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Light-reflecting characteristics play a crucial role in optically rewritable liquid crystal display (electronic paper). By using a special optimizer software, light-reflecting characteristics of the twisted nematic cell were calculated. The achieved values of the normalized reflection coefficients range within ∼ 0.03 - 0.43, which is comparable or better than other commercial technologies. The calculated contrast ratio of the device is 10 : 1. A 2D image, which can be displayed on the electronic paper was obtained. Comparison of the simulated background color and contrast ratio is very similar with the results, which were obtained in experimental cells of other studies. Our calculations indicate that angular dependence of the reflectance coefficient is almost uniform within a wide range of viewing angles.

The traditional Chinese folk paper-cutting art has a long history. It is a traditional folk art form created by working people to satisfy their spiritual and material pursuits. It originates from life and returns to life. With the pace of the times, folk paper-cutting has undergone an innovative transformation and development through the interweaving, penetration and integration of contemporary design concepts. Through the combination of network big data, it provides a large number of references for modern graphic design decoration and function combination, graphic context inheritance, color language, modeling language, etc.

This paper present product design and development of waste paper plastering mortars machine. This waste paper plastering mortar is manual machine system. The main element to make mortar is cement, sand, water and waste paper. These machines have two separate tanks, which is the first tank is to produce a pulp and second tank is to mix up the entire ingredient. The objectives of this research are to design a Waste paper plastering machine, to develop a functional prototype of Waste Paper Plastering Machine and also to test the machine by compare the best method by with machine and without machine to make plastering mortar. The testing has been done between preparation and procedure how to make plastering mortar with machine and without machine. This machine can be used in every household. This can save environment and reduce pollution.

Kidney failure is a degenerative disease that has a prevalence of nearly 12 to 15% of the total population in the world. Renal scans are one of many diagnostic means which refers to several examinations using radiopharmaceuticals that evaluate the function and anatomy of the kidneys. Technetium-99m-diethylenetriaminepetaacetic acid ([99Tc]Tc-DTPA) is a commonly used radiopharmaceutical for kidney scans. Since the half-life of technetium-99m radioisotope, one component of this radiopharmaceutical, is only about 6.0 hours, so an efficient and effective quality control techniques is a necessity. Up to now, two-systems thin layer chromatography (TLC) is a common method used for radiochemical purity (RCP) test of [99mTc]Tc-DTPA. Recently one-system TLC has been successfully developed for this purpose. Therefore prior to its application, it is necessary to validate as well to compare this method with an established method (WHO Pharmacopoeia). These methods were two-system used Whatman-1 paper as static phase and methyl ethyl ketone (two-system-A) and 0.9% sodium chloride (two-system-B) as mobile phases and one-system used Whatman-1 paper as static phase and acetone: 0.9% sodium chloride (11:9) as a mobile phase. RCP of [99mTc]Tc-DTPA was then tested using these methods. The retrieved data were processed and validated with some variables like accuracy, precision, and compared using t-test to see whether the above-mentioned TLC systems show a significant difference or not. The analysis results of RCP test of [99mTc]Tc-DTPA using two-system method was 99.37± 0.48% while using one-system method was 99.20 ± 0.41%. The percentage accuracy of the data between two methods was 99.83%. The t-stat value for both methods was 0.84 so it can be concluded that the results of measurement using one-system method are not significantly different from two-system method.

Thermal paper is a special type of paper that is coated with chemicals on the paper layer to change color when exposed to heat. When discovering fingerprints by using chemical reagents such as ninhydrin solution with thermal paper, it shows black staining background on the heat-sensitive front side. Thus, the latent fingerprints cannot be discovered. In this study, we have reported the first utilization of ninhydrin with water glue in different ratios for the development of latent fingerprints on the thermal papers. The results showed that at 0.020-0.060 g/mL of water glue in ninhydrin solution reduced the black strain after tested with thermal paper and made the appearance of the fingerprint more clearly. So, the detectable minutiae can be used for visualization and identification of latent prints. Using an Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS), it is showed between 59-87 points of minutiae. As the results, this method could be used as an alternative method to developing latent fingerprints with non-hazardous materials, reduce costs and easy to find.

Paper artifacts are contaminated by external factors in the process of preservation such as foxing. For the problem of backward technology of rapid detection of foxing on paper artifacts, a method based on hyperspectral imaging technology is proposed to detect foxing spots on paper artifacts. After selecting the region of interest and obtaining the corresponding average reflectance, the difference in the average reflectance is found after comparing the healthy regions with the diseased regions. Using band operation and minimum noise fraction to observe the characteristics of foxing image, although there is overlap in different parts, the distribution distinction between moldy and healthy regions is obvious; K-nearest neighbor method and BP neural network are applied to establish the spectral discrimination model of paper artifacts with foxing spots, and the overall discrimination rate of the two methods is 73.3% and 85%, respectively. The results show that hyperspectral imaging can be used for the identification of foxing spots, but the distinction between different parts is not good, and the discrimination effect still needs to be improved.

