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• At present there is no consensus on a definition of safety within safety research. • The lack of consensus is a barrier to communication and epistemic growth. • This paper proposes a new definition of safety: • The proposed definition: Safety is the preservation of positive value. The questions 'what is safety?' and 'what is it that safety researcher's study?' are at the very core of safety research as an academic discipline. One might therefore assume that the discipline is based on clear answers to these questions, answers that are unanimously shared among the great majority of safety researchers. Strangely enough, this is not the case, and this lack of consensus is a major problem, because, as Leveson (2020) points out, without it "everyone starts from a different definition of safety and communication is inhibited." By 2014 this lack of clarity and consensus had become so obvious that there was an entire journal special issue dedicated to the topic. That discussion led to a clarification of the problems, but failed to solve them. Several contributors have since proposed solutions, none of which have gained widespread support. This paper argues that there is still a gap in our theoretical conceptualization, and proposes that safety fundamentally refers to positive value: specifically, the quality of experiences and objects that make people desire them. It is not operations, or persons, or objects that are safe, it is the various valuable qualities that can be lost and that are safe as long as they are preserved. As the future is fundamentally uncertain, all attempts at preserving values or valuables for a desired duration can only rest on assessments of the probability that one will manage to preserve them. Hence, this study proposes the following definition: Safety is the material, emotional and mental state that obtains when it is highly probable that all relevant positive values will be preserved for a desired duration, and the knowledge supporting this probability assessment is strong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The 80 km/h speed limit is associated with a significant reduction in fatalities. • Estimated benefits are between 300 and 350 lives saved. • Estimated effects vary between counties, illustrating the potential impact depending on the local context. • The dynamics of the measure evolve over time. Introduction : Speeding is considered to be a major contributor to road fatalities and injuries worldwide. Inappropriate speeding behavior is associated with a high casualty burden. It could be responsible for at least 30% of road accidents. Method : In 2018, the French authorities decided to introduce a new speed limit. They lowered the speed limit to 80 km/h on the unseparated interurban network. The aim was to reduce the number of fatalities and injuries and to implement some measures in line with international commitments. This paper uses different econometric models applied to time series for different groups of counties. Results : The results show a significant positive contribution of the new speed limit. The estimated number of lives saved is between 300 and 350. The overall reduction in the number of fatalities is 10%. The results also show a differentiated impact according to the local context and the different dynamics at play. Conclusions and Practical Applications : The results of this paper are in line with the scientific literature on speed limit reductions. They represent a validation of a debated public decision, while at the same time consolidating the body of knowledge on the subject, helping the decision-maker to adopt an appropriate measure to improve road safety performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction : In pursuit of sustainability goals, many cities are introducing measures to increase the usage of bicycles as a means of transportation. City planners aim to ensure that this increase does not lead to an increase in crashes, but must make corresponding infrastructure decisions with limited information. Sufficient data to perform a statistical analysis of location-specific crash frequencies is rarely available. For example, only approximately 10% of all bicycle crashes are reported to the police (Shinar et al., 2018). Therefore, urban planners often rely on expert opinion, which may lead to suboptimal prioritization and realization of infrastructure improvements. Method: This paper demonstrates how surveys on bicycle crashes can be used to aid urban planners in making infrastructure decisions. In addition to confirming the location and characteristics of reported crashes, surveys can uncover characteristics of crashes that are not reported to the police, situations in which a crash almost occurred, and locations perceived by cyclists to be dangerous. Surveys also allow urban planners to investigate non-infrastructure related causes of crashes, such as the frequency with which individual cyclists use other modes of transportation. Practical Applications: The usefulness of surveys in the determination of urban cycling safety is demonstrated in this paper through analysis of survey results from the city of Zurich in 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Small mobile robots are becoming increasingly popular in construction. • Small mobile robots raise novel occupational safety issues that need to be evaluated. • No previous research examined the impact of small mobile robots on workers' safety. • This conceptual paper identifies and categorizes various risk posed by small mobile robots. • Study outcomes can be used in creating guidelines for safe operations of small mobile robots. Introduction: Small mobile robots have become increasingly popular in the construction domain over the last few years. They are stable on rough terrains, can walk over small obstacles, climb stairs, and carry various sensors or arms to perform diverse functions and sub-tasks required to complete construction-related tasks. Saving time, improving accessibility to difficult or unsafe spaces, and reducing costs while accomplishing construction tasks are some of the benefits of using small, mobile robots in construction. However, serious concerns about new workplace hazards could arise from having mobile robots on the jobsite. Unfortunately, no study has attempted to evaluate these risks, especially in the construction domain. Therefore, there was a significant need to develop a holistic understanding of