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Background: Interpersonal hurt or offenses are common human experiences. Bereavement may be impacted for caregivers of a terminally ill loved one when these experiences occur. Objective: To determi...

Background: End-of-life dreams and visions (ELDVs) can provide both meaning and comfort to individuals nearing death. While research has examined the prevalence and content of ELDVs, little is know...

Background: End-of-life dreams and visions (ELDVs) are a recognized phenomenon that can occur as part of the normal dying process. Data suggest that ELDVs can provide comfort, foster discussion of waking life concerns, and lessen the fear of death. Current literature on ELDVs focuses on the prevalence, content, and effects of ELDVs exclusively in adult populations. Methods: We present the case of a 15-year-old girl with terminal glioblastoma who was enrolled in a pediatric palliative care program and later in hospice care. During her end-of-life trajectory, the patient experienced two distinct ELDV experiences, from which she recalled vivid details regarding the setting, characters, and content. These ELDV experiences afforded comfort and meaning to the patient and her family through her end-of-life trajectory as well as provided relief for her grieving family. Conclusion: In the case presented, ELDVs appear to show similar characteristics and impact in the adolescent population as described in the previous literature examining adult ELDVs. In addition, this case demonstrates the potential benefits of ELDV awareness for the bereaved. Clinicians working with pediatric and adolescent end-of-life populations should take note of the potential for ELDVs and the impact they can have on both patients and families.

Background: End-of-life dreams and visions (ELDVs) are prevalent experiences that provide comfort and meaning to dying individuals. Limited research has examined the impact of ELDVs on the bereaved...

Longitudinal assessment of patient-caregiver relationships will determine whether caregiver self-esteem determines patient relationship satisfaction at end of life.Research on close relationships and caregiving supports the idea that informal caregivers' self-esteem may influence their relationships with their terminally ill loved ones. However, this connection has not yet been investigated longitudinally, nor has it been applied specifically to care recipients' relationship satisfaction.A sample of 24 caregivers and 24 patients in a hospice home care program were recruited. Multiple patient and caregiver interviews were used to conduct a longitudinal study to measure fluctuations in patient health, changes in patient and caregiver relationship satisfaction, and self-esteem over a three-month period.An interaction between caregiver self-esteem and patient relationship satisfaction demonstrated the role that self-esteem plays between caregivers and patients enrolled in hospice care. Specifically, for patients with caregivers with low self-esteem, patient relationship satisfaction significantly decreased as the patient's physical health decreased, whereas for patients whose caregivers had high self-esteem, patient relationship satisfaction marginally increased during poorer physical health.High self-esteem may allow caregivers to overcome feelings of burden and maladaptive anticipatory grief to remain satisfied in their relationship with the patient. Caregiver self-esteem appears to play a role in fostering patient relationship satisfaction at the end of life.

In the United States, 5% of the population is responsible for nearly half of all health care expenditures, with a large concentration of spending driven by individuals with expensive chronic conditions in their last year of life. Outpatient palliative care under the Medicare Hospice Benefit excludes a large proportion of the chronically ill and there is widespread recognition that innovative strategies must be developed to meet the needs of the seriously ill while reducing costs.This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a home-based palliative care program, implemented through a hospice-private payer partnership, on health care costs and utilization.This was a prospective, observational database study where insurance enrollment and claims data were analyzed. The study population consisted of Home Connections (HC) program patients enrolled between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2012 who subsequently expired (n=149) and who were also Independent Health members. A control group (n=537) was derived using propensity-score matching. The primary outcome variable was overall costs within the last year of life. Costs were also examined at six months, three months, one month, and two weeks. Inpatient, outpatient, ancillary, professional, and pharmacy costs were compared between the two groups. Medical service utilization and hospice enrollment and length of stay were also evaluated.Cost savings were apparent in the last three months of life—$6,804 per member per month (PMPM) cost for palliative care participants versus $10,712 for usual care. During the last two weeks of life, total allowed PMPM was $6,674 versus $13,846 for usual care. Enhanced hospice entry (70% versus 25%) and longer length of stay in hospice (median 34 versus 9 days) were observed.Palliative care programs partnered with community hospice providers may achieve cost savings while helping provide care across the continuum.