In Today’s world technologies such as Internet of Things, Cloud Computing as well as Fog Computing are growing at an exponential rate which depend upon each other directly or indirectly. The Internet of Things can be described as a network of substantial matter such as cars, washing machines, refrigerator which can interact with each other through internet. Billions of devices will be IoT enabled in near future and generate enormous amount of data but IoT devices has some limitations like storage capabilities, processing capabilities and utilization of resources which can only be handled by integrating it with cloud technology. Cloud model provide environment in which software, Infrastructure, sharable pool of configurable resources, virtual environment, sensors, hardware and database is provided as a utility for IoT devices and users. In cloud computing paradigm some limitations exist for example distance of the data source from multi-hop, geological unified structure, latency, heterogeneity and many more. To address such limitations, Fog computing approach can be used to bring computing assets nearer to IoT devices. Fog computing is an enhancement of the cloud-based Network and computing services. It provides computational and storage services of cloud proximate to IoT devices. This paper provides an overview regarding the cloud computing uses in IoT devices and issues or problems that occur during integration. Handling of problems that occurs during integration of cloud with IoT can be done through fog computing. The purpose of this survey is to understand the concept of fog computing to improve the existing system of Integration of Cloud with IoT.

Wireless technology these days is very quickly becoming crescent. A network that was recently wired to get online was required. Just wired phones have been a thing of the past. In the past four decades, mobile networks have thrived immensely. The starting point was the 1G cellular concept where ‘G’ stances for generation linkages. This had fully developed very rapidly, generating 1G, 2G, 3G and gradually transferring into 4G from generation to generation. And now people are utilizing the 4G networks. 5G network will nearly stretch its wings to conquer this complex world of cell technology. Integrated 5G work is continuing, with complete service planned in 2020. The development of 5G technology is the perfect solution for the many problems facing us today with today’s innovations. 5G will become an intelligent technology that will limit to a single global uniform body the number of different innovations. This paper is mostly about the evolution of mobile wireless networks like 1G and 5G as well as how they vary and their benefits and drawbacks.

The results of CFD research using the VOF method with Open Foam open source are presented. In the process of study, we built a digital model allowing us to analyze and predict the process of interaction of the dampening solution with substrate (paper) surface in the measuring cell of the PDA ultrasonic device. Discretization of the area for calculation was created using the blockMesh utility. A block-structural hexahedral computational grid has been constructed. The computational grid area is presented in such a way that the number of cells increases in the direction of the paper sample. The visualization of calculations in the ParaView package coincides with the time intervals obtained on the PDA ultrasonic measuring device. The practical significance of the study lies in the realization of the possibility to evaluate the dampening solution parameters, to control the modes of its supply, taking into account the use of modern papers and printing systems.

Intelligent test paper generation belongs to an important research topic in the field of computer-aided education. Among them, Genetic Algorithm (GA), as an algorithm with high efficiency and performance, is widely used in the intelligent test paper generating system. But generally speaking, traditional GA always has some problems, such as local optimal solution and prematurity. The traditional genetic algorithm is improved in the aspects of the initial population, fitness function and some genetic operators to make it more in line with the requirements of intelligent paper generation, improving the efficiency and success ratio.

Image mining is a method of searching and discovering the valuable information and knowledge from a set of huge image data. Image mining essentially depends on the data mining, digital image processing, machine learning, image retrieval, and artificial intelligence. Image mining is a process which is conducted to extract the hidden information such as image data and the additional pattern that could not be observed from the image. The main problems could face the mining of the collected images can be summarized in two main points: first is the image must be suitable for the mining process and second is the image’s chosen objects and features in order to be treated to extract the most effective route to save the time, and to save the effort. This paper is a survey presents the steps of the image mining process and represented an intensive view on using the image mining to the classify the brain tumors. In addition, it’s proposed a general scheme to accomplish the processes and to analysis the latest techniques which have been used to classify the brain tumors with comparison to the training groups and the amount of accuracy that obtained from the analysis. In addition, the paper compares the relevant and most recent published literature. The high published accuracy claim to be 98% which was obtained using the Deep convolutional neural network (DCNN).

A cost effective and easy to fabricate stress sensor based on pseudo-Hall effect in Graphite on Paper (GOP) has been presented in this article. The four terminal devices were developed by pencil drawing with hand on to the paper substrate. The stress was applied to the paper containing four terminal devices with the input current applied at two terminals and the offset voltage observed at other two terminals called pseudo-Hall effect. The GOP stress sensor showed significant response to the applied stress which was smooth and linear. These results showed that the pseudo-Hall effect in GOP based four terminal devices can be used for cost effective, flexible and easy to make stress, strain or force sensors.