the direct and indirect risks of mobile robot applications in construction. Method: In this paper, we used inferential and Virtual Reality (VR) visualization techniques to: (1) construct conceptual visualizations of proximal and distant human-robot interaction within the construction context; and (2) identify potential safety challenges of robots, which were categorized into three groups: (a) physical risks, (b) attentional costs, and (c) psychological impacts. These identified safety challenges were then validated and ranked by a group of construction safety and robotic experts who had knowledge and experience using such robots in construction. Practical Applications: The outcomes of the study provided a detailed understanding of how robots might adversely affect workers' safety and health. The study outcomes could also be ultimately used in creating regulatory and administrative guidelines for the safe operations of small mobile robots in construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Occupational injury research is influenced by researchers' perspectives. • Injury-focused perspectives focus on finding and controlling causes of injuries. • This perspective may inadvertently limit occupational injury research. • Occupation-focused perspectives focus on understanding how work is done. • This perspective may allow for new insights in occupational injury research. Introduction: The effectiveness of occupational injury research may, at least in part, depend upon the perspective used in that research. Method: This paper presents two perspectives occupational injury research may adopt – the injury-focused and the occupation-focused perspectives. The injury-focused perspective sees injuries as the primary unit of analysis in occupational injury research. It is based on several premises that focus its research on understanding occupational injuries. However, this focus may obscure certain factors of how injuries occur and, ultimately, how to create occupational safety. By contrast, the occupation-focused perspective sees work as the primary unit of analysis of occupational injury research. This perspective may allow researchers to solve what is described in this paper as the 'dark safety' problem (i.e., how even unsafe systems go long periods of time without failure). The paper does not argue that one or the other perspective should be the only perspective. However, a balanced perspective between injury-focused and occupation-focused research is needed to further occupational injury research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The paper conceptualizes safety voice climate and presents a measurement tool named the "Safety Voice Climate Scale" (SVCS) • The SVCS consists of the two theoretical dimensions "Work colleagues' encouragement of safety voice" and "Leaders' attitudes towards safety voice". • The paper presents initial evidence for SVCS' validity. • The paper assessed the associations between safety voice climate and safety voice behavior. • The sample included 7624 employees from the Norwegian petroleum sector. • Confirmatory factor analyses supported the proposed two-factor model, and the internal consistency of the factors was good. • A SEM model including the SVCS as predictor of safety voice behavior showed good fit, indicating acceptable criterion validity. Introduction : Speaking up about safety issues, termed "safety voice," is a proactive response where people across all levels of the organization express their concerns to prevent physical hazards. An understanding of safety voice requires insight into its antecedents. A perceived need to fit in with the organization and fear of consequences can trump the courage to speak out about safety concerns. Safety voice climate can be seen as a manifestation of the social exchanges in an organization and functions as a roadmap of which speaking out behaviors are encouraged and which behaviors are not. This study conceptualizes safety voice climate, presents the Safety Voice Climate Scale (SVCS) as a measurement tool, and gathers initial evidence for its validity. The study also assesses the associations between the SVCS and safety voice behavior. Method : The SVCS and the measurement of safety voice behavior were derived from the Trends in Risk Level in the Norwegian Petroleum Activity questionnaire. The SVCS includes the two theoretical dimensions Work colleagues' encouragement of safety voice and Leaders' attitudes towards safety voice. Psychometric properties were tested with a representative sample from the Norwegian petroleum sector (n = 7,624). Results : Confirmatory factor analyses supported the proposed two-factor model, and the internal consistency of the factors was good. Furthermore, a structural equation model including the SVCS as predictors of safety voice behavior showed a good fit, indicating acceptable criterion validity, although only the Work colleagues' encouragement of safety voice variable was significantly associated with safety voice behavior. Conclusion and practical application : The SVCS can be used as a tool to detect some of the barriers and supporting elements relating to safety voice and guidance on the efforts needed to foster work climates that promote communication of safety issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In 2022, suicide ranked as the 11th leading cause of death in the United States with 49,513 deaths. Provisional mortality data from 2022 indicate a 2.8% increase in the number of suicides compared to 2021. This paper examines overall suicide trends, sodium nitrite ingestion as an emerging suicide method, and the role that online forums play in sharing information about suicide methods (including sodium nitrite ingestion). Methods: Suicides were identified from CDC's National Vital Statistics System (2018-July 2023 provisional) multiple cause-of-death mortality files using International Classification of Diseases (ICD), Tenth Revision underlying cause-of-death codes U03, X60–X84, and Y87.0 and T code T50.6 (antidotes and chelating agents). Google search popularity metrics were captured from January 2019 to January 2023. Case reports of sodium nitrite related suicide and suicide attempts (through February 2024) were identified in the medical and forensic literature. Results: At least 768 suicides involving antidotes and chelating agents (including sodium nitrite) occurred between 2018 and July 2023, set in the context of 268,972 total suicides during that period. Overall, suicides