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Background: The aim of this study is to evaluate the gene expression of immune-inflammatory markers in gingival biopsies of patients with type 2 diabetes with chronic periodontitis (CP). Methods: Gingival biopsies were harvested from systemically and periodontally healthy patients (SPH), systemically healthy patients with CP (SHCP), and patients with better-controlled and poorly controlled diabetes and CP. The levels of mRNA of interleukin (IL)-17, IL-6, IL-23, IL-10, IL-4, interferon-γ toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, TLR-4, osteoprotegerin, receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL), tumor necrosis factor-s, transforming growth factor-β, transcription factor forkhead box p3, transcription factor orphan nuclear receptor C2 (RORC2), and receptor of advanced glycation end products (RAGE) were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: All CP groups presented higher levels of mRNA of TLR-2, TLR-4, IL- 17, RANKL, and RAGE and a higher frequency of IL-17 and TLR-2 mRNA-positive biopsies when compared to SPH (P<0.05). There was a higher frequency of detection of RORC2 in the biopsies from both groups with diabetes compared to the other groups (P<0.05). The frequency of IL-4 mRNA-positive tissues was lower in patients with diabetes compared to SHCP (P<0.05). Conclusion: CP, but not type 2 diabetes mellitus, significantly affected the expressions of the evaluated genes related to the innate and adaptive immune responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite several investigations suggesting that obesity is a risk indicator for periodontitis, little is known about the effect of obesity on periodontal treatment response. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of scaling and root planing (SRP) on clinical parameters and circulating levels of leptin and adiponectin in patients with obesity with chronic periodontitis (CP)., Methods: Twenty-four patients with obesity and CP and 24 patients without obesity with CP were submitted to SRP. Clinical parameters were assessed at baseline and 3 and 6 months after therapy. Serum levels of leptin and adiponectin were evaluated at all time points, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay., Results: SRP improved the clinical parameters of both groups at 3 and 6 months (P < 0.05). Nonetheless, the patients without obesity presented a lower mean probing depth (PD) at 6 months after therapy and a greater reduction in PD from baseline to 6 months in the full-mouth analysis (primary outcome variable) and in initially deep sites (P < 0.05). Leptin serum levels were higher in patients with obesity than in patients without obesity at all time points (P < 0.05). No changes in the serum levels of leptin and adiponectin were observed in groups with and without obesity after therapy (P > 0.05)., Conclusions: Patients with obesity and CP presented lower reductions in PD than patients without obesity with CP at 6 months after SRP. Furthermore, the treatment did not affect the circulating levels of leptin and adiponectin in any group.