Electrostatic discharge, as a common natural phenomenon in daily life, seriously threatens the reliability of integrated circuit products. In order to ensure the yield of the chip, the protection circuit on the chip has become an essential and important module in the circuit design. With the continuous development of integrated circuit technology, chips are developing towards the direction of smaller area, faster speed and higher level of integration, while traditional devices such as simple diodes, tubes and SCR on integrated circuit can no longer complete the protection task of chips under advanced technology. Through the research and discussion of this paper, the methods and strategies of electrostatic discharge protection design of integrated circuits and how to choose the best electrostatic discharge protection scheme for different integrated circuits are basically mastered.

This article analyzes the common classifications of computer test paper algorithms. This article includes random method, backtracking method, genetic algorithm, random location search method, ant colony algorithm, gene expression algorithm, etc. The author obtains the expected calculated values by studying the technologies of setting control parameters, creating initial populations, calculating individual fitness, optimizing preservation strategies, performing genetic operations, and generating new populations. The author’s purpose is to improve the application effect of the computer test paper algorithm and the practicability of the information in the question bank.

The objective of this paper is to study the highly cited papers (papers cited more than 30 times) on antineoplastic drugs, and to provide reference for quality improvement and influence increase of journals. Bibliometric analysis of cited papers on antineoplastic drugs published between 1999 and 2018 is conducted by using the Chinese Citation Database. The results show that 4683 papers are cited 34463 times, with an average of 7.36 times per paper. The papers published in 2005, 2010 and 2009 are the most highly cited papers with 2507 (7.27%), 2424 (7.03%) and 2419 (7.02%) times, respectively. The highest number of citation is owned by the paper authored by Ding Jian which is cited 349 (1.01%) times. The most cited journal is Chinese Journal of New Drugs, which is cited 1287 (3.73%) times. The author’s affiliation with the highest citation is China Pharmaceutical University with a citation of 1252 (3.63%) times. The research fund with the highest citation which funded those studies is National Natural Science Foundation of China with a citation of 4278 (12.41%) times. The most highly cited subject is pharmacy with a citation of 12036 (34.92%) times. The main citation period of the top 20 papers is from the 2nd year to the 9th year after publication, accounting for 67.70%. The peak years of citation are the 4th year and the 5th year after publication. Among the above-mentioned top 20 papers, the first authors of 9 papers are from universities, accounting for 45.00%. There are 210 papers with a citation over 30 times for each paper, including 112 (53.33%) research papers and 98 (46.67%) review papers. The study also shows that the subjects of research papers with high citation include pharmacological experimental research, the evaluation of clinical effects, and the impact and protection of antineoplastic drugs, the number of cited papers of which are 50, 18 and 13, accounting for 23.81%, 8.57% and 6.19%, respectively. The papers with high citation frequency are those about antineoplastic drugs in pharmacological effects and mechanisms, clinical evaluation, occupational protection, adverse reactions, as well as various reviews. Editors of journal should focus to organize and absorb above ideas in selecting manuscripts to fully exploit the excellent manuscript sources, and to improve the quality and influence of journals.

Examination paper analysis is important for students to improve their learning efficiency. Traditional paper examination papers are difficult to sort out, which makes collecting mistakes for future review both time-consuming and laborious, either by handwriting or existed software tools. To easy the process, we propose a layout analysis method combined with the conditional generative adversarial network (CGAN). The traditional semantic segmentation structure is improved and used as a generator in the network, while a discriminator is designed to make the segmentation results more accurate. The motivation is that the discriminator can judge the authenticity of the image, so it can help reduce the unreasonable phenomenon in the semantic segmentation results of the generator. The experimental results show that by this method the examination paper image can be welly split into various components, which provides convenience for further sorting and analysis of the examination paper images.

Concrete structure deterioration and design deficiencies are stated as serious problems that frequently occur in the construction industry. It may lead to the loss of strength, stiffness, durability, and ductility of the existing structure. Therefore, an immediate structural strengthening must be highly considered to improve and repair the structure performance due to which the structure may fail to serve its purpose. The aim of this paper is to provide review of the structure strengthening methods for reinforced concrete columns proposed by researchers in the past two decades. However, the scope of this review paper is limited only to reinforced concrete columns retrofit by using the material of shape memory alloy (SMA). At the end of this paper, a suitable SMA form will be proposed for the future direction of research into this strengthening method.

Wastewater treatment using various existing technologies, including advanced oxidation processes, adsorption, and membrane separation for various pollutants removal from industrial and municipal wastewater streams, is an essential aspect of reaching environmental sustainability to keep human well-being and healthy economic growth. However, some challenging elements along with the wastewater treatment process affect pollutant removal efficiency and other resources. This condition will lead to various uncertainty in the wastewater treatment system related to the fluctuations in the quality of treated water and wastewater, operation costs, and environmental risk. Artificial intelligence can then be such a reliable solution to predict and minimize those complications and optimize the process and parameters implemented in the wastewater treatment system.

