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An experimental approach is designed for determining the fraction of free amine base in nonaqueous solvents and the mechanistic details are determined for the reaction of phthalic anhydride with aniline in glacial acetic acid solution. An optimum condition is determined for maximum yield of product N-phenylphthalamic acid.

The development of a mild two-step synthesis of asymmetric 2'-carboxyethyl-substituted fluoresceins and other fluorescein analogues is reported. The reaction involved substituted phthalic anhydride and a carboxyethyl substituted resorcinol analogue followed by a condensation with a second resorcinol analogue.

The condensation of Schiff bases with homophthalic anhydrides provides a mixture of cis- and trans-4-carboxy-3,4-dihydro-3-phenyl-1-(2H)isoquinolones. A route for conversion of the trans diastereomers to indenol[1,2-c]isoquinolines using selenoxide elimination and Friedel-Crafts cyclization chemistry is presented.