involving antidotes and chelating agents (including sodium nitrite) represent <1% of all suicides, however, numbers are rising. Conclusions: Suicide methods are known to change over time. These changes can be influenced by, among other factors, online forums and means accessibility, such as internet purchase availability. CDC remains committed to prevention through comprehensive public health strategies that protect individuals, families, and communities. Practical Applications: States and community partners might consider leveraging physicians, emergency responders, and other appropriate crisis response groups to disseminate information on sodium nitrite self-poisoning and its antidote, methylene blue. Efforts should be part of a comprehensive public health approach to suicide prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Tested the effect of witness opinions and background information in investigation. • Witness opinions biased judgments of event cause and witness confidence. • Background information biased judgments of cause and the value of evidence. • Background information biased participants to misclassify more opinions as facts. • Paper provides bias mitigation suggestions for professionals in the field. Introduction : A unique feature of workplace investigations is the familiarity that investigators and witnesses have with the factors involved in the adverse incident. Familiarity creates expectations that can shape investigators' and witnesses' assumptions and opinions. The current research examined the biasing effect of non-factual witness claims on investigators' judgments. These claims, which we call 'uncheckable,' included opinions about factors involved in the event and the future. We also examined how participants' a priori knowledge of an employee's history influenced their judgments. Method: This experiment used a 2 (background information: control or unsafe) × 2 (uncheckable content: neutral or unsafe) between-subjects design. Participants were provided with background information about a worker (control or unsafe history) and a witness statement about a workplace event that contained uncheckable claims (neutral or worker as unsafe). We tested how our manipulations biased participants' judgments of: (i) the cause of the event, (ii) the witness's confidence and credibility, and (iii) the diagnosticity of the witness's account. We also tested if biasing background information affected how factual participants found the witness's statement. Results: Biasing uncheckable information (i.e., opinions) affected participants' judgments of event cause (ηp2 = 0.033) and increased their ratings of witness confidence (ηp2 = 0.074). Biasing background information about a worker affected participants' judgments of the cause of the event (ηp2 = 0.088), the diagnostic value of the witness statement (ηp2 = 0.054), and the number of factual claims in the witness statement, resulting in more uncheckable claims being misclassified as potential facts (ηp2 = 0.18). Conclusion: This experiment demonstrated the significant effect that non-factual witness statements and irrelevant background information can have on the interpretation of evidence and judgments about the cause of events. Practical Application: Understanding how contextual information can bias investigative judgment helps workplace investigators manage its influence in their judgment practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Survey study (N = 1011) on sign messaging and design for pedestrian-rail crossings. • Action-conveying and emotionally-motivated more effective than information signs. • Square and black on yellow signs perceived as most effective in conveying safety. • Pedestrians who frequently cross railroad tracks exhibit higher risk-taking tendencies. • Relationship between likelihood to walk across tracks and risk-taking propensity. Introduction : Train-pedestrian conflicts result in a substantial number of serious and fatal injuries annually. Signs indicating safe and permissible behaviors near railroad rights of way are commonly relied upon to mitigate collisions. However, the effectiveness of these signs in preventing accidents often depends on clarity and interpretation of the sign. The objective of this study was to evaluate the (1) effectiveness of sign messaging strategies and designs at pedestrian-railroad crossings, and (2) effects of context and risk-taking propensity on decisions to cross tracks. Method : A survey study (N = 1011) was conducted comparing likeliness to cross for a variety of pedestrian-railroad scenarios. The DOSPERT scale was included to estimate an individuals' risk-taking. Results : Findings reveal that action-conveying and emotionally-motivated signs are more effective in discouraging railroad crossing in high-risk situations (i.e., train present, crossing gates down, or warning lights flashing), compared to information-only signs. However, decisions to cross are primarily influenced by the presence of a train and crossing gates' status, followed by sign type. MaxDiff analysis show that yellow signs with black symbols and square shaped signs are perceived as the clearest in conveying safety information, compared to black on white, red on white, and circular signs. Additionally, individuals who cross railroad tracks as pedestrians more frequently exhibit higher risk-taking tendencies, while there is no relationship between driving across tracks and risk-taking propensity. Males and younger individuals also have higher risk-taking tendencies. Conclusions and Practical Applications : These findings have implications for policy and practice, such as revising manuals to incorporate more effective sign designs and targeted educational campaigns for high-risk groups. It is also crucial to conduct ongoing monitoring of implemented interventions, which could follow the framework presented in this paper. The study emphasizes collaboration across sectors to improve overall safety at pedestrian-railroad crossings, contributing to safer transportation infrastructure for all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The bicycle fall-over experiments and numerical simulations, with a 3-year-old child dummy in a bicycle seat, enabled the authors to have an insight into the child's kinematics, head accelerations and neck bending. • We highlighted the importance of neck bending injuries during bicycle fall over, which are often neglected in the vulnerable road user safety assessment. • We concluded that