This article offers an overview of the changing social formation of South Africa from the institutionalisation of apartheid in the late 1940s to the present, and its representation in the literature of the country, reflecting the translational literary history of the "New" South Africa as a nation undergoing transformations, particularly in the labour situation, land struggles and the politics of the Rainbow nation. Thus, the article envisions literature as providing incisive historical analysis of the South African life "from the inside" the social and economic processes as lived by the diverse cultures in South Africa. Drawing on the racial structure of the economy, the paper lays the historical basis to South Africa's economic challenges such as poverty, joblessness and deprivation, and argues how these inflections have been mapped in the literature of the "New" South Africa. The paper also shows that the analysis of socio-cultural, economic and political transformation must begin with the disclosure of the genesis of the human exploitation of labour that generated the disparities prevalent in the "New" South Africa. Hence, because of the shifting socio-cultural, economic and political boundaries, post-apartheid South Africa can be represented as a "national imaginary", a future after apartheid, representing new narratives of a socially, culturally, economically and politically transforming nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]