The publication is an important stage in a study. However, the publication stage in an accredited journal must go through a peer-reviewed process and sometimes requires a fee. The preprint server is a media archive for the distribution and distribution of articles that are available free of charge, enabling rapid distribution and use. Currently, there are many preprint servers available which are also recognized by peer-reviewed journals such as Arvix, Academia, Researchgate, OSF and in Indonesia itself there are INA-Rxiv servers. This article aims to explain the use of the preprint server as a publication media for scientific work among academics. The research method used is survey research on all academics in Indonesia. The results of the study showed that 42% of academics did not recognize the preprint server, 58% did not understand the function of the preprint server as a media publication that was fast, extensive, minimal in cost, accessible to the whole world and had DOI. They think the articles that have been published in the preprint can no longer be proposed to be published to an accredited journal. Ignorance causes its user to be very minimal, with only 24% of all academics filling out the questionnaire. The majority prefer to look directly for accredited journals without considering the time and cost required until the article is published.

The consumption of natural resources in the world is increasing. People consume a lot of energy in daily products, such as air and water, cause soil pollution, consumption of natural resources, and the Kaxabu Niumian tribe from a natural pollution-free environment the current excessive development and disintegration of agricultural waste materials. Therefore, it is necessary to understand and promote the entire educational process of new environmental protection technologies. Through the learning of school science and technology education, everyone can inspire ideas, starting from the community and school’s environmental education, making products that do not harm the environment, and continue to operate the environmental technology market through technology to improve the living environment. The material used in this product’s design is made of natural bamboo or environmentally friendly PVA material shared in the community, so there is almost no burden on the environment. The principle of use will be made through diversified geometric shapes and high-pressure forming of customized shapes. Starting from elementary school education, the primary school students collect water drops on the coaster to become a small potted plant. The water resources are recycled, and the coaster has new functions. This product design principle is taught as a whole set of environmental protection and sustainable engineering methods. The ultimate goal of this research is to integrate technology into education to understand the use of environmentally friendly materials in life, achieve innovative and sustainable energy technologies, and promote environmental awareness.

With the continuous development of Internet technology, major universities and colleges are also intensifying the annual increase in the number of college graduates. Graduation thesis as an important part of college students training has a very important role in the training of college students. Therefore, how to guide graduates to complete graduation thesis and manage graduate thesis has become more prominent in the work of colleges and universities. The biggest feature of this project is how to guide students to complete the thesis more effectively. The graduation thesis involves topics such as title review, opening report, literature review, project design scheme, thesis writing, and communication in all aspects. How to effectively monitor every aspect of graduation design, and how to let the teacher play a real guiding role is also Project to solve the problem.

The present study demonstrates an inkjet – printed interdigitated electrode array on paper substrate and its evaluation as humidity sensor. Inkjet droplet formation analysis has been performed in order to achieve repeatable results regarding generated droplets, based on the driving pulses applied on the inkjet piezoelectric element. Droplet formation has been monitored using stroboscopic effect. Three different paper substrates, namely high glossy inkjet photo paper, glossy inkjet photo and matte inkjet photo paper have been evaluated to investigate compatibility with the ink. Relative humidity measurements have been carried out in a controlled environment. Material degradation, long term response and memory effect are some of the aspects which were studied within the frame of the present work. The proposed sensor provides the opportunity for novel biomedical applications given the flexible substrate nature and the low – cost, single – step fabrication approach.

John Gore’s seminal 1984 paper on gel dosimetry spawned a vibrant research field ranging from fundamental science through to clinical applications. A preliminary bibliometric study was undertaken of the gel dosimetry family of publications inspired by, and resulting from, Gore’s original 1984 paper to determine active growth areas, research trends and hot topics from Gore’s paper up to and including 2016. Themes and trends of the gel dosimetry research field were bibliometrically explored by way of co-occurrence term maps using the titles and abstracts text corpora from the Web of Science database for all relevant papers from 1984 to 2016. Visualisation of similarities was used by way of the VOSviewer visualisation tool to generate cluster maps of gel dosimetry knowledge domains and the associated citation impact of topics within the domains. Heat maps were then generated to assist in the understanding of active growth areas, research trends, and emerging and hot topics in gel dosimetry.

