2). The percentage of microhardness value improvement is 20.3%.

High specific strength, strength-to-weight ratio, cheap cost, and other advantages, nanofillers are now the subject of most research on natural fibers. The current research’s main goal is to combine the Taguchi and artificial neural networks (ANN) approaches to maximize the mechanical characteristics of nanocomposites. The parameters: (i) nano-SiO2 wt%, (ii) banana fiber wt%, (iii) compression pressure in MPa, and (iv) compression molding temperature in °C were selected to achieve the objectives above. An L16 orthogonal array was used to optimize the process parameters based on the Taguchi technique. According to the intended experiment, mechanical characteristics, such as tension, bending, and impact strength, were assessed. The ANN was used to forecast outcomes that were optimized. The fiber mat thickness of banana fiber and the weight ratio of nano-SiO2 showed a considerable improvement in the mechanical characteristics of hybrid composites. According to the Taguchi technique, the most significant mechanical characteristics were 47.36 MPa tensile, 64.48 MPa flexural, and 35.33 kJ of impact under circumstances of 5% SiO2, 19 MPa pressure, and 110 °C. With 95% accuracy, ANN-predicted mechanical strength. The ANN forecast was more accurate than the regression model and experimental data. The above nanobased hybrid composites are mainly employed to satisfy the needs of the contemporary vehicle sector.

This work focused on the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles by the coprecipitation method with three basic solutions, namely, NH4OH, KOH, and NaOH. The synthesized iron oxides were characterized by various techniques such as XRD, MET, BET, and a SQUID magnetometer. The results showed nanosized particles of 13.2, 9.17, and 8.42 nm and different phases associated to maghemite and maghemite/hematite. The surface areas were 113, 94, and 84 m2/g and the magnetization strength were 58, 61, and 75 emu/g to iron oxides synthesized with NaOH, KOH, and NH4OH, respectively. The magnetic iron oxides obtained using NaOH were more efficient in the removal of lead and arsenic by adsorption than iron oxides obtained with KOH and NH4OH. However, the magnetic strength decreases using NaOH and KOH. The highest adsorption capacities attained for lead and arsenic removal were 16.6 and 14 mg/g, respectively, using NaOH-based iron oxides.

Despite several attempts to enhance the electrical and charge carrier transport characteristics of porous silicon (PSi), the requisite conditions for optimally synthesizing n-PSi with appealing optoelectronic properties are yet to be achieved. Therefore, this research explores the effect of the chemical ratio of precursor materials (HF:C2H6O:H2O2) on the surface morphology, crystalline structure, and optical and electric properties of PSi. The PSi was produced by photoelectrochemical etching followed by anodization of the n-type Si under light illumination. The properties of the as-prepared PSi were studied by means of microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. The HF:C2H6O:H2O2 chemical ratio was optimized at 2 : 1 : 1. A metal–semiconductor–metal (MSM) ultraviolet photodetector (Pt/n-PSi/Pt) was fabricated, which exhibited high performances under UV light (365 nm) illumination. The photodetector was shown to be highly stable and reliable with a rapid rise time of 0.56 s at a bias voltage of +5 V. The MSM photodetector displayed responsivity (Rp) of 9.17 A/m at 365 nm, which significantly exceeds the values reported for TiC/porous Si/Si in some contemporary research. The photodetector fabricated from n-PSi, synthesized at an optimum chemical ratio (2 : 1 : 1) exhibited the best photodetection performance, possibly due to the high porosity and defect-free state of the n-PSi thin films.

The antimicrobial properties of copper are well-known but maintaining a low oxidation state of Cu in particles is difficult. Herein, antimicrobial CuxP particles were synthesized through phosphorization of Cu(OH)2, to lock copper in its monovalent state (as Cu3P). We found that the phosphorization could be achieved at temperatures as low as 200°C, with stable surface presence of Cu(I) on the resulting CuxP particles. Cu(I) can act as a one-electron reducing agent for molecular oxygen, to generate the highly reactive hydroxyl radical. In this study, CuxP displayed antibacterial activities on the Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli, with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 32 mg/L for the highest temperature particles (350°C) on both model bacteria. The evident membrane damage is consistent with the intended hydroxyl radical bacterial targeting mechanism. Low-temperature CuxP, although exhibiting lower antibacterial efficacies than those of the higher temperature variant, still showed competitive growth inhibiting activities when compared to other reported antimicrobial copper-based particles. The present work showcases advancements in particle technology that can lead to the development of a more robust antimicrobial agent, presenting a potent additive for self-disinfection applications.

This study explores the magnetohydrodynamic fluid flow through two rotating plates subjected to the impact of microorganisms. The nanoparticles of copper and alumina are mixed with water for formulating hybrid nanofluid with new combination C u + A l 2 O 3 + H 2 O . This new combination augments the thermal conductivity of pure fluid. The flow is influenced by the coupled effects of Dufour and Soret diffusions. The joined effects of chemically reactive activation energy have been incorporated in the mass transportation equation. A constant magnetic field has been employed to the flow field with strength B 0 in normal direction to the plates. The equations that controlled fluid flow have been transferred to dimension-free form by implementing suitable set of variables. The influence of the different factors has been examined theoretically by employing the graphical view of different flow profiles. It has been concluded in this work that, linear velocity has declined by augmentation in magnetic factor and rotational parameter whereas these factors have enhanced microrotational profiles of fluid. Higher values of radiation parameter, Dufour number, and volumetric fractions have augmented fluid’s thermal profiles. The concentration of fluid has been retarded with upsurge in Soret number and chemical reaction parameter whereas growth in activation energy parameter has supported the upsurge in concentration. The rate of motile microorganisms has retarded by upsurge in the values of Lewis and Peclet numbers. It has been noticed that when K r , M , and R e varies from 0.2 to 0.6 then in case of nanofluid, skin friction changes from 0.288 to 0.633 at ϕ 1 = 0.01 and from 0.292 to 0.646 at ϕ 1 = 0.02 and in case of hybrid nanofluid the variations in skin friction are from 0.328 to 0.646 at ϕ 1 , ϕ 2 = 0.01 and from 0.335 to 0.703 at ϕ 1 , ϕ 2 = 0.02 .

One of the most fundamental subjects in nanoscience and nanotechnology is structural analysis. We employed a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the manufactured Gd3+/13X/DOX/FA nanocomposite in this study. The size, dimensions, and morphology of nanocomposite materials were studied to ensure the uniformity and homogeneity of SEM images. This is the first study to look at segmented SEM images for fractal dimension (FD) and other statistical criteria, including average, maximum, minimum, skewness, and range for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) nanocomposite. The average of FD (FDavg), the standard deviation of FD (FDsd), and the lacunarity of FD (FDlac) fractal data analysis criteria were also employed. The findings show that particle sizes and shapes vary because the minimum-to-maximum range is not zero, and our data provide a reasonable range. This interpretation is further supported by an analysis of the nanocomposite’s SEM image. At first glance, the image seemed to be uniform. However, when the calculations were performed, it was discovered that the generated particles were not particularly uniform. The particles were uniformly dispersed throughout all surfaces, although their sizes, dimensions, and morphologies varied. In conclusion, the study was supported by fractal data analysis, emphasizing the importance of structural analysis for future research, particularly for medical applications like MRI.