Inpatient palliative care (IPC) has been associated with numerous clinical benefits. Observational and randomized studies of cost savings associated with IPC provide conflicting results, and the association with readmission is not well understood.We aimed to estimate the influence of IPC on hospitalization costs and readmission rates.We measured hospitalization costs and 30-day readmission rates among 1004 patients who received IPC at two western New York hospitals in 2012. Using propensity score matching, we compared outcomes among patients receiving palliative care with those among 1004 similar adults who were hospitalized during the same period and did not receive palliative care.On average, cost per admission was $1,401 (13%) lower among patients receiving palliative care than comparison patients (p0.05). Cost reductions were evident within intensive care and laboratory services. Readmission rates were significantly lower among palliative care patients discharged with hospice care (1.1%) than comparison patients (6.6%), but significantly higher among palliative care patients discharged to other locations (12.1%).Receipt of IPC appears to reduce hospitalization costs among adult western New Yorkers. Furthermore, care coordinated with postdischarge hospice services appears to substantially reduce the likelihood of readmission.

End-of-life dreams and visions (ELDVs) have been well documented throughout history and across cultures. The impact of pre-death experiences on dying individuals and their loved ones can be profoundly meaningful.Our aim was to quantify the frequency of dreams/visions experienced by patients nearing the end of life, examine the content and subjective significance of the dreams/visions, and explore the relationship of these factors to time/proximity to death.This mixed-methods study surveyed patients in a hospice inpatient unit using a semi-structured interview. Sixty-six patients admitted to a hospice inpatient unit between January 2011 and July 2012 provided informed consent and participated in the study. The semi-structured interviews contained closed and open-ended questions regarding the content, frequency, and comfort/distress of dreams/visions.Fifty-nine participants comprised the final sample. Most participants reported experiencing at least one dream/vision. Almost half of the dreams/visions occurred while asleep, and nearly all patients indicated that they felt real. The most common dreams/visions included deceased friends/relatives and living friends/relatives. Dreams/visions featuring the deceased (friends, relatives, and animals/pets) were significantly more comforting than those of the living, living and deceased combined, and other people and experiences. As participants approached death, comforting dreams/visions of the deceased became more prevalent.ELDVs are commonly experienced phenomena during the dying process, characterized by a consistent sense of realism and marked emotional significance. These dreams/visions may be a profound source of potential meaning and comfort for the dying, and therefore warrant clinical attention and further research.

Delirium is one of the most distressing and difficult to manage problems in advanced illness. Family caregivers have a unique view of the progression of delirium.This study examined precursors to delirium from the perspective of family caregivers.This study utilized a two-stage concept mapping design that began with semistructured interviews with caregivers of patients suffering with delirium. The interview data was sorted and rated by clinicians prior to quantitative data analysis via multidimensional scaling (MDS) and cluster analysis.The subjects were 20 family caregivers of patients with a diagnosis of delirium in a hospice inpatient unit.The main outcome of the study was a multidimensional model of precursors of delirium that included 99 specific items. The model included ten clusters within three general domains: Cognition, Distress, and Rest/Sleep. An exploratory analysis suggested that Rest and Sleep issues were evident to caregivers much earlier than other kinds of problems (mean=17.56 weeks prior to hospice admission, 95% CI=9.2-25.0 weeks).This study provides detailed insights from family caregivers about the progression of delirium. The caregiver observations were clustered by multivariate analysis to provide a map of symptom domains. The principal finding of this study is that sleep disturbance was identified by almost all family caregivers much earlier than other more commonly recognized symptoms associated with delirium. The study highlights the importance of sleep fragmentation in the temporal progression of delirium and points toward opportunities for improved measurement, prevention, and treatment.

Metastatic breast cancer patients have many options for therapy and may be at risk for late or absent hospice referrals, which make meaningful improvements in symptoms and quality of life difficult to achieve.We aimed to examine hospice utilization, status of patients on admission, and quality of care of patients treated for metastatic breast cancer from 1999 to 2010 at a National Cancer Institute (NCI)-designated comprehensive cancer center located in Western New York.We conducted a retrospective database review that identified 182 patients with deaths resulting from breast cancer who were eligible for services through a local not-for-profit hospice. Patients with metastatic breast cancer were matched to the hospice database for information on hospice utilization and quality measures. Date of last chemotherapy, medication use, documentation of advance directive and palliative care discussions, and place of death were collected through chart abstraction.One-third (33%) of metastatic breast cancer patients treated at the cancer institute during the study period died without a hospice referral. Only 7% of patients who died without a hospice referral had a documented discussion of palliative care as an option by the oncology team (p0.001). Those patients referred to hospice were significantly more likely to have an advance directive and to die at home. Patients with a longer duration of metastatic cancer were at risk for late referral.Efforts to enhance end-of-life (EOL) discussions and earlier referral to palliative care and hospice for patients with metastatic breast cancer are critical to improved patient care.