One of some ways to summarize scientific papers is by employing rhetorical structure of sentences. Determining rhetorical sentence itself passes through the process of text categorization. In order to get good performance, some works in text categorization have been done by employing semantic similarity words. Therefore, this paper aims to present the rhetorical sentence categorization from scientific paper by using selected features, added previous label, and Word2Vec to capture semantic similarity words. Then, this paper shows the result of employing resampling for balancing the existing instances per class and combining resampling and Word2Vec representation itself. Every experiment is tested in two classifiers, namely IBk and J48 tree. It shows that the use of previous label, Word2Vec (Skip-Gram), and resampling improves performance. After doing all the experiments in the 10-fold cross-validation, the highest performance of F-measure is achieved 84.97% by combining Word2Vec (Skip-Gram), all features, and resampling.

In this paper a simple and innovative technique to combine n optical frequencies with the aim to produce a virtual laser with superior metrological characteristics is introduced. The algorithms to combine a number of clocks to produce a virtual clock, which is also referred as paper clock, are well known. An example of this is the statistical generation of the UTC time scale by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) using a recursive algorithm (ALGOS). A similar algorithm to combine n optical frequencies, all of them with same nominal value, to produce a "paper laser" whose frequency is known through its difference with respect to the optical frequencies of the ensemble is proposed here. As a demonstration of this, three optical frequencies stabilized to the D2 Cs-133 line, all of them with similar frequency stability were experimentally combined. A paper laser has been produced during hours whose frequency stability is about 3-1/2 times with respect to the original optical frequencies. This technique can be applied to combine ultra-stable optical frequencies to produce a paper laser that can be materialized by correcting one of the real optical frequencies of the ensemble. The robustness and stability of a paper laser is very attractive to produce a time scale from its operation.

This paper is based of policy to diversify energy from renewable energy, one of the types of renewable energy is biodiesel. The purpose of this paper is to explain the water content in biodiesel with palm oil added, and the water content in biodiesel with coconut oil added, and compare the water content of the two types of biodiesel. The type of research used is the research and development method, testing the water content of the biodiesel at the Sucofindo Padang Laboratory and the Pertamina Padang Laboratory. The results showed that the water content of biodiesel with palm oil had a lower water content compared to biodiesel with coconut oil. Referring to the provisions of the Indonesian National Standard (SNI 7182:2015) that the water content in biodiesel is 0.05% as the maximum limit, while referring to Gaikindo (Association of Indonesian Automotive Industries), the maximum water content in biodiesel is 0.020% to 0.025%, then biodiesel B5, B10, B15, and B20, with palm oil added, and biodiesel B5 and B10 with coconut oil added as fuel can be used for diesel engines.

This study focus on the removal of textile dyeing effluent by analyzing the physio-chemical parameters such as color, turbidity, pH, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). Activated carbon is used for removing color from the wastewater collected from silkworm textile industry, Bishnupur, West Bengal. We have used activated carbon made with coconut shell which is ecofriendly and low in cost. The results of the analysis were compared with the water quality standards of BIS (Bureau of Indian Standard) for further application of the treated water in agricultural field. Also, this paper included the case study on textile dyeing industry in Bankura district, West Bengal, India and its impacts of pollution load in the environment.

Biomass-based energy conversion and storage applications have proven to be the most effective technology for practical and sustainable applications. However, their further development was hindered by poor electrode performance. Naturally, abundant biomass is a green alternative carbon source with many desirable properties. This study presents a relatively easy approach for the synthesis of activated carbon-based electrode materials derived from natural biomass with an emphasis on supercapacitor applications. The selected biomass waste is Longan leaves. The precursor was converted into activated carbon through ZnCl2 impregnation at three different concentrations in high-temperature pyrolysis. All activated carbon confirmed a good amorphous structure. Furthermore, oxidative compounds were also found to have an effect on their electrochemical properties. supercapacitor cells prepared in a two-electrode system exhibit high electro-capacitive properties with a specific capacitance of 169.83 F g−1 at a constant current density of 1.0 A g−1 in an aqueous electrolyte of 1 M H2SO4. Furthermore, the optimum energy density was found in LF0.5 samples as high as 19.04 Wh kg−1 at a maximum power density of 124.37 W kg−1.

The preparation of coal water slurry (CWS) as a new substitute for oil and the factors affecting the stability of CWS were studied in this paper. Dry method was used to prepare CWS. Dry coal water slurry refers to the preparation of CWS by grinding coal into powder, then adding water and additives, mixing and stirring. Preparation process is simple and convenient, and has low technical requirements. There are many factors affecting the stability of CWS. In this paper, the coal-water ratio, mixing time and coal particle size are selected to study, and the effects of various variables on the stability of CWS in a certain range are determined. The final experimental results show that the CWS prepared by mixing for 15 minutes with 65% water, 34% coal and 1% additive is the most stable.

Vast applications of cellulases and xylanases in many fields over the last few decades and high production cost demand extensive research in improving its quality and finding low cost substrates. These includes pulp and paper, food and feed, brewing, agriculture and biofuel industries. The main objective of this study was to investigate the use of pineapple crown leaves waste as the substrate to produce cellulases and xylanases in solid-state cultures (SSF) of Eupenicillium javanicum InaCC F154. Three SSF temperatures (25°C, 30°C and 35°C) and pH (4.0, 6.0 and 8.0) were tested for 96 h in solid media containing defatted soybean, (NH4)2SO4, NaNO3, CaCl2, and small amount of H2O. Then, its comparison with submerged fermentation (SmF) was also carried out. The SSF results showed that increasing temperature from 25°C to 35°C, increased the production of these enzymes. The pH also affected its activities, except at pH 4.0. The optimum pH and temperature for cellulase and xylanase production were found to be 6.0 and 35°C, respectively. The maximum cellulase obtained was 0.261 U/mL while much higher was obtained for xylanase with activity of 1.683 U/mL. SSF was better than SmF for xylanases (0.501 U/mL vs. 1.683 U/mL). The outcome of this study exhibits the potential of pineapple crown leaves as the substrate for xylanase production from E. javanicum by solid-state fermentation.

This paper discusses the idea of vertical wake deflection for offshore wind turbines using active ballast control. First, the concept of active ballast control for changing the attitude of an offshore wind energy semi-submersible platform is presented and briefly explored. Next, the influence of vertical wake deflection on the wake behavior and power production of a cluster of two wind turbines is studied through wind tunnel experiments and LES simulations. Results show that vertical deflection changes substantially the wake characteristics and affects the inflow at a downstream wind turbine in terms of available kinetic energy and turbulence intensity. For the most favorable case considered here, the cluster power was increased by approximately 8%.

This study aims to assess the overall performance of a membrane bioreactor and reverse osmosis membrane for the treatment of textile effluent as well as to investigate their ability in meeting the water reuse standards. The laboratory-scale MBR-RO units were fed with textile wastewater, and the MBR effluent performance was evaluated through water quality for the parameters like total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and colour. The results reveal that the MBR system yields good quality permeate water. We obtained 99%, 90.3%, and 82.5% (average) reduction of TSS, COD, and colour, respectively, with this system. Moreover, the MBR technology is highly effective for pre-RO treatment. We also studied the impact of pressure and temperature applied to the RO membrane on the efficiency for eliminating TDS, COD, colour, and the permeate flux. The results demonstrated that the applied pressure positively affected while the feed temperature negatively affects the overall removal efficiency. This study confirms that the feed temperature, besides pressure, have a positive effect on the flux for an RO system.

Textile is one of the important industry. Conversion of fiber to fabric takes place which involves many process and synthetic chemicals. The fabric is then dyed or printed, fabricated into clothes. The extraction of dyes from the wastewater industry becomes a worldwide issue. Water contamination due to industrial discharge is the big threat to the environment. Hence an attempt was made in this study to treat textile wastewater using natural anionic polysaccharide sodium alginate as adsorbing agent. The optimum condition was obtained by varying dosage, pH, flow rate and depth of beads for varying contact time. For optimum conditions, the textile wastewater was analyzed. Results showed 32%, 56% and 75% removal of sulphates, alkalinity and nitrates respectively. Hence sodium alginate proved efficient in treatment of textile wastewater.

To treat domestic sewage with high efficacy and low cost, the technology of shortcut simultaneous nitrogen removal was used with a new biofilm reactor. The influences on nitrogen removal effect by start-up procedure, nitrogen transformation characteristics and main factors (hydraulic retention time, dissolved oxygen, carbon-nitrogen ratio) were analyzed. The results indicate that: The reactor finished start-up of shortcut simultaneous nitrogen removal in 14 days of cultivation time after the biofilm cultured in the carrier. The ammonia nitrogen removal rate, simultaneous nitrification-denitrification rate and cumulative nitrite nitrogen rate respectively reached 91.3%, 82.7% and 63.4% in the last phase of start-up procedure. To remove ammonia nitrogen with the technology of shortcut simultaneous nitrogen removal efficiently and steadily, hydraulic retention time, dissolved oxygen, carbon-nitrogen ratio should be controlled in 3.56 hours, 1.5 mg/L and 5~8.

Wastewater of textile industry containing any pollutants, turbid and strong color appearance. Electrocoagulation (EC) is a wastewater treatment alternative, which are some factors: distance of electrode, voltage application, and time operation. This research was determined the optimum voltage density and flow rate by continuous system EC. The couples of Al electrode was immercing in the EC chamber by various distance: 1, 5; 3.0; 4.5; 6 cm, and applide 18 volts. The wastewater was passed to the EC chamber by ascending in varieous flow rate: 1, 0; 1.5; 2.0; 2.5 mL s−1. The product was evaluated according to the regulations PermenLH RI no 5/2014, including: COD, TSS, pH, DO, Conductivity, and Al concentration. The result optimum voltage density application is 12 Vcm−1 (18 volts/1.5 cm), and a flow rate 1 mL s−1. COD Removel is 91.80% (1.683 to 138 mgL−1; fulfil the regulations), TSS removel is 87.83% (937 to 114 mg L−1, (not fullfil the regulations), color degradation is 83.98% (239, 14 to 38, 31 mgL−1 PtCo). The others are pH increase in the range of tolerant, DO increase up to 8, 2 mg L−1, Conductivity increase up to 5350 μs cm−1, and Al increase up to 2, 71 mgL−1.