Metallized cold-spray coatings were employed to make B4C/AA7075 and aluminum + plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) duplex coatings on AZ64. In addition, the phase structure, mechanical characteristics, wear, and PEO ceramic coatings examine the corrosion resistance. According to the findings, the PEO ceramic coating comprises α-aluminum oxide and γ-aluminum oxide, with some remnants of B4C still being preserved. PEO ceramic coatings outperformed their corresponding CS counterparts regarding mechanical characteristics and wear resistance. For example, the PEO-B4C coating achieved a hardness of 13.8 GPa and an elastic modulus of 185.5 GPa, which were 21.0% and 23.5%, respectively, more significant than the comparable values for the coating with CS. The PEO-B4C coating was 58% and 15.7% less abrasive than the equivalent CS coating due to its lower wear rate of 4.84 × 10−5 mm3/Nm and relatively lower of 0.64. The density of corrosion current in the PEO-treated B4C-AA7075 coating (3.735 × 106 A/cm2) is similar to the corrosion current density in the untreated CS coatings. Finally, compared to untreated CS B4C-AA7075, the coating’s mechanical characteristics and wear resistance are considerably enhanced by the PEO treatment.

Nanofluid is a new fluid with special characteristics that can be used in various industrial heat transfer applications. The nanofluid was created using the two-step approach of dispersing nanoparticles into Jatropha oil. The experiments were conducted for four samples of mixture nanofluid at four different volume concentrations of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2%. The nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffractometric analysis, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The greatest increase in thermal conductivity for CuO–Jatropha oil nanofluids was made possible by 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2% mixture was 4.5%, 6.01%, 7.6, and 9.1%. The study observed that a mixture achieved the highest thermal conductivity for nanofluid at 2%. At a mixture of 0.5%, the lowest value of thermal conductivity within the range under consideration, a “deeding” effect was seen. To determine the thermal conductivity of CuO–Jatropha oil nanofluids based on temperature, volume concentration, and nanoparticle mixture volume concentrations, the study suggested and compared four sample models. The effect of nanoparticles on the rise of thermal conductivity and viscosity was investigated at temperatures ranging from 298 to 323 K. The X-ray diffractometer is used to characterize nanoparticles. Viscosity and thermal conductivity have been tested in the lab. The findings show that the copper oxide nanoparticles improved the base fluid’s thermophysical abilities more than Jatropha oil alone. For the evaluation of the thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluid, new empirical correlations were presented based on experimental data. The thermal conductivity of the nanofluids increases as the temperature rises, while the viscosity of the nanofluids decreases.

Muscle fatigue as a defense body mechanism against overload is a result of the products of incomplete oxygen oxidation such as reactive oxygen species. Hence, C60 fullerene as a powerful nanoantioxidant can be used to speed up the muscle recovery process after fatigue. Here, the residual effect of C60 fullerene on the biomechanical and biochemical markers of the development of muscle soleus fatigue in rats for 2 days after 5 days of its application was studied. The known antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) was used as a comparison drug. The atomic force microscopy to determine the size distribution of C60 fullerenes in an aqueous solution, the tensiometry of skeletal muscles, and the biochemical analysis of their tissues and rat blood were used in this study. It was found that after the cessation of NAC injections, the value of the integrated muscle power is already slightly different from the control (5%–7%) on the first day, and on the second day, it does not significantly differ from the control. At the same time, after the cessation of C60 fullerene injections, its residual effect was 45%–50% on the first day, and 17%–23% of the control on the second one. A significant difference (more than 25%) between the pro- and antioxidant balance in the studied muscles and blood of rats after the application of C60 fullerene and NAС plays a key role in the long-term residual effect of C60 fullerene. This indicates prolonged kinetics of C60 fullerenes elimination from the body, which contributes to their long-term (at least 2 days) compensatory activation of the endogenous antioxidant system in response to muscle stimulation, which should be considered when developing new therapeutic agents based on these nanoparticles.

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were prepared by the sol–gel method and the structural, morphological, and optical properties were investigated at different sintering temperatures of 500, 600, 700, 800, and 900°C. A tetragonal structure of anatase, mixed (anatase–rutile), and rutile phases are observed in the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Pure anatase phase formation occurred at 500°C, whereas anatase-to-rutile phase transformation began at 600°C, and reaching complete conversion to rutile at 800°C. The average crystallite size increased from 23 to 34 nm for anatase and 38 to 62 nm for the rutile when sintering temperature increased from 500 to 900°C. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) result presented the increase of grain size (25–100 nm) with increasing the sintering temperature. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra demonstrated the presence of TiO2 vibrational bonds in all samples. The optical bandgaps of the sintered TiO2 nanoparticles decreased with rising sintering temperature. Photoluminescence spectra exhibited three characteristic peaks centered at 380, 450, and 550 nm. The emission intensity increased with increasing the sintering temperature. The Mie analysis was also studied to calculate scattering cross-section, forward scattering, and asymmetry for different grain sizes. The results showed that by increasing the nanoparticle diameters, the peaks of all spectra are redshifted for larger grain sizes and cross-section peaks shift to high values. In this study, the sintering temperature is observed to have a strong influence on crystalline phase transformation, microstructure, and optical properties of TiO2 nanoparticles. The TiO2 sample sintered at 900°C shows the best result to be used as luminescent material due to the low optical bandgap energy.

Silver phosphate (Ag3PO4) exhibits excellent photocatalytic performance but has limitation in its stability and reusability. To overcome the issue of reusability, composites of silver phosphate nanostructures are tailored. This paper elucidates the photocatalytic study of silver phosphate-anchored hydroxyapatite (HA) (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) on the degradation of commercial textile dye, Sunfix Red (SR) S3B 150% by changing the experimental parameters such as catalyst concentration, dye concentration, and pH of the dye solution under the sunlight. Silver phosphate-anchored HA (HA_Ag3PO4(x)) was prepared via a two-step process. HA was synthesized by a simple wet chemical precipitation and silver phosphate-anchored HA (HA_Ag3PO4(x)) via in situ ion-exchange method. The synthesized photocatalysts were subjected to characterization studies such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). All the synthesized composites exhibited the bandgap of 2.34 eV and degraded SR in 45 min with the rate constant 0.07168 min−1 under sunlight. The trapping tests for radicals were done to study the role of free radicals in the degradation of the dye, SR, and the possible degradation mechanism was proposed. The postphotocatalytic analysis of XRD showed that the structure of Ag3PO4 remained intact declaring its structural stability. It was observed that the concentration of AgNO3 precursor influenced the number of nucleation over the surface of HA and the particle size of Ag3PO4. The applicability of the synthesized material was extended to other organic dyes such as Sunzol Black (SB) DN conc., methylene blue (MB), and rhodamine B (RhB) by the prepared composite and the findings were presented.

The spread of infectious diseases across the globe as a result of numerous bacterial and fungal variations has become a serious threat to human life. A critical global situation is the need to search for antibiotic resistance and develop new treatments. The most crucial role is for academics to advise the pharmaceutical industry about substances with antimicrobial assessments. One of the challenges in implementing novel medicine delivery is the discovery of compounds having antibacterial and antifungal characteristics against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. The superiority of the metal oxide-doped liquid crystal technology for antibiotic resistance is revealed. In this work, a bacterially triggered drug delivery system using a nanometal oxide-doped lipid-based liquid crystal system was explored. Copper oxide (CU) and cholesteryl stearate (CS) are processed using ultrasonication to produce the complex chemical in powder form (CSCU). Functional groups are predicted by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyses, while surface appearance and dimensions that support the compound CSCU’s biological characteristics are revealed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analyses. Using the agar-well diffusion method, this substance was tested for antibacterial and antifungal activities against the Gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes at various concentrations ranging from 0.6 to 1.25 µg/ml. Additionally, this substance exhibits a range of moderate to good antifungal efficacy against Aspergillus niger.

Stem cell therapy has emerged as the most vibrant area of research, due to the capacity of stem cells for self-renewal and differentiation into different types of cell lines upon their culture. But lately, scientists become increasingly aware of the limitations of conventional 2D culture and stem cell culture media, due to several key drawbacks associated with this model, such as immune response upon transplantation, animal pathogen contamination, and complication, during developmental studies due to undefined factors in the cultural media. In this study, an attempt has been made to develop a new type of polymeric 3D scaffold based on the self-assembly of a star-like amphiphilic copolymer of poly(caprolactone)–poly(ethylene oxide) unit into nanowires (nanofibers), that have a scale similar to the native extracellular matrix and are capable of mimicking the extracellular microenvironment where the functional properties of stem cells can be observed and manipulated. The obtained data showed that polymeric-based nanofibers can be used as a 3D scaffold for mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) growth without losing their stem cell phenotype. The results obtained suggest that the polymeric 3D scaffolds (nanofibers) not only support stem cells’ growth and proliferation but also preserve the mESC pluripotency.

Al6061 alloy is most commonly used in automotive, marine, and aerospace applications to lighten the composite and increase its strength. Al6061 alloy is a precipitation-hardened aluminum alloy used as a matrix material. Beef bone is a biowaste that has polluted the environment and the people who live in the vicinity of its manufacturing and disposal sites. Biowaste has been used in a variety of ways by researchers in recent years, including activated carbon, water purification, reinforcement in composites, fillers, additives, etc. Beef bones that had been abandoned as waste were collected, cleaned, and grounded into a fine powder with a particle size of 50–100 nm and used as reinforcement. Squeeze casting process is used to create the newly created aluminum composite (Al6061 + 0%, 5%, 10% of bone powder). The aluminum composite was fabricated and three samples were successfully obtained for further testing and analysis. The prepared Al composites with nanopowder reinforcement are analyzed for surface morphology, elemental identification, hardness, porosity, tensile strength, and compression strength. The percentage of porosity in the composite is improved by 36.7% when compared to the Al6061 alloy. Similarly, the tensile strength of the produced composite is increased to 5.59%. A significant improvement is observed in the wear resistance and hardness of the composite as 54.55% and 48.65%, respectively.

This research evaluates the synthesis and characterization of nanometric-sized metallic particles with potential application as support materials for supplying nutrients to plants. Nanoscale Zn, Mn, Fe, and Cu oxides particles were synthesized using microwave-assisted synthesis. Nanoparticles (NPs) were characterized with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), specific surface area (SSA), and total chemical analysis. Synthesized NPs were all in oxide forms and characterized for confirmation of size, shape, surface structure, crystalline nature, and study of elemental proportion. The results indicate that synthesized NPs size was ranged between 20 and 50 nm and was all in their respective oxide forms as ZnO, Mn3O4, Fe3O4, and CuO.

The usage of nanofillers in composite materials has grown over time due to various benefits, including superior properties, better adhesion, and high stiffness. To accomplish this, 150, 200, 250, and 300 gsm of hemp fiber mat with various thicknesses and weight proportions of graphene powder, including 0%, 3%, 6%, and 9%, as well as 3, 6, 18, and 25 µm-sized particles, were used. High-speed mechanical stirring was used to evenly mix the nanofiller (nanographene) with the epoxy-based nanocomposites at various loadings. We looked at the bending and interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) properties of hybrid nanomaterials. According to the study, adding 300 gsm of hemp epoxy composites filled with 6 wt% nanographene has significantly improved mechanical properties. The development of a forecasting model to determine the mechanical properties using artificial neural networks (ANN). The constructed model has a significant connection with the test findings. A correlation of 0.9724 for the Levenberg–Marquardt training procedure indicates a significant connection between the predicted and experimental artificial neural models. The observational and projected results for bending and ILSS have

The aluminum metal matrix composites were broadly exploited in the applications of automotive, aerospace, and other defense with functionally graded materials-related application. Above applications definitely required excellent mechanical characteristics. Therefore, in this way, the major attempt was made on the nano-based composites with aluminum alloy utilization. In this research, aluminum alloy AA8011 and the ceramic-based reinforcement particles of nano boron carbide (B4C) were selected for producing the metal matrix composites by the liquefying process or stir casting route. The weight percentage of nano boron carbide particles having 15 wt% was subjected to add into the aluminum alloy during the stir casting process. Then, processed nano boron carbide and AA8011 specimens were prepared to conduct tribological behaviors with various processing conditions like sliding velocity, setting wear temperature, and applied load by the tribometer setup. The scanning electron microscope was employed to examine the processed composites samples and worn-out surface samples. Finally, the multiobjective optimization was used to measure the individual performances of the tribological parameters by the gray relational technique.