assessing only the acceleration of the head and the head injury criterion (HIC) values may lead to false and even hazardous decisions of not wearing a helmet. Introduction : The paper addresses an important accident type that involves children in bicycle seats – the bicycle fall over. It is a significant and common accident type and many parents have been reported to experience this type of "close call." The fall over occurs at low velocities and even while a bicycle is standing still, and may result from a split-second lack of attention on behalf of the accompanying adult (e.g. while loading groceries, i.e. while not being exposed to traffic per se). Moreover, irrespective of the low velocities involved, the trauma that may result to the head of the child is considerable and may be life-threatening, as shown in the study. Method: The paper presents two methods to address this accident scenario in a quantitative way: in-situ accelerometer-based measurement and numerical modeling approaches. It is shown that the methods produce consistent results under the prerequisites of the study. They are therefore promising methods to be used in the study of this type of accident. Results: The importanance of the protective role of a child helmet is without discussion in everyday traffic. However, this study draws attention to one particular effect observed in this accident type: that the geometry of the helmet may at times expose the child's head to considerably larger forces, by having contact with the ground. The study also highlights the importance of neck bending injuries during bicycle fall over, which are often neglected in the safety assessment – not only for children in bicycle seats. The study concludes that considering only head acceleration may lead to biased conclusions about using helmets as protective devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The U.S. food supply chain, from manufacturer to retailer, is a relatively hazardous occupation for workers, with higher morbidity and mortality rates versus other industries. • Employees in food manufacturing, wholesaling, and even retailing experience relatively high numbers of occupational injuries and fatalities. One reason for the high hazard rates may be the reliance on a synergistic packaging system designed to load and transport food products within and between manufacturers, wholesalers, and retailers. • This paper examined severe injuries related to the packaging and movement of food products in segments of the food and beverage supply chain from manufacturing to retailing. We used an OSHA database to investigate all severe injuries in the six years from 2015 to 2020. • Results show there were 1,084 severe injuries and 47 fatalities during the six-year period. Fractures of the lower extremities were most prevalent, with the most frequent event type being transportation-related such as pedestrian-vehicle incidents. Significant differences were seen in the three parts of the food supply chain. The paper discusses how pressure from various parts of the food supply chain may be increasing risks for workers. Introduction : The modern food supply chain presents unique hazards to employees that result in higher morbidity and mortality rates versus other industries. Employees in food manufacturing, wholesaling, and even retailing experience relatively high numbers of occupational injuries and fatalities. One reason for the high hazard rates may be the reliance on a synergistic packaging system designed to load and transport food products within and between manufacturers, wholesalers, and retailers. Packaged food products are often aggregated using palletizers before they can be transported by forklifts and pallet jacks. Materials handling within facilities is critical to the efficient functioning of all members of the food-related supply chain, but product movement can be a source of occupational injuries. No previous research has examined the cause and result of such hazards. Method: This paper aims to examine severe injuries related to the packaging and movement of food products in segments of the food and beverage supply chain from manufacturing to retailing. An OSHA database was used to investigate all severe injuries in the six years from 2015 to 2020. The focus was on the food supply chain for the period since OSHA began mandating new reporting procedures for severe injuries. Results: Results show there were 1,084 severe injuries and 47 fatalities during the six-year period. Fractures of the lower extremities were most prevalent, with the most frequent event type being transportation-related such as pedestrian-vehicle incidents. Significant differences were seen in the three parts of the food supply chain. Practical Applications: Implications are drawn for key sectors of the food-related supply chain to reduce packaging- and product movement-related hazards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Child pedestrian injuries in Greater London are studied. • A host of exposure measures, built environment and socio-economic factors are considered. • School enrolment was found to be a better proxy exposure measure compared to number of schools. • Social inequities are found to be strongly associated with child pedestrian safety. Introduction: Child pedestrian safety remains a challenge despite the remarkable progress that has been attained in recent years, particularly, in high income jurisdictions such as London. This study sought to identify and quantify the magnitude of the effects of various explanatory variables, from the domains of transport, built and natural environment, socio-demographic and economic factors, on ward level child pedestrian injury frequencies in Greater London. Method: We adopted a multilevel random parameters model to investigate the factors associated with child pedestrian injuries given the hierarchical nature of the data comprising of wards nested within boroughs. Results: We found that crime, the Black, Asian, and Minority Ethnic (BAME) population, school enrollment, and the proportion of the population who walk five times a week had an increasing effect on the number of child pedestrian casualties. Conversely, the proportion of the population with a level 4 qualification and the number of cars per household had a decreasing effect. Conclusions: Our study identified high child pedestrian injury frequency wards and boroughs: Stratford and New Town had the highest expected child pedestrian injury frequencies followed by Selhurