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Introduction: There has been an explosion in the understanding of the mechanisms of chronic sinonasal inflammation. Multiple approaches to control and modify the inflammatory reaction in chronic rhinosinusitis have led to many new agents being introduced topically to the sinonasal cavities. This article aims to provide an evidence-based approach to the science behind topical management of sinonasal disease. Methods: The literature on delivery device, position, surgical state, and pharmaceutical and mechanical concepts of topical therapy to the paranasal sinuses is reviewed. Results: High-volume irrigation under positive pressure and in head-down positions is important for effective delivery and mechanical action of topical solutions. Unoperated paranasal sinuses appear to receive very limited topical therapy. Enhanced steroid therapy and surfactants appear to be the most promising pharmaceutical approaches. Future novel therapies may include enhancers of the innate immune system. The effect of antibiotic additives is difficult to establish as this might be treating a disease-modifying state rather than the underlying pathology. Conclusions: Topical therapies, applied after surgery, are likely to represent the mainstay of future management for chronic inflammatory rhinosinusitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Following publication of the original article [1], the authors reported an error in Table 1. In the second columns of the 'Radiology' row, 'Normal anterolateral sinus mucosa' should read 'Normal superolateral sinus mucosa'. A corrected version of Table 1 is included in this Correction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a complex disease that incorporates many different conditions. Currently, primary CRS is considered a disease of broad airway inflammation, however, the previous classification of CRS with and without nasal polyposis fails to adequately classify patients based upon their etiology of illness. Our aim with this review is discuss the clinical presentation, radiology, endoscopy, histopathology, and treatment algorithm of three different phenotypes of primary CRS: central compartment atopic disease, eosinophilic CRS, and non-eosinophilic CRS. Methods: A narrative review of a tertiary rhinology center's research themes and how they are applied to clinical protocols and practice was assessed. Discussion: Diagnosis and treatment of upper and lower airway conditions become increasingly important as phenotypes and endotypes are being described. There are well-described therapies to treat the different phenotypes of CRS, based upon the presumed underlying cause of the inflammatory process. Research continues to shed more light on different endotypes and phenotypes of airway inflammation, however, clinical differentiation of CRS can be applied in clinic practice with three simple phenotypes of CRS. Understanding these different phenotypes and their etiologies allows for further management beyond the 'maximum medical therapy and then surgery' approach that has often been used in the management of CRS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]