Graphite, due to its hexagonally arranged crystal structure, is a preferred lubricant. The crystal structure within a planar condensed ring system indicates that the layers are stacked in a direction that is parallel to each other. Researchers have reported that the use of graphite powder as a lubricant during machining has exhibited promising results. Mixture of graphite in a carrying medium demonstrated multifunctional lubrication performance due to the separation of sliding surfaces by a liquid lubricant film and protected by solid powder. Scientific literature has pointed out that graphite powder at the nanoscale has been used in various mechanical operations exhibiting promising results. It is found that nanolevel graphite powder has been used previously by researchers in the metal-forming operations and tribological tests. This emphasizes the significance of the present work, which investigates the impact of nanoscale differences in the particle size of graphite powder has on the machining of hardened steel. With SAE 40 oil functioning as the carrying medium and nanocrystalline graphite of various size range performing as the lubricant, the current work attempts to determine the effects of solid-lubricant-assisted machining. It is observed experimentally that the machining parameters have improved with respect to the particle size of the nanopowder. The experimental results show that the cutting forces, tool temperatures, and surface roughness are found to increase as the size of the nanocrystalline graphite powder is reduced from 70–90 to 5–10 nm. Using the experimental values, regression analysis is carried out to develop nonlinear expressions between the input and output variables using SPSS statistical tool. The data are used to develop the models to predict cutting forces, tool temperatures, and surface roughness for the input parameters like size of the nanocrystalline graphite powder, depth of cut, feed rate, and cutting velocity for a considerably good range in a scientific way so that further researchers can use it. Further, the outputs obtained from the experimentation and the regression equations are compared and analysis is carried out in terms of the error percentage.

Lithium ferrite and vanadium-doped lithium ferrite have been extensively studied in recent research because of their potential applications in thermochromic materials, optoelectronic devices, and as a cathode material for rechargeable lithium batteries. In the present investigation, lithium ferrite and lithium vanadium ferrite are synthesized by sol–gel process. According to the Scherrer formula, the average particle size of lithium ferrite is 22 nm and that of vanadium-doped lithium ferrite is 29 nm. The lattice parameters and dislocation density are calculated from the X-ray diffraction results. According to the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis, ferrites were formed that exhibit strong absorption bands. According to the energy-dispersive X-ray analysis spectrum, the predicted elements are present in the sample. With the use of a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), the materials’ magnetic behavior is investigated.

Acetaminophen (AP) is a commonly used drug that has been detected in groundwater systems in many countries, and has received much attention from researchers in recent years due to its potential environmental impact. In this research, uniformly distributed boron nitride quantum dots (BNQDs) were prepared by a simple ultrasound-solvothermal method. Electrochemical luminescence (ECL) spectroscopy confirmed that BNQDs can act as an effective coreactant to create excellent efficiency in amplifying the ECL intensity of ruthenium-based ECL system. Based on the excited state of Ru bpy 3 2 + ∗ and the energy transfer quenching of AP oxidation products in the luminescent system, an AP concentration-quenched drug sensor was successfully constructed. For this sensor, a wide linear dynamic range and low detection limits (5.0 × 10−7−1.0 × 10−5 mol/L and 4.8 × 10−9 mol/L, respectively) were achieved. This ECL drug sensor has excellent performance in the accurate determination of AP content, relieving the stress of the previous AP detection process, and has good reproducibility and recovery in actual sample measurements.

Macrobends are optical fiber structures suitable for detecting motion changes. This structure has been developed using single-mode fibers and a combination of single-mode and multimode fibers called hetero-core. In this study, a new macrobending structure was designed and developed by adding a nano-ZnO element to the fiber optic core based on Revolution 4.0. The addition of nanomaterial elements involves an etching process that uses harmful chemicals or high-cost laser technology. Therefore, hetero-core was applied in this study to replace the etching process. The ZnO-coated fiber optics with 10 (ZnO1), 20 (ZnO2), and 30 (ZnO3) times of dip coating were developed using the dip-coating method and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. Sensitivity measurement was conducted with glued optical fiber in the form of bending using a tape with a bending dimension of 2.5 cm × 1.5 cm and a wavelength of 1,550 nm. Morphological characterization using SEM proves that nanoparticles are attached to the optical fiber, and the EDX characterization confirms that the nanoparticles are ZnO elements. Optical fiber sensor sensitivity using core sizes 9, 50–9–50, 50–9–50 (ZnO1), 50–9–50 (ZnO2), and 50–9–50 (ZnO3) achieved sensitivity values of 0.91, 1.61, 2.98, 3.34, and 3.51, respectively. This study successfully produced ZnO-coated optical fiber sensors with a hetero-core structure without performing the etching process and successfully increased the sensitivity of the sensors.

This study is focused on the application of activated carbon nanoadsorbent derived from Ocimum basilicum Linn (sweet basil) leaves for the removal of methyl orange dye from an aqueous solution. The Ocimum basilicum Linn leaves are dried, powdered, cured with H2SO4, and thermally treated to form an activated carbon biosorbent. Sorbent characterization studies like scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy have revealed the adsorption of the methyl orange dye from their aqueous solution in the batch mode process. The biosorbent has shown a maximum adsorption capacity of 1.54 mg g−1 at 10 mg l−1 concentration, 1.2 g sorbent dosage, pH of 3, contact time of 180 min, and pHpzc at 3.9. Experimental results are analyzed using equilibrium models and it is found that the Langmuir isotherm model and kinetic model fit well and also the results have corresponded well with pseudo-first order. The intraparticle diffusion (IPD) mechanism has shown that pore diffusion occurs at a slower rate. The Elovich model has displayed that adsorption is affected by film diffusion. From the statistical optimization studies, it is demonstrated that Box–Behnken model can correlate the good agreement between experimental and predicted values. The highest adsorption capacity for the nanoadsorbent was found using quadrate models and optimizing the variables at a time of 237 min, initial dye concentration of 5.31 mg l−1, adsorbent dose of 1.22 g, and pH of 4.23.

The green synthesis of zinc sulfide nanoparticles (ZnS NPs)-mediated plant extract is gaining importance because of its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and ecofriendly nature. In this work, ZnS NPs were synthesized using garlic extract as NPs facilitating agent, characterized by Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and UV–visible, then their antibacterial and hemocompatibility were assayed. Analysis revealed a cubic phase, 2.33 nm crystallite size, and a 3.75 eV optical bandgap. Bioactivity test against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli indicated dose-dependent potency closer to that of azithromycin standard drug and more efficient on S. aureus (Gram-positive) than E. coli (Gram-negative) bacteria. Biocompatibility test in terms of erythrocyte hemolysis, in reference to normal saline and water as minimal and maximal controls, confirmed nontoxic substance up to 100 μg/mL as the highest examined concentration and at which a lysis of 2.9% was detected. Therefore, it could be concluded that this biogenic method is effective in producing ZnS NPs with desirable properties for potential biomedical applications.

A series of carbon fiber-reinforced carbon aerogel composites (C/CAs) were prepared via carbonizing phenolic fibers impregnated organic aerogel at temperatures ranging from 1,000 to 1,600°C. Phenolic fiber as soft reinforcement shrinks synchronously with the aerogel matrix during the preparation process, which effectively avoided microcracks and achieved an excellent reinforcement effect. The effects of carbonization temperatures on the mechanical and thermal insulation properties of the C/CAs were investigated via pore structural and morphological analysis, as well as the characterization of mechanical strength and thermal conductivity. The results show that the compressive strength of C/CA is 1.26–2.14 MPa in xy-direction and 0.55–1.20 MPa in z-direction. The obtained bending strength range from 1.92 to 3.62 MPa with the carbonization temperature increase from 1,000 to 1,600°C. The thermal conductivity of C/CA-1000 at 1,800°C is 0.1637 W·m−1·K−1 while that of reached 0.2713 W·m−1·K−1 of C/CA-1600. Further study found that the change of porosity and pore size caused by the closure of micropores at high temperatures should be responsible for performance evolution.

We provide a theoretical study for the dynamical behavior of two-photon Rabi oscillations in two coupled quantum dots. Each dot is a three-level quantum system (ground, one-exciton, and biexciton states). We describe the optical dynamics within the density matrix formalism framework. The two-photon Rabi oscillations are found to be significantly affected by the strength of the interdot dipolar interaction. Using a detuned laser pulse with an exciton state of the driven quantum dot in our numerical simulations, a direct coherent excitation between the biexciton states can be established, but whether Rabi oscillations can be observed depend mainly on the strength of the dipolar interaction and bandwidth of the excitation laser. When the strength of the dipolar coupling is less than the excitation laser bandwidth, the time-dependent populations of the various two biexciton states of the system exhibit coherent oscillations with several frequencies. However, as we increase the dipolar coupling strength, the population transfer between the quantum dots levels amazingly becomes forbidden, and the excitation gets trapped at the initial state. The reduction of the influence of the dipolar interaction leads to a manipulation of two-photon Rabi oscillation in an ultrashort timescale (∼ps), opening possibilities to achieve ultrafast quantum state control and quantum logic gate generation.

Chromium(III)-doped nickel–ferrite nanoparticles, with the general formula Ni0.5Co0.5CrxFe2−xO4 (x = 0.0, 0.10, and 0.20), were prepared by the sol–gel method. The prepared samples were sintered at 700°C for 5 hr. The XRD result showed that the prepared samples are in single-phase partially inverse cubic spinel ferrite structures with space group Fd3m. From the XRD characterization, the average crystallite size for all samples decreased from 39.54 to 30.42 nm and the lattice parameters are found to be 0.8324, 0.8320, and 0.8314 nm for x = 0.0, 0.10, and 0.20, respectively. The energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy analysis confirmed the presence of all ions as per the stoichiometric ratios. The vibrating sample magnetometer measurements revealed that the saturation magnetization (Ms), remnant magnetization (Mr), and coercive fields are found to be decreased with increasing concentration of Cr3+ ions. The UV–vis spectroscopy analysis showed that the energy bandgap (Eg) increased with increasing the concentration of Cr3+ ion from 1.61 to 1.96 eV. The Fourier transform infrared spectra show the two main absorption bands at 407–424 cm−1 and 547–588 cm−1 corresponding to stretching vibrations of metal–oxygen in the octahedral and tetrahedral sites, respectively.

Novel single and binary photocatalysts were synthesized by coprecipitation method. The crystal structure, surface area, morphology, bandgap energy, functional groups, and optical properties were characterized using XRD, BET, SEM-EDX, UV/vis, FTIR, and PL instruments, respectively. Aqueous solutions of the model contaminant alizarin yellow (AY) dye and real wastewater sample solutions were used to evaluate the photocatalytic activity of single and binary nanocomposite. We found that the photocatalytic activity of CeO2/Ag3PO4 binary nanocomposite is higher than that of their individual counterparts. We investigated the effects of operating parameters such as pH, initial dye concentration, and photocatalytic loading on AY dye degradation. Under optimal conditions, the binary system showed an efficiency of 96.99%. The binary photocatalyst showed relatively higher AY photolysis efficiencies than actual wastewater, about 96.56% and 57.76%, respectively. The actions of various scavengers suggest that ·O2 and ·OH scavengers play an important role in AY decomposition. When the reusability of the photocatalyst was tested, only a reduction of about 20% was observed after four consecutive runs. The degradation of AY follows pseudo-first-order kinetics for newly synthesized nanocomposite. This result indicates that the binary nanocomposite can serve as an excellent medium for electron transport.

Plant-based essential oils are hydrophobic, volatile concentrate extracted from aromatic plants. They are the upcoming alternative and appealing source of antimicrobial compounds, citral (major constituent of lemongrass oil) being one of them, whose antiquorum sensing, in vivo delivery, and insecticidal potential need further exploration. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most prevalent, clinically lethal pathogens, which is resistible toward various treatments because of the inherent resistance acquired by the organism to many classes of drugs (multidrug resistant (MDR)). Moreover, fruit flies have been considered as the vectors of potentially lethal and opportunistic pathogens, including multiantibiotic-resistant microbes. As a result, controlling both the pathogen and its host vector are of utmost importance. The present study focused on the efficacy of essential oil of citral (EOC) and its nanoencapsulated form on quorum sensing inhibition (QSI) of P. aeruginosa PAO1 and its insecticidal activity against Drosophila melanogaster. Chitosan-based citral nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized using hydrodynamic size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Citral nanoparticles at sub-minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) exhibited QSI potential by attenuating biofilm formation (p-value

The aim of this paper is to increase a new biodegradable implant material’s biodegradability, biocompatibility, and osteoinductivity in the long-term degradation process, as well as its antibacterial properties, novel carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with or without Cu element were doped into calcium phosphate (CaP)–chitosan (CS) layers and then fabricated to obtain the magnesium (Mg) matrix composites. In this paper, we investigated the influences of the CNTs-CaP-CS/Mg composites on proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human osteosarcoma cell (SaOS-2) and human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs). Furthermore, the Cu/CNTs-CaP-CS/Mg was prepared to improve the bioactivity and antibacterial activity of the composites. The results indicated that CNTs-CaP-CS/Mg composites were suitable for proliferation and differentiation of SaOS-2 cells. Stimulated by the CNTs-CaP-CS/Mg extracts, the ALP expression of hBMSCs increased in the first 16 days and the mineralization ability of hBMSCs was highly expressed throughout the whole process which might be through the Erk1/2 signaling pathway. After CNTs-loaded Cu element, the bioactivity of the coating was satisfactory. Moreover, this new implant exhibited excellent antibacterial properties for Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus albus (S. albus). Collectively, these data suggest that the CNTs-CaP-CS/Mg and Cu/CNTs-CaP-CS/Mg might be potentially applied as bone implants for future clinical use.

In this work, the impact of the serpentine copper tube heat exchanger with nanofluids on 100 W solar photovoltaic thermal collectors (PV/T) was analyzed experimentally and numerically. The cooling fluids assessed in this system were distilled water, Al2O3 0.1%, and Al2O3 0.2% based nanofluids. Tests were accomplished at diverse coolant mass flow rate in India’s summer days of 2018. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) investigation was carried out to perform a parametric study, identify surface and exit T profiles, and examine the cooling effectiveness. The impact of mass flow rate of nanofluid on the outside T and Reynolds number were studied. The Reynolds number obtained in the flow experiments and CFD analysis was in the range of 900–1,300. The maximum irreversibility occurred while using water, whereas minimum irreversibility obtained Al2O3 0.2% nanofluid. Exergy efficiency was found to be increased from 20% to 36% during the day. It was identified that the increase in PV/T scheme led to higher exergy losses. The thermal efficiency of a water-based cooling system resulted in 53.61%. Meanwhile, Al2O3 0.1% and Al2O3 0.2% based coolants provided 69.45% and 71.02%, respectively. A good agreement was obtained between the experimental results and the computer model.

Among the metallic nanoparticles (NPs), silver NPs are the leading anticancer nanoagents due to their physicochemical properties and inhibitory activities against different cancers. Many reports exhibited the cytotoxic effect of silver-NPs fabricated by cyanobacteria against various cancer cell lines. However, their lethal mechanisms have not been elucidated. The antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects of silver-NPs synthesized previously using Nostoc Bahar M (N-SNPs), and their associated mechanisms were evaluated in the solid Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) tumor-bearing mice model. Blood parameters, liver enzymes (alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase), lactate dehydrogenase, adenosine triphosphate, and oxidative stress markers, including glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and malondialdehyde, were analyzed. In addition, the expression of pro- and antiapoptotic genes and proteins was screened utilizing quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. N-SNPs significantly reduced tumor size in mice without affecting body weight and did not compromise liver function or alter blood parameters. Besides, N-SNPs negatively impact membrane integrity and metabolic activity and significantly enhance oxidative stress by causing an imbalance in antioxidant activity in tumor tissues. Intriguingly, N-SNPs-stimulated apoptosis signaling pathways via a combination of enhanced and suppressed responses of pro- and antiapoptotic genes and proteins. The cytotoxic activity and apoptosis effect of N-SNPs in tumor tissue could be attributed to the surge in reactive oxygen species production and depletion of antioxidant activity. Certainly, N-SNPs could provide robust antitumor agents against solid tumors.

Zinc chromite (ZnCr2O4)-based nanoparticles have various exceptional properties that make them suitable for use in a variety of fields, including chemistry, medicine, energy, the environment, industry, and information. In this work, nanocrystalline ZnCr2O4 has been effectively synthesized with a distinct fuel by microwave-assisted solution combustion method. The XRD results reveal a single-phase high pure formation of nanoscale ZnCr2O4. The ZnCr2O4 samples are further characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscope, UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometer. The results reveal that modifying the fuel precursors in the combustion technique played an impact on the particle size, bandgap energy, magnetic properties, and reaction time of the ZnCr2O4 preparation. The average particle size of the various samples ranged from 18.6 to 13.9 nm with various fuels. The significance of this study is the tuning effect of optical and magnetic properties of ZnCr2O4 by using various fuel precursors.

Photoluminescent carbon quantum dots (CQDs) were synthesized from lemon juice precursors via single-step, hydrothermal techniques under different temperatures to control the optical properties. The synthesized CQDs were characterized by PL, illuminated UV analyzer chamber, UV–vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometer, Fourier-transformed infrared spectrophotometry, and zeta potential techniques. The results show that the synthesized CQDs had an excellent blue–green emission extending up to the infrared region with high quantum yield (Φ) in the range of 14%–41%. The effect of reaction temperature and the aging of CQDs on the emission spectra of CQDs are also investigated. Furthermore, the adsorption effect of the synthesized CQDs was evaluated on methylene blue (MB) dyes. The result indicated the synthesized CQDs have excellent adsorbent properties with a removal efficiency of 60%–82% and an extremely fast adsorption rate of 6 × 10−2 min−1 for MB dyes.

Thin-film-based photovoltaics offer affordable solar panels (high energy output per unit cost). Various materials have been used for thin-film solar cells, and still, new materials are being tested. In this work, the overall performance of GeSe is enhanced theoretically from a generic solar structure to a configuration that yields a whopping 33.12% efficiency along with an open circuit voltage of 1.04 V by optimizing various active layers using solar cell capacitance simulator SCAPS. The results have been explained most simply, utilizing the physics behind introducing hole transport layers in solar cells. The work also shows how certain contradictions in parameter values in the literature of GeSe can influence the cell’s performance. The result shows why the substrate structure is better than the superstrate structure. Most of the reported results are on superstrate structure, which might have caused poor performance in previously experimentally produced GeSe solar cells.

The goal of the current study is to theoretically evaluate the heat and mass transfer behavior of magnetohydrodynamic Casson and Williamson fluids as they pass through a stretched sheet with Brownian and thermophoresis effects. The evolution of high-density heat devices necessitates efficient thermal transportation. For these requirements, the concept of nanofluid plays an active role. This article describes the effects of Cattaneo–Christov. This study introduces new concepts such as motile microorganism bioconvection, non-Fourier heat flux, and activation energy. A Runge–Kutta-based shooting procedure is used to solve the problem. The effects of the relevant parameters on velocity, thermal, concentration, and motile microorganisms are depicted graphically. The computed reduced Nusselt, Sherwood, and motile density numbers are displayed in tables in this study. When compared to the Williamson fluid, the thermal and concentration fields of the Casson fluid are heavily influenced by the parameters.

The immunomodulatory role of monocytes is essential for tissue healing and can influence the osseointegration of implanted materials. Properties such as the surface structure, hydrophilicity, and roughness of the implanted materials can modulate monocyte–macrophage function. In this study, we characterized material-hydrogenated TiO2 nanotubes (H-TNT) with superhydrophilic surfaces to investigate the effect of H-TNT on macrophage polarization and osseointegration. H-TNT were prepared by anodic oxidation and hydrogenation and used in the experimental group, while TNT and smooth pure Ti were employed in the control groups. RAW264.7 cells were selected to observe the immunomodulatory effect of these samples. The cell morphology was observed via scanning electron microscopy, and cytokine expression was detected using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescence staining. After 24 hr of cultivation, the macrophage-conditioned medium was collected and used for indirect coculture with MC3T3-E1 cells. The morphology of MC3T3-E1 cells was observed using fluorescence staining. Cell adhesion and proliferation were measured using the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. Alkaline phosphatase activity measurement, alizarin red staining, calcium quantification, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction were performed to assess the osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. The results showed that H-TNT promoted the M2-type polarization of macrophages, which in turn influenced the adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. These materials can serve as useful candidates for bone implants because they activate macrophages to produce a favorable osteoimmunomodulatory microenvironment.