Plasma Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) can be applied to degrade textile wastewater. In this study, a DBD plasma reactor was composed of two electrodes of stainless-steel mesh as the outer electrode and Cu wire as the inner electrode with pyrex glass as the dielectric barrier. The electrodes were connected to an AC voltage of 3.07 kV. As much as 1500 ml of textile wastewater has flowed continuously into the system. Variations time of treatment were 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. Physical parameters of textile wastewater such as pH, total dissolved solid (TDS), and absorbance were measured before and after treatment to determine the effect of plasma. As a result, the highest degradation efficiency of 54.29% was obtained after treating the textile wastewater for 120 min.

Sewage has been a concern of environmental activists in recent years, given the increase in waste generated from offices, hospitals, industry, and households. In this research the focus is to discuss waste generated by households. The sewage treatment system used in most residential areas in Indonesia is still conventional. Conventional sewage treatment systems can be a serious environmental problem if there is no proper design and planning. The method used in this research is a case study of Innovative Solutions for Sewage using Food Chain Reaction (FCR) in one city in Indonesia, Batam. The results of this research explained the development of food chain reactor (FCR) in Batam, reactor configuration, observations from operating sites, plant operating data, aesthetics.

Moisture content, ash content and heating value have been measured on briquettes which were made from a mixture of halaban charcoal and coal bottom ash with variations in pressures and form factor. Factors that influence the characteristics of briquettes were powder fineness and pressure. And so both materials were made in the form of powder on a 250 mesh sieve and pressure variations (150, 200, 250, 300, and 350) kg / cm2. The composition of the mixture of halaban charcoal and coal bottom ash was with a ratio of 90%: 10%, while 5% of starch adhesive was added. Briquettes were made in the form of solid cylinders and hollow cylinders. From the measurements, the moisture content, ash content and heating value of solid cylinder briquettes were yielded 3.831-5.892%, 7.178-10.507% and 5,607.467-5,732.033 cal/g, respectively. While for hollow cylinder briquettes were 4.564-5.621%, 8.688-11.191% and 5,620.833-5,685.100 cal/g. All briquette samples meet Indonesian national standards requirements for moisture content and heating value, but not all briquette samples meet the requirements for ash content. Higher pressure gave lower water and ash content, but higher heating value. Based on the results, it is recommended that the pressure given in making the briquette was 200 kg/cm2. This is based on consideration of the highest heating value obtained when the pressure was 200 kg / cm2.

Sweetmeat is one of the non-staple foods and a kind of classic non-staple food. It is of great practical significance to study the treatment of candied waste-water from factories along the river basin. Take the digestible sludge from the pipe of the dewatering workshop of the sewage treatment plant and anaerobic treat the high-concentration candie waste-water in the plastic bucket. The results showed that the suspended matter concentration of waste-water decreased to 8.04 g/L and the removal rate reached 22.1% after 60 h treatment. The absorbance of waste-water decreased from 0.835 to 0.598, the color removal rate reached 32.4%, and the chroma of waste-water decreased from 500 times to 80 times, reaching the “secondary standard” of “comprehensive sewage discharge standard (GB8978-1996)”.

Incense is a type of sap produced from kemenyan tree (Styrax spp.) by tapping the wood bark. Incense is one of the vegetative non-timber forests product which categorized to resins group that can be processed and utilized for various uses. The purpose of this study was to determine the marketing strategy of incense by the community around the protected area in PT. Toba Pulp Lestari concession. A SWOT analysis was applied to find the best strategy scenario. The analysis result recommends Strength-Opportunity (SO) is the best marketing strategy to be adopted.

Jatropha renewable energy is widely used as diesel engine fuel due to the improving dependence on fossil diesel fuel and the volume of motor vehicles. Jatropha was chosen because it is non-edible energy and it is easily produced. However, high viscosity and low heating value become performance and emissions of diesel engine problems. Butanol is a low viscosity alcohol group and it contains oxygen in high volume. The addition of butanol is proven to improve performance and to reduce diesel engine emissions. This research observed the performance and soot emissions of a 4JB1 direct injection diesel engine fueled with a blended of diesel-jatropha-butanol fuel. The test was operated at 2500 rpm with a loading rate of 0 to 100% at an interval of 25%. The volume of the biodiesel mixture are 85/10/5, 80/10/10, 75/10/15, 75/20/5, 70/20/10, 65/20/15, 65/30/5, 60/30/10, 55/30/15 based on volume. Test result showed the use of fuel with jatropha which is contains 10% and 15% butanol having results in a higher performance increase and lower smoke opacity than the pure diesel fuel.

