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[Purpose] To compare flexion and extension peak torque of patients with nonspecific-chronic low back pain who were classified as directional preference subgroups, and their matched healthy controls. [Participants and Methods] Fifty male volunteers (25 with non-specific chronic low back pain and 25 healthy-matched controls) consented to participate. The investigator collected all demographic data, hips, knees and spinal mobility in addition to the peak torque using the Biodex isokinetic dynamometer. The measurement protocol consisted of 2 sets of 10 consecutive flexion-extension efforts performed at 120°/sec and 60°/sec angular velocity. A two minutes rest period was given between sets. The preset 50° range of motion included 20°(+20°) of trunk extension and 30°(-30°) of trunk flexion. [Results] A 2 × 2 mixed-design ANOVA showed a significant group X isokinetic velocity interaction. The main effect of isokinetic velocity was also significant. In reference to the peak torque of the flexors of the trunk, the main effect of group was significant. [Conclusion] The extension peak torque significantly depends on the velocity of the isokinetic dynamometer; however the flexion peak torque significantly depends on the participants' group attribution.

[Purpose] To explore the relationship between functional outcome measurements of spinal mobility, static balance and functional performance. [Participants and Methods] Fifty two healthy participants aged between 18-36 years participated. Spinal mobility included forward bending and side bending. Balance was tested via maintaining single-leg stance position with eyes open and with eyes closed. Functional testing included five times squat to stand, walking on heels and walking on tiptoes. [Results] Two-way mixed intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) consistency model average measure (ICC3,K) for single-leg standing with the eyes are open and closed was excellent (0.85) and very good (0.79) respectively. Mean forward spinal mobility score of the recreationally active group (M= 3.3 ± 5.7) was significantly lower (M= 9.5 ± 10.5) than inactive group. Regarding five times squat to stand, the mean score of the recreationally active group (10.4 ± 4.3) was not significantly different from the mean of the recreationally inactive group (9.5 ± 2.6). [Conclusion] Walking on heels significantly took more time and perceived with more exertion than tiptoes walking. Also, standing on one leg was harder when eyes are closed. Recreationally active had shown significant forward mobility but no difference between sidebending mobility. The relationships between different outcome measures need to be furtherly explored.

[Purpose] To identify the risk factors and the stroke types in recurrent stroke patients of Madinah Al-Munawarah city. [Participants and Methods] A prospective research hospital based study was conducted through the year of 2014. The patients were entered in the study when they had recurrent cerebrovascular accident led to hospital admission. All details of patients were obtained include history, demographic data, risk factors and stroke types. [Results] Ninety-four (83.9%) ischaemic strokes, 12 (10.7%) intercerebral hemorrhage strokes and 6 (5.4%) undefined out of 112 patients had recurrent stroke found in this study. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factors (90.2%) followed by diabetes mellitus (62.5%) and ischaemic heart disease (51.8%). [Conclusion] Hypertension, diabetes, and ischaemic heart disease in particular were exhibited to be crucial risk factors for stroke recurrence in this study. Future studies are needed for secondary prevention planning.

[Purpose] To introduce a new systematic physical therapy evaluation aiming to facilitate the process of examining complicated musculoskeletal cases. [Subject and Methods] The patient was a 20 years old male college student who had major motor vehicle accident one year ago. The patient was poorly responding to physical therapy and he felt that his case was worsening. The complexity of the case dictated a new evaluation with a different approach to resolve the barriers hindering the patient from showing functional improvements. [Results] The new evaluation approach explained many undetermined and stubborn symptoms experienced by the patient. The expert confirmed that the traditional evaluations methods utilized were insufficient to address patient’s complaints. [Conclusion] Total Assessment-Reassessment & Evaluation using bioKinesiologic (TAREK) approach is comprehensive evaluation strategy using systematic pathway that guides clinicians to pinpoint the contribution of pathoanatomical structures in producing pathomechanical mobility and poor functional outcomes.