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An efficient quantum mechanical/molecular mechanics-based approach is presented to calculate a vertical excitation energy of a chromophore in condensed phases including the nonequilibrium solvation effect. The electronic polarization of a medium and the related nonequilibrium solvation effect associated with the vertical excitation are described using a polarizable solvent model. By virtue of the mean-field approximation, the target energy can be completely separated into classical and quantum mechanical parts, which enables us to efficiently evaluate the vertical excitation energy with a high-level quantum mechanical method. The method is applied to N,N-dimethyl-4-nitroaniline in a variety of solutions at the MRMP2/CASSCF level, showing quantitative agreement with the experimental reports. The observed large bathochromic shifts are analyzed by focusing on the induction effects of the solvents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The planarity of carbonate and nitrate anions was investigated in the gas and solution phases by means of the reference interaction site model self-consistent field spatial electron density distribution (RISM-SCF-SEDD) method. The computed optimized geometries and solvation structures are compared with the diffraction data. In the solution phase, the symmetry of carbonate anion is changed from D3hto C3v, whereas the planarity of nitrate anion is still retained. These are fully consistent with experimental knowledge. The classical electrostatic model was also utilized to elucidate the mechanism of the symmetry breaking. It should be emphasized that the symmetry breaking occurs not only by a specific solvent molecule attaching to the ion but by an overall electrostatic interaction between the infinite number of solvent molecules and the ion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

pKais one of the fundamental properties of molecules and its accurate prediction by theoretical method is indispensable in the current era. At present, the most common approach is based on the free energy difference evaluated in dielectric continuum model for pure water, ε = 80, which completely ignores ionic influence, i.e., ionic strength. In the present paper, a molecular level theory to predict pKais proposed based on the reference interaction site model, which is a statistical mechanics for molecular liquids. By regarding an acidic aqueous solution as a three component system including water, proton species (cation), and anion, aqueous solutions with desired pH can be theoretically realized by controlling the number density of the proton species. Using computed free energy changes on the deprotonation of glycine at various pH conditions, a titration curve and pKacan be obtained from the first principle, showing excellent agreement with experimental data. To our best knowledge, this is the first theoretical attempt to directly evaluate pKaunder the condition where ionic influence is explicitly taken into account by using statistical molecular theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new partitioning scheme for the total energy of molecules is presented. In the scheme, the Hartree−Fock total energy of a molecular system is represented as the sum of one- and two-center terms exactly. The present method provides physically reasonable behavior for a wide range of interactions, and intermolecular interaction is treated equivalently with intramolecular interaction. The method is applied to analysis on the inter- and intramolecular interactions of molecular complexes both in gas phase and in aqueous solution. The results strongly indicate that the present method is a powerful tool to understand not only the bonding nature of molecules but also interaction between molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]