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Companies often develop collaborative joint ventures with nonprofits, and sometimes help their nonprofit partners with the marketing activities associated with these projects. Often, the assistance furnished is embodied in a transfer of knowledge from a firm to a nonprofit and involves knowledge about marketing techniques, strategies and methods. This article presents the results of a survey concerning the extents, natures and effectiveness of marketing knowledge transfers taking place between 291 UK enterprises and their nonprofit partner organisations. The survey covered the knowledge transfer methods that companies employed, the scope of the knowledge communicated, the factors that encouraged or impeded marketing knowledge transfer, and the considerations that determined which partner completed most of the marketing tasks associated with a project. It emerged that knowledge transfers occurred mainly through face-to-face communications, though with little formal teamworking. Both the extent and the effectiveness of transfers depended on the degree of marketing knowledge within the nonprofit partner, on levels of knowledge specificity and project complexity, and on the financial importance of the collaboration. The extent of knowledge transfer was additionally influenced by cultural and organisational distance. Similar considerations affected commercial partners' decisions to do most of the marketing work required by a collaboration. Such decisions were especially likely if anti-marketing bias existed within the nonprofit organisation and if the nonprofit's staff knew little about marketing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Replies to Nicholas Capadi's comments on progressive reduction of economic inequality is a macromarketing task. Discussion on inequality; Refutation of the claim that income inequality is a form of social investment; Proposal of diffusion of technologies that produce employment, buying power and better quality of life; Need of collective action to resolve questions involving rights and duties.

The article focuses on the role of government and corporation in diffusing development technologies. One of the main catalysts of globalization is technological change that enables a global coordination of widely dispersed activities, while the pressure of globalization drives the extensions of technology into new applications. Thus, the problem of great global inequality regarding income and opportunity can be significantly lessened if the developed countries share and help diffuse their development technologies among the developing technologies.

The article examines problems implicit in transferring technology from developed countries to lesser developed countries. The need for successful programs for the transfer of technology is well recognized for both domestic purposes and to enhance international relations. Along with the push for new technologies, it has also been mandated that agencies demonstrate both the socioeconomic and quality of life benefits of their programs. Among the socioeconomic benefits to the firm are lower costs, higher quality, and an increased ability to produce better products on a more timely basis. Government agencies are compelled to look for social, economic, and quality of life benefits..

The article examines the effects of anti-trust policies on a country's commitment to technological innovation and anti-trust policies as a predictor of a country's gross domestic product per capita. Through anti-trust legislation. governments ensure inter-firm competition without otherwise interfering with pricing or output decisions. Effective anti-trust legislation should result in competition sufficient for low-priced yet high-quality products and ensure a level playing field for competitors.

The article presents information on two research papers with focuses on technology transfer from highly developed countries to developing countries. First paper "Governmental and Corporate Roles in Diffusing Development Technologies: Ethical Macromarketing Imperatives," present an ethical argument for why such transfers should take place. Second paper "Incorporating the Dominant Social Paradigm Into Government Technology Transfer Programs," discusses some of the cultural conflicts and ethical difficulties in carrying out such transfers.

The article presents a study on whether high technology venture firms funded by the U.S. Department of Commerce Advanced Technology Program (ATP) pursue different types of marketing strategies and different goal levels than firms without such funding. The mission of ATP is to prevent the most promising new technologies with the greatest potential for widespread national benefits, from remaining in the research laboratory. ATP steps into the gap between the research laboratories and the marketplace by funding projects judged too risky or too far outside the mainstream to warrant private funding. The ATP provides cost-share funding in the high risk early stages of research and development that are prohibitive for other sources of funding.

The article presents an empirical study of household technology adoption rates in Taiwan. Technology transfers can be broadly defined as the set of activities and processes whereby technology is passed from a supplier to a receiver. Taiwan's economy took off in the 1970's. As its economy became increasingly stronger in the past three decades, various home appliances have made their way into Taiwanese homes. They represent modern inventions with commercial potential as they become distributed through populations via commercial market diffusion processes. The innovative effect explains the demand stimulated by external factors such as advertising while the imitative effect explains the demand stimulated mainly by internal factors such as word-of-mouth communication.

The article examines the effects of government regulation on the technology transfer process. Technology transfer is an important source of economic development. The global competitiveness of nations depends on the level of technological innovation. The role of government in encouraging technology transfer can take several different forms. The most conservative role is limited to removing barriers to the free market to allow the free transfer of technology. A second role a government can take is developing well-specified industry and market development goals and supporting research and development to meet those goals. A third government role is to provide a link between the public and private sectors, either by providing research itself, or by developing policies that affect research development and technological innovation. This role may include facilitating the transfer of technologies from public research universities to commercial organizations. A fourth role is also highly influential in stimulating technology. Governments can stimulate certain kinds of research by partnering in the commercialization of technology.

The article focuses on the micro-marketing implications of government technology programs by developing taxonomies of objectives and actions and by reviewing these types to suggest macro-marketing implications and empirical research needs. Governments have engaged in the development of new technologies for reasons ranging from desire for military superiority to concerns for public health and quality of life of citizens. Government programs and policies manifest in law, regulation and sponsorship activities are important macro-marketing infrastructure components that influence technology markets. These components influence which technologies will be developed, opportunities to stimulate and fill market demand for a new technology, the social impacts of new technologies, and opportunities for and constraints upon marketplace exchanges involving new technologies at the business and consumer levels. Jobs creation is a key economic objective of government technology policies and programs. Theoretically, by creating opportunities for new and improved products, government programs stimulate market demand for new products and enhance competitive advantage to domestic firms and products.

Posits that a marketing exchange approach to technology transfer will facilitate successful technology transfer and commercialization. Review of the relationship of technology development and transfer to marketing exchange principles; Application of the concepts of target marketing and the marketing mix to technology transfer programs; Identification of critical elements required in a technology transfer marketing plan .

Replies to Nicholas Capaldi's comments on dominant social paradigms and government technology transfer programs. Discussion regarding the technological project and its global ramification; Change through a successive transfers relying on the demonstration effect; Expansion of domain of enquiry within the marketing discipline; Necessity of a full understanding of the meta-narrative of liberalism and its implications for global development.