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Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is a vitreous humour substitutes in vitreoretinal surgery to treat retinal detachment. PDMS was synthesized from the monomer octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4). However, D4 is difficult to obtain in Indonesia. So, we need an alternative to replace PDMS. One type of siloxane polymer that can be a potential substitute as PDMS is polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS). In this study, PMHS was obtained from the hydrolysis-condensation process of dichloromethylsilane (DCHS). The hydrolysis process produces monomer that is ready for the condensation process to produce PMHS. Monomer and polymer samples were characterized to determine viscosity, surface tension, refractive index, and functional groups. The monomer sample has a viscosity in the range of 28.7-36.4 mPa.s. The surface tension and refractive index are in the range of 17-18 mN/m and 1.3954-1.3958. The polymer sample has a viscosity of 560-1130 mPa.s with a surface tension of 19 mN/m and a refractive index in the range of 1.3966-1.3970. From the FTIR measurements, all major functional groups in both monomers and polymers of PDMS were observed with the addition of Si-H functional groups which characterize PMHS. These results indicate that PMHS with low viscosity has been successfully obtained by hydrolysis- condensation method of DCHS.

Vitreous humour is a fluid in the eye socket, that can be disturbed due to changes in its chemical or physical structure. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) that also known as a silicone oil is a liquid that is commonly used as a substitute for vitreous humour in vitreoretinal surgery. PDMS can be synthesized from the monomer of Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4). However, in Indonesia, it is still difficult to obtain D4 monomer, so an alternative is needed. In this study, a synthesis of PDMS was carried out using the monomer precursor Dichlorodimethylsilane (DCMS) through a hydrolysis method under alkaline conditions using potassium hydroxide (KOH). Then the monomer obtained from the hydrolysis process was self-polymerized by aging to form a polymer gel. The concentration of KOH was varied at 0.5, 0.6 and 1 molar. The synthesized PDMS gel have viscosity values of 0.57, 1.53 and 4.49 Pa.s, density values of 0.986, 1.004, and 1.005 g/mL, refractive index in the range of 1.4001-1.4012, and surface tension in the range 19-21 mN/m. Those values of synthesized PDMS are similar to properties of commercial PDMS. We obtained that PDMS sample that synthesized using 1 M KOH shows the fastest polymerization time.

316L stainless steel is one of the metal biomaterials used in implant applications because it has excellent mechanical strength. To improve the biocompatibility and activity of metals, a coating on metal surfaces is required. 316L stainless steel is coated with hydroxyapatite using a dip coating technique. Firstly, the suspension was prepared by mixing 10 grams of hydroxyapatite, 1 gram of sago starch, with distilled water with certain weight which was then stirred at a speed of 250 rpm for 20 hours. The substrate then dipped 1 time with dipping time for 20 seconds. Coating hydroxyapatite was sintered at temperatures of 600°C, 700°C and 800°C for 1 hour. The results show that the thickness of the hydroxyapatite layer on the substrate has decreased with increasing amount of distilled water used. However, the thickness of the layer increases with increasing sintering temperature. The best value of shear strength was obtained in the addition of 16 grams of distilled water with sintering temperature of 800°C which is 11.78 MPa. Furthermore, the coating attached to all substrates is hydroxyapatite with an average composition of 99.37% as evidenced by the results of XRD analysis.

Mosquitoes are vectors for several diseases, such as dengue fever, malaria, Japanese encephalitis, and chikungunya. This study aimed to navigate and analyze the presence of mosquito larvae in the environment of Pahandut District collected and documented from Langkai, Panarung, Pahandut, Tanjung Pinang, Pahandut Seberang, and Tumbang Rungan urban village in Pahandut Sub-District. The collected samples were examined in Biomedic Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Palangka Raya University. The distribution larvae was dominated by Culex quinquefasciatus which was 20.89% in Langkai urban village, Culex quinquefasciatus was 14.24% in Panarung urban village, Aedes aegypti was 5.41% in Pahandut urban village. In Pahandut Seberang and Tumbang Rungan urban village were dominated by Aedes albopictus larvae (17.18% and 7.02% respectively). Most mosquito breeding habitats in ditches were 16.9% in Panarung urban villages. This reported the existence of mosquito breeding habitats in the environment which was significant to the abundance of mosquito larvae, and the observed conditions were thought to be the cause of the disease spread in Pahandut Sub-District.

Flies as mechanical vectors of disease spread in humans. This study aimed to detect helminth eggs on the flies body surface in markets in Makassar City Market. Flies collected in sale places such as vegetables, chicken and beef, cakes, fish, and trash cans at the market. Then flies and helminth eggs were idemtificated examined in the laboratory for identification of flies and helminth eggs. Flies found throughout markets in Makassar City were Musca domestica, Calliphora spp., and Sarcophaga haemorroidalis. The highest flies number of was Calliphora spp. (n=27) at the fish sale place in Tamalate market. The greatest number of egg helminth was Taenia sp. (n=17) found on the body surface of Chrysomia sp. This study showed that most helminth eggs found on the body surface of Chrysomia sp. compared to other flies.

Activities along the tributary of the Tallo river cause discoloration and unpleasant odors in the river water. This condition indicates that the river was polluted by anthropogenic waste. Therefore, a scientific study was conducted to determine the environmental conditions of the Tallo tributary through a preliminary study of the mineral characteristics of the surface sediments based on magnetic susceptibility data. The surface sediment was taken and its magnetic susceptibility measurements were carried out, followed by the interpretation of mineral types, element content, the presence of superparamagnetic minerals, and magnetic grains. The results showed that the minerals contained in the sediment samples were predominantly ferrimagnetic. The elemental content of the sediment samples indicated that Fe, Mn, and Cr were classified as heavy metals. Traces of the presence of superparamagnetic minerals show almost none. Meanwhile, the magnetic susceptibility values at low and high frequencies are identical, indicating that the grains contained in the sediment samples are multi-domain (MD), where the dominant magnetic minerals come from anthropogenic minerals.

The study of environmental magnetic methods using magnetic susceptibility parameters in cave guano deposits has not been widely discussed, especially in Indonesia. This method is relatively inexpensive, fast, affordable, and non-destructive. Environmental magnetism is associated with environmental changes such as climate change and anthropogenic effects. After a brief introduction to the fundamental of environmental magnetism, we describe several case studies regarding the properties of magnetic minerals and magnetic grains. This study was complemented with XRF results to identify the elemental composition.

Global climate change is a worldwide issue affecting rain and groundwater supplies. To realize the SDGs’ 6th goal regarding clean water and proper sanitation, Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) is one solution for pure water requirements and useless groundwater. RWH, which is equipped with infiltration wells, can overcome water scarcity during the dry season and reduce flooding in the rainy season. This research was conducted to harvest rainwater that falls on the roof into the reservoir to the ground, so it is necessary to calculate the rainwater availability and water demand to design RWH building plan. This research was conducted at the Faculty of Engineering, Pancasila University, which uses groundwater for essential water requirements. Two RWH reservoirs are planned in different locations, with the dimensions of the RWH reservoir are 4 m (length) x 3.5 m (width) x 3 m (height). Based on the flood discharge from the roof of 84 m3, the amount of water needed is 19.4 m3. For that, it is necessary to be equipped with 4 infiltration wells with a diameter of about 1.5 m and a height of 3 m to store groundwater around 6.402 m3. RWH application can also be applied to campus that use groundwater to reduce groundwater use.

This study aims to know the susceptible disaster region based on peak ground acceleration and earthquake intensity on earthquake study cases in Mamasa 2018. Data that is used in this research is data on earthquake cases in Mamasa 2018 that is gained from the Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics (BMKG) district IV Makassar, it included data of the time when the earthquake happened, latitude, longitudinal (, depth (< 60 km) and magnitude (≥ 5) SR. The calculation of on peak ground acceleration was conducted by using Donovan and Mc.Guirre methods, whereas to calculate the value of intensity, it is using the Wald method (1999). The result from the calculation of on peak ground acceleration by Donovan is 95.903 gal to 377.094 gals with the intensity VI to VIII MMI. Whereas the calculation result of on peak ground acceleration by Mc.Guirre method is 58.981 gal to 227.39 gals with the intensity V to VII MMI. MMI intensity of the Wald method is obtained by using the PGA value conversation Mc.Guirre method that is closer to the intensity of the result of the macroseismic survey in Mamasa District and relates with the damage that happened on location. The mapping of earthquake intensity based on PGA Mc.Guirre method shows that 3 (three) sub-districts that have an intensity of VII MMI, namely Tawalian Sub-district, Mamasa Sub-district, and Sesean Padang Sub-district. The area is the most vulnerable. Mamasa has low-risk level from the earthquake, although sometimes an earthquake happened until now. This result is supported by a geological map in the Mamasa regions that showed source rock in that area is a type of hard rock that consis of granitic materials.

Research has been carried out to describe the profile of the sediment layer and analyze the composition of sediment minerals in the former mine area of the Karst Maros area. Data is collected by measuring in the field in one of the former mining areas using a geoelectric tool. The measured data are current strength, voltage, and then an analysis is performed to obtain the value of resistance and resistance using the Wenner configuration. The results of the analysis were processed using Res2dinV software to obtain resistivity cross-sections in the measurement area. Processing results obtained by sedimentary profiles in the former mine area of the Maros Karst Area in the form of layers at resistivity values in the range of 0.17 Ωm to 7.80 Ωm and the corresponding types of material are groundwater, sand, clay, and limestone. The varying resistivity value is around a depth of up to 6 m. After this depth, the bedding will have almost the same material as hard limestone. While the mineral composition in the Karst Maros Region consists of chalcopyrite, galena, pyrite, pyrrhotite, magnetite, cassiterite, hematite, and clay.

System backup can’t be a good solution without planning. Secure data backup planning will prevent more data loss. The Comprehensive Exam is a system to conduct a comprehensive exam and test score management, which is also carried out with the Computer-Based Test. The two systems are connected, these are running with a data-based application programming interface (API) synchronization on two different servers. Two servers running simultaneously with the synchronized API. Special methods of solving this problem are needed to back up supported information systems and computer-based tests. Disaster Recovery is a term for recovery and resumption. A disaster recovery plan is a plan to improve information technology (IT) infrastructure from other disasters that endanger the information infrastructure. One method of recovering business processes is to restore the data backup itself. Data backup is one of the important elements, the data backup method will be applied is the disk mirroring method, which is making a permanent backup from the main data center, data backup will be provided a real-time backup using the Distributed Replicated Block Device (DRBD) concept. In our research concluded automatically synchronizes implementation backup data using the DRBD concept.

Panaikang, Biraeng Village, Minasate’ne District is one of the villages in the Pangkep karst area which has a topographical morphology with many cracks, fissures, and cavities on the surface. The formation of karst from the process of dissolving water against carbonate rocks. Analysis of physical and mechanical properties is important to know. This study aims to determine the value of porosity, density and rock compressive strength values in the karst region of the Pangkep Regency. The testing of physical and mechanical properties was carried out to obtain rock conditions and quality using engineering methods. The number of samples used 10 rock samples with a minimum distance of each sample ± 10 meters using a random method. The results obtained by the rock type at the site are dolomite limestone with a porosity range value of 0–5% and a modified limestone with a porosity range value of 5–50%. Rock density is in the range of values 2.2-2.7 gr/cm3. Rock compressive strength testing shows that the rock in the area has weak strength quality with a range of values of 5-25 MPa and medium strength quality with a value range of 25-50 MPa.

The main objective of this research is to develop an ICT-Assisted Preprospec Learning Model. This learning model was developed specifically for learning mathematics and consists of five stages, namely Prepare, Problem Solving, Presentation, Evaluation, Conclusion which at some stages use media based on Information and Communication Technology (ICT). The use of media based on ICT is intended to make learning more effective and efficient. In addition, abstract mathematical characteristics, using a lot of graphics and images and being applied in real life and other scientific disciplines are considered to use ICT-based media in learning. The ICT-Assisted Preprospec Learning Model is expected to improve mathematical problem solving abilities as the heart of mathematics and student’s self-renewal capacity. The development of this ICT-assisted Preprospec Learning Model uses the ADDIE Model which consists of 5 stages, namely analysis, design, develop, implement and evaluate. The results of this study indicate that ICT-assisted learning model Preprospec valid and ready to be used for learning.

This study aims to improve the ability of reflective thinking through collaborative problem solving based on thermodynamic learning. The method used is descriptive quantitative analysis, a sample of 16 prospective physics teacher students who are following thermodynamic learning. The instrument used in this study uses a modified Kember reflective level scale. This research was conducted for 3 meetings but began by holding a pre-test to see the improvement of students’ reflective thinking skills from the beginning to the 3rd meeting, the learning model used was collaborative problem solving. The results showed that reflective thinking ability increased at Reflection and Critical Reflection levels while in habitual action and understanding did not increase. This shows that through the application of collaborative problem solving models in thermodynamic learning can improve the ability of reflective thinking students of physics teacher candidates on high-level thinking.

Elderly quality of life (QoL) is affected by the decline in health status, and vice versa. The purpose of this study was to find out whether there were differences between before and after the provision of Islamic spiritual care services (ISC) to elderly patients. This study was a quasi-experimental research design with pre-test & post-test assessments. A sample of 106 elderly patients at PKU Muhammadiyah Gamping Hospital Yogyakarta with an age range of 60-70 years was consecutively selected by inclusion criteria. The QoL was measured using the validated Indonesian version of OPQOL-Brief questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test because of the abnormality distribution. There was an increase of the means of QoL after the ISC provision by the p-value=0.000. It is concluded from this study that elderly’s QoL had significant differences between before and after the ISCS provision. The results of the study indicate that ISC is potential to be developed in order to improve the QoL of elderly patients.

The objectives of this research are to characterize the chemical composition of brine water, Tirtasanita Bogor, Indonesia and investigate the influence of brine water vaporization ratio on lithium content and other chemical elements of brine water. The research method is brine water evaporated at boiling point using distillation equipment with various evaporation ratios up to 50 percent; 75 percent; 80 percent; 87.5 percent and 90 percent volume of brine water. The distillation process produces distillate and brine water liquid containing salt deposits. The brine water liquid from the evaporation process was then filtered to separate the filtrate of brine water and salt deposit. Distillate and filtrate of brine water were analysed by ICP-OES to know the chemical composition of both such as Li, K, Na, Ca, and Mg. The salt deposits were characterized by SEM-EDS. The experimental results show that the chemical compositions of brine water Tirtasanita Bogor, Indonesia are 17.27 ppm Li; 409.98 ppm K; 1929.87 ppm Na; 185.71 ppm Ca; 146.02 ppm Mg. From the result of SEM-EDS analysis shows that salt deposit has a spherical morphology with the dominant Ca content. This salt deposit is indicated as CaCO3 compound.

The growth of software application today has a lot of variety. The ease for software developers which provide an interest for all is to do self-taught learning. However, not all application developers are able to apply database theory in developed database systems. Database development needs to be normalized. Famous theoretical normalization for the database is known as BCNF Boyce-Codd normal form. This theory is actually very easy to understand but in the execution, application developers for small project application do not use the theory in the implementation of the database in their system. One of the reasons is the lack of understanding of normalization process. The simplest way to verify database normalization in a small project is with the use of ERD (Entity Relationship Diagram). This can be known by the same representation of the number of entities in the ERD by the number of tables in the database schema.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is defined as a condition of kidney damage occurring for 3 months or more with a decrease in Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) of less than 60 mL/min/1,73m2. The etiology of CKD includes hypertension and type 2 diabetes melitus (DM). The existance of irrational using of antihypertensive drugs and oral antidiabetics in CKD patients with hypertensive etiology and or type 2 diabetes melitus leads to research on the rationality of antihypertensive and oral antidiabetics. This study aims to evaluate the rationality of antihypertensive and or oral antidiabetics of patients with kidney disease with hypertension and or type 2 diabetes mellitus in RSI Siti Khadijah Palembang. This research was done by descriptive analysis method, data collection was done prospectively. The data obtained were 5 samples that suits exclusion criteria as well as 20 samples that suits inclusion criteria. The results of evaluation of antihypertensive drug use were found to be 100% precise indication, 100% precise dose, 95% precise patient, 90% precise drug, and 10% of patients experienced side effects. The evaluation of the use of OAD were 100% precise indication, 100% precise dose, 100% precise patient, 100% precise drug, and 100% of patients had no side effects.

Technological developments in the globalization era is increasing, including in the education world, this development makes it easier for teachers and students in implementing teaching and learning process through computer media. Computer function is increasing sharply with the birth of internet technology, no longer limited to tools for storing, maintaining, and transferring knowledge, but able to become an interactive learning media through distance learning and teleconference, and others. The distance of the world of knowledge becomes increasingly narrow with the ease of accessing various information-news, science, knowledge, in the form of text and images through the internet network.

Face as a security system has a vulnerability to the spoofing attack because by falsifying faces using certain media such as photos or videos can fool the system. In this study, we proposed a spoofing detection system on human faces that good to distinguish spoof and non- spoof face using Low-Level Feature: Speeded-Up Robust Features (SURF) and Shape Analysis: Pyramid Histogram of Oriented Gradient (PHOG) as the feature extraction. We tested our method on 2 scenarios: intra-database and cross-database, using 4 different public datasets: MSU MFSD, NUAA Imposter, CASIA FASD, and IDIAP Replay-Attack. We used Support Vector Machine (SVM) and k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN) as classification.

This research is about magnetite's characterization (Fe3O4) from natural iron sands of Bonto Kanang Village, District of Takalar for ink powder (toner) application. This study aims to determine the process parameters to obtain magnetite of high purity degree and to observe its physical characteristics as a supporting toner material which synthesized through co-precipitation method. The iron sand was first separated by the magnetic technique and dissolved into HCl solution before conducting the precipitation process. Precipitation was done by dripping ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH). The precipitated powder was dried at 100°C, and then calcined at 400°C. The purity degree and magnetite mineral grain size were analyzed by XRD and SEM-EDS. The EDS elemental test before and after precipitation shown an increase of iron oxide composition from 66.70% to 87.76%. Diffractogram of XRD before and after precipitation showed Fe3O4 compounds with magnetite phase of 59% and 98%, respectively. The crystal structure iron sand powder structure before and after precipitation is cubic with each lattice parameters a = b = c = 8.384971 A, V = 589.528423 A3 and a = b = c = 8.386829 A and V = 589.920291 A3 when angle α = β = γ = 90°. SEM images (using SE and HV 20kV) showed inhomogeneous magnetite morphology. The magnetite phase percentage that obtained based on the XRD analysis gives information that magnetite precipitation has been successfully performed with high degree of purity. The material obtained can be applied as a support toner material.

The main purpose of this research is developing and produces a Calculus textbook model that supported with GeoGebra. This book was designed to enhancing students' mathematical problem solving and mathematical representation. There were three stages in this research i.e. define, design, and develop. The textbooks consisted of 6 chapters which each chapter contains introduction, core materials and include examples and exercises. The textbook developed phase begins with the early stages of designed the book (draft 1) which then validated by experts. Revision of draft 1 produced draft 2. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics. The analysis showed that the Calculus textbook model that supported with GeoGebra, valid and fill up the criteria of practicality.

Iron sand found in coastal areas in Sulawesi Selatan has not been optimally utilized. In this study, to analysis the mineral content of iron sand deposit, extraction, and characterization process were conducted. Iron sand was obtained from Bontokanang Village Takalar district and Tanjung Bayang Beach Makassar. Chemical composition analysis was performed of on samples by means of Tescan Vega3SB Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) coupled with Bruker Quantax System Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). Analysis of the crystalline level and mineral composition were performed on the sample by using Rigaku MiniFlex II X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The SEM-EDS analysis showed that iron sand in Bontokanang Village and Tanjung Bayang Beach was dominated by iron oxide (FeO) with concentration of 66,70 wt.% and 79,56 wt.%. The XRD analysis showed that iron sand from Bontokanang Village contains magnetite, chromium (VI) oxide, and aluminum oxide with concentrations of 59 wt.%, 30 wt.%, And 11 wt.%. While the iron sand from Tanjung Bayang Beach contains mineral iron silicon oxide and magnetite with concentrations of 77 wt.% And 23 wt.%. Iron sand deposit from Bontokanang Village and Tanjung Bayang Beach contain magnetite minerals that can be further explored and extracted as commercial minerals.

This research was development research that aimed to develop and produce a Statistics textbook model that supported with information and communication technology (ICT) and Portfolio-Based Assessment. This book was designed for students of mathematics at the college to improve students' ability in mathematical connection and communication. There were three stages in this research i.e. define, design, and develop. The textbooks consisted of 10 chapters which each chapter contains introduction, core materials and include examples and exercises. The textbook developed phase begins with the early stages of designed the book (draft 1) which then validated by experts. Revision of draft 1 produced draft 2 which then limited test for readability test book. Furthermore, revision of draft 2 produced textbook draft 3 which simulated on a small sample to produce a valid model textbook. The data were analysed with descriptive statistics. The analysis showed that the Statistics textbook model that supported with ICT and Portfolio-Based Assessment valid and fill up the criteria of practicality.