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Objective: To evaluate and summarize the data on erythropoietin (EPO) use to prevent anemia in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Data Sources: A literature search was performed using MEDLINE (1966–December 2003) using the key words erythropoietin, intensive care unit, anemia, and critically ill. Data Synthesis: Attempts to decrease the complications associated with anemia in ICU patients have recently focused on EPO use. Two comprehensive studies found that EPO significantly reduced the cumulative number of blood transfusions as compared to that of placebo. The assessing outcomes found no difference between the groups with respect to mortality rates, ventilation days, or length of stay. Conclusions: Available trials demonstrate reduced blood transfusions in ICU patients when EPO is administered. However, this result has not carried over as a defined clinical benefit. EPO use should be reserved for patients with longer hospital stays who are at risk for frequent blood transfusions as a comprehensive blood conservation strategy in the ICU.