Rice husk is a waste that has a very high amount every year and is spread in several islands in Indonesia. The use of rice husk as a source of energy raw materials is still very low. Rice husk itself in terms of potential amount and distribution has the potential to become a renewable energy source for rural areas so that it can overcome the problem of rural energy needs. By modifying rice husks into bio-pellets, rice husks can be a source of energy for the daily needs of rural communities and it is possible to support the industrial sector in rural areas so that the reach of rice husk waste can be increased and economic functions also increase. The bio-pellet quality reference standard made refers to the SNI standard. To make bio-pellets, flat die mill type machines are used with speeds of 1660 rpm. As an adhesive used cassava flour with a variation of 10% and 20% and a variation of water 15%; 20% by weight of rice husk. Compaction pressure varies by adjusting the gap between the roller and die with a distance of 0.5mm, 1mm and 1.5mm. From the results of testing the characteristics of bio-pellets that have been carried out, the best bio-pellet is obtained from bio-pellets which are processed from a mixture of rice husk with the addition of water by 20% with a roller and die gap of 1.5 mm and an adhesive of 20% where the calorific value is 4182 cal/gram. Of the five SNI standard parameters, for the ash standard, the product made cannot meet the maximum value of the ash standard, namely ash content ≤ 1.5%. For other standards such as having a calorific value of more than 4000 cal/gram, the bonded carbon value is ≥ 14%. Volatile content is less than ≤ 80% and has a density of ≥ 0.8 already fulfilled.

The dynamic working nature of modern industries demand huge energy requirement to sustain their operation. Till date, fossil fuels are the primary energy sources and their extinct being a serious threat to many industries including automotive sectors. Biodiesel fuels are limelight to many industries due to their inherent carbon neutral and eco-friendly characteristics. Waste oils (fish oil) is a potential biomass feedstock which offers excellent technological benefits over petroleum and other vegetable oils. The biodiesel (i.e. residue from fish oil after extracting omega-3 fatty acid) production is done with two-stage transesterification process. Biodiesel at different proportions (B10, B20, B30 B100 indicate 10%, 20%, 30% and 100% of biodiesel) are blended with neat diesel fuel to know the practicality of fuel properties, performance and emission characteristics. The performance and emission characteristics are tested at different loading (from no-load to full load) conditions of single cylinder compression ignition engine. The B10 designated fuel resulted in close proximity values of conventional diesel in terms of fuel properties, performance and emission characteristics.

The petrochemical industry is a branch of the chemical industry that utilizes raw materials in the form of oil and gas through chemical or physical processes to produce various olefin and aromatic-based industrial products. One of the key products in the petrochemical industry is propylene. Propylene is used for the manufacture of polypropylene resins, acrylic acids and its derivatives, propylene glycol, and others. Several attempts to produce propylene from other raw material sources such as natural gas and coal have been made, but given its non-renewable nature, there needs to be a solution for the utilization of renewable natural resources as raw material for making propylene. One of the potential renewable resources in Indonesia is CPO. The process of turning CPO into green diesel is known as the Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) process. This process produces green diesel around 83 percent and propane around 5 percent. Propane produced can be converted into propylene by the Propane Dehydrogenation (PDH) process. The simulation process was designed using Aspen Hysys version 8.8. The simulation indicates that from 10.10 m^3/h CPO can be produced 10.73 m^3/h green diesel and 1.03 m^3/h propane with purity 99.85 percent. From propane dehydrogenation can be produced around 0.8 m^3/h propylene with purity 99.06 percent.

To minimise water pollution as well as to improve the economic value of some unutilised natural resources, application of natural dyes have been widely encouraged this past decade. Natural dyes considered to be effective in minimising the use of chemical agents which in turn overcome pollution problems. Despite the advantages of natural dyes, few problems are also encountered. It is therefore production of natural dyes powder becomes another concern. In this article, application of Brachiaria mutica as natural dyes powder for textile dyeing was discussed in terms of colour darkness, colour fastness, and colour difference. Experiment was carried out by observing dyeing process using 4 types of mordants, i.e. lime, alum, limestone, and ferrous sulphate. The colour darkness of cotton fabric was in the order of system with ferrous sulphate > limestone > alum > lime juice. The system with alum, limestone, and ferrous sulphate generated colour of green, while system with lime juice resulted in yellowish green colour. In term of colour fastness to washing, the quality was in the order of system with ferrous sulphate > limestone > alum > lime juice.