Fluorinated-defective titanium dioxide (F-TiO2−x) was successfully synthesized by fluorination of TiO2 through the hydrothermal method. The microstructure and physicochemical properties of the catalyst were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–vis DRS). As expected, F-TiO2−x demonstrates high photocatalytic activity and stability on dye degradation. Results indicated that fluorine element can effective for stabilizing Ti3+ and oxygen vacancies on the surface of F-TiO2−x. With the increase in the amount of hydrofluoric acid (HF) added, the photocatalytic performance of the prepared material is first increased and then decreased, and the catalyst shows the best performance when the amount of HF added is 0.3 mL. For three different dyes, the catalysts all showed a certain photocatalytic degradation performance, and the degradation effect of rhodamine B was the best.

Nanotechnology is an evolving interdisciplinary field of research interspersing material science and nanobiotechnology. Nanoparticles are studied extensively for their specific catalytic, magnetic, electronic, optical, antimicrobial, theranostic, diagnosis, wound healing, and anti-inflammatory properties. ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) have many applications owing to their unique characteristics, which include low cost, nontoxicity, abundance in nature, and the ability to prepare compounds with varying morphologies having different properties. The main aim of the study is to biosynthesis of ZnO nanoparticles coated with silver from the aqueous extract of Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst and to evaluate its antidiabetic potential by performing alpha-glucosidase inhibition and alpha-amylase inhibition assays and to evaluate the anticancer potential by cytotoxicity (MTT) assay against human breast cancer MDA-MB 231 cell lines. The biosynthesis of ZnO nanoparticles coated with Ag was characterized by UV–vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscopy. An increasing concentration in the biosynthesized ZnO nanoparticles coated with Ag produces strong antidiabetic activity through enzyme inhibition effect and anticancer activity through the reduction of cell viability. The present study recommended that the “Biological” method of biological nanoparticle production is a promising approach that allows synthesis in aqueous conditions, with low energy requirements and low costs. In the future, the mycosynthesized nanoparticles might be used in the medical arena to treat and prevent diseases.

Dendrimers are well-defined nanoparticles, which have far-reaching application in the field of chemistry. Many efforts have been devoted to development of dendrimer due to thier unique structure and various properties and broad application. It helps in varieties of purposes as a catalyst in drug delivery and drug design. The topological descriptor analyze the structure–property relationship of chemical compounds. In this paper, some numerical expressions have been obtained to understand the behavioral pattern of chiral polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer and PAMAM anthracene moieties dendrimer. The analytical expression has been plotted and compared with varieties of indices to show how it varies between each indices.

For the development of supercapacitors, electrode materials with the advantages of simple synthesis and high specific capacitance are one of the very important factors. Herein, we synthesized g-C3N4 and NiCo2O4 by thermal polymerization method and hydrothermal method, respectively, and finally synthesized NiCo2O4/g-C3N4 nanomaterials by mixing, grinding, and calcining g-C3N4 and NiCo2O4. NiCo2O4/g-C3N4 nanomaterials are characterized by X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The microscopic morphology, lattice structure, and element distribution of NiCo2O4/g-C3N4 nanomaterials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy, high resoultion transmission electron microscopy, and mapping methods. The electrochemical performance and cycle stability of NiCo2O4/g-C3N4 were tested in a 6 M KOH aqueous solution as electrolyte under a three-electrode system. Due to the physical mixing structure of g-C3N4 and NiCo2O4 nanomaterials, the electrochemical energy storage performance of NiCo2O4/g-C3N4 supercapacitor electrodes is better than that of NiCo2O4 supercapacitor electrodes. At a current density of 1 A/g, the capacitances of NiCo2O4 and NiCo2O4/g-C3N4 are 98.86 and 1,127.71 F/g, respectively. At a current density of 10 A/g, the capacitance of NiCo2O4/g-C3N4 supercapacitor electrode maintains 70.5% after 3,000 cycles. NiCo2O4/g-C3N4 electrode has excellent electrochemical performance, which may be due to the formation of physical mixing between NiCo2O4 and g-C3N4, which has broad application prospects. This research is of great importance for the development of materials in high-performance energy storage devices, catalysis, sensors, and other applications.

The development of a product that has simultaneous wound healing, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties is desirable for wound healing medicine. In this study, glycine–histidine–lysine (GHK) peptide as a skin repair accelerator was coupled to L-carnitine with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties to investigate its new wound healing properties in a nanoparticle (NP) platform. The conjugate was synthesized by solid-phase synthesis method with Fmoc chemistry, purified by preparative HPLC, and was identified with ESI-Mass technique. The conjugate was then loaded into PLGA NPs, which was prepared using solvent evaporation technique. Zetasizer results showed a mean size and zeta potential of 193.15 nm and −30.2 ± 3.8 mV for the conjugate-loaded PLGA NPs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) exhibited spherical-shaped morphology for the NPs with uniform size distribution (PDI = 0.265). Conjugate release from the NPs was about 10% at initial time, which increased to more than about 70% at 200 hr, exhibiting a sustained release trend. Additionally, the treatment of fibroblasts with the nanoconjugate indicated its biocompatibility. Compared to GHK, L-carnitine and free conjugates, the most satisfactory wound healing activity was observed for conjugate-loaded NPs upon wound closure in a rat model of skin injury repair. Furthermore, more epithelialization and neovascularization were observed for L-carnitine–GHK nanoconjugate. Taken together, the L-carnitine–GHK conjugate-loaded PLGA NP will be a promising candidate for wound healing management.

Polymeric carbon nitride (PCN), as a metal-free photocatalyst, has drawn wide attention in the photocatalytic H2 evolution. However, the photocatalytic activity of directly synthesized PCN is limited by its low crystallinity. Currently, regulating the melon-based PCN into tri-s-triazine-based crystalline PCN to further optimize its structure has been proved to effectively improve its photocatalytic activity. The heptazine-based crystalline carbon nitride, potassium poly(heptazine imide) (abbreviated as K-PHI), has been used in photocatalytic H2 evolution benefiting from its high crystallinity, as the high crystallinity narrows the bandgap and increases the light capture efficiency and increases the charge mobility. Nevertheless, the effect of synthesis temperature on crystallinity has not yet been reported. In this work, the effect of temperature on the crystallinity of heptazine-based crystalline carbon nitride was studied by one-step synthesis at different temperatures. It shows that the heptazine-based crystalline structure appears when the temperature exceeds 540°C. Additionally, the crystallinity of all samples is gradually improved with increasing temperature until the sample begins to decompose beyond 630°C. The sample synthesized at 630°C demonstrates the highest photocatalytic H2 evolution rate of 1.798 mmol h−1 g−1 under visible light irradiation, which is 31.5 times that of bulk PCN. Based on systematic material characterizations, the mechanism of the effect of synthesis temperature on crystallinity and the contribution of crystallinity to photocatalytic efficiency were revealed.

Tin dioxide (SnO2) nanoparticles doped with varying concentrations of copper were synthesized and characterized using various techniques. The X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that all doped and undoped SnO2 samples had a rutile-type tetragonal structure. The average crystalline size of the doped samples estimated using Scherrer’s formula and the Williamson–Hall plot decreased as dopant concentration increased. Images from scanning electron microscopy revealed spherical grains in the samples. The transmission electron microscope was used to examine the particle nature, and nearly spherical particles were discovered. The energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analyses confirmed that the synthesized nanoparticles were nearly stoichiometrically composed of the expected elements copper, oxygen, and tin. The bandgap energy of doped and undoped SnO2 nanoparticles was determined using UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectra, and it was found to decrease as Cu2+ ion concentration increased. The photoluminescence study at the excitation wavelength of 300 nm revealed defect-oriented emissions between 350 and 500 nm. All the obtained results showed that the physical properties of SnO2 can be easily engineered through Cu doping for various optoelectronic applications using a low-cost coprecipitation method.

Difference differential amplifiers (DDA), which were built on FinFET and carbon nanotube FET (CNTFET), are frequently used for signal processing owing to their advantages of low-power dissipation and reduced device dimension. In this work, high-performance DDA was established using CNTFET model parameters as well as FinFET 7 nm and 14 nm technology. The DDA circuit used in this scenario was identically the same to the one used previously. With the use of Verilog AMS code-based Stanford model parameters applied CNTFET and 7 nm and 14 nm FinFETs, schematic capture and simulations of the DDA were carried out in the Symica environment. The mostly used measurements for assessing the performance of operational amplifiers were also adopted for DDA. The CNTFET-based difference differential amplifiers have slew rates of 10.8 V/femtosecond and 11.2 mV/femtosecond, respectively, with settling times of 0.65 femtosecond and 0.43 femtosecond, respectively. The power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) is 2.53 dB with a dynamic range of 198 mV and 6 mV for CNTFET DDA operating at 0.6 V DC. The incentives of CNTFET appropriateness for DDA designed in this study for any analogue front end were further demonstrated by using CNTFET for DDA with the achievement of open loop differential gain of 116.03 dB with BW of 4 GHz and phase margin of 270 and common mode gain of -28.65 dB with BW of 55.14 MHz and phase margin of 270.

The present work aims to develop Cu/ZrO2 surface composite by friction stir processing and analyse the effect of zirconia incorporation on microstructure, mechanical, and tribological behaviour of developed copper matrix composite. Microstructural observations indicated that grains were equiaxed and fine in the stir zone of the composite and zirconia particles were uniformly dispersed in the copper matrix with excellent bonding. The test results for mechanical and wear behaviour showed increment in hardness and wear resistance as compared to copper which may be because of the effect of zirconia presence and grain refinement. The fabricated composite displayed higher value of average friction coefficient in comparison to as received copper. The worn surface observed by SEM revealed the predominance of adhesion and delamination wear mechanism in base copper.

Most of the automobile engine components are made up of cast iron because of its low cost, damping characteristics, castability, and commercial considerations. In modern days, the blended biodiesels are introduced into the CI engine to reduce the usage of petroleum fuels. The following problems are identified in utilizing the biodiesels, they are lower efficiency, power, wear in the engine cylinder and piston crowns, more emission from the exhaust, and performance. To overcome the wear problem in cylinder liner and piston crown, the dual coating is developed using electroless coating and plasma spray coating, and this deposit acts as a thermal barrier to the engine. The electroless Ni-P-TiO2 composite coating process parameters are optimized using the Taguchi technique with multiresponse grey relational analysis. The plasma spray coating is developed over electroless Ni-P coating using Yttria-stabilized Zirconia for the total thickness of 2 mm. The coated components are installed in the CI engine for further testing and analysis. The morphology of the coated surfaces is tested using the scanning electron microscope. The optimization process used to improve the Ni-P coating thickness, surface roughness, and thermal resistance of the engine components. Also, the performance and emissions in the engine are reduced significantly. The emission from the CI engine such as NOx, COx, and HC are reduced significantly. The emissions of CI engine such as NOx, CO2, CO, and HC of the noncoated engine shows higher, and EPSCE engine condition shows less pollution. The percentage of improvement in terms of emissions are 27%, 70%, 6.4%, and 21%, respectively. The performance is improved to 3% and 27.8%, respectively, for specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency.

Graphene has piqued the interest of many researchers due to its superior mechanical, thermal, and physiochemical properties. Graphene nanoplatelets with covalently functionalized surfaces (CF-GNPs) were employed in turbulent-heated pipes to undertake thermal and economic studies. CF-GNPs and distilled water were used to make the current nanofluids at various mass percentages, such as 0.025, 0.05, 0.075%, and 0.1 wt.%. In the range of 6,401 Re 11,907, the thermal system was heated up to 11,205 W/m2 under fully developed turbulent flow conditions. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), zeta potential, nanoparticle sizer, and field emission transmission electron microscopy (FE-TEM) were used to examine the morphological features and characterise the particles. In addition, the current thermal system’s economic performance was assessed to estimate its price-to-operate ratio. There was a 16.10% reduction in heat exchanger size for 0.025 weight percent, 0.05 weight percent, 0.075 weight percent, and 0.1 weight percent. In addition, the power needed for the base fluid was 422 W, which was then lowered to 354 W, 326 W, 315 W, and 298 W for 0.025 wt.%, 0.05 wt.%, 0.075 wt.%, and 0.1 wt.%, respectively.

The simple, accurate, and rapid detection of foodborne pathogens is essential for public health. Development of an immunomagnetic separation (IMS) multiplex touchdown PCR (IMS–multiplex TD–PCR) assay for simultaneous detection and distinguishing of C. jejuni and C. coli is reported herein. Polyclonal antibody (pAb) against multiepitope antigen (MEA) was conjugated to ferromagnetic nanoparticles (FMNs) to produce anti-MEA FMNs. Optimal anti-MEA FMNs loading yielded 26.7 μg of immunoglobulin G (IgG) molecules per mg of FMNs with an average size of 72 ± 9 nm, corresponding to an 83% rate of pAb conjugation. Anti-MEA FMNs (20 μg) for IMS captured culturable C. jejuni cells at 3.54 × 10 2 colony-forming unit (CFU)/mL in pure culture, while higher amounts (40 and 60 μg) reduced the recovery. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis revealed the attachment of anti-MEA FMNs to target bacteria, forming aggregated cells and magnetic nanoparticles in ellipse-like shapes. The subsequent multiplex TD–PCR assay simultaneously detected and distinguished C. jejuni and C. coli at 104 CFU/mL in mixed culture and at 103 CFU/mL for each individual species. Furthermore, the limit of detection (LOD) of the IMS–multiplex TD–PCR assay was 104 CFU/g in spiked chicken breast samples. Specificity was 100% for both C. jejuni and C. coli as none of the amplicons were detected in control samples where Campylobacter was absent. This assay is able to detect and distinguish C. jejuni and C. coli simultaneously and is simple, accurate, and rapid with a time to result of 4 h without an enrichment step, making it a promising approach for rapid and culture-free detection of Campylobacter in chicken products.