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Gut microbiota composition may affect the central nervous system (CNS) and immune function. Several studies have recently examined the possible link between gut microbiota composition and multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Most of these studies agree that patients with MS suffer from dysbiosis. Moreover, an altered proportion of certain phyla of bacteria was detected in the digestive tracts of these patients compared to healthy individuals. This review article gathers information from research papers that have examined the relationship between gut microbiota composition and MS and its possible mechanisms. • Gut microbiota diversity in patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS) is similar to that of healthy controls. • The overall composition of the gut microbiota seems to be significantly different in MS patients from healthy controls. • The gut microbiota of MS patients in the active state of the disease has lower diversity than healthy controls. • Disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) for MS patients change the gut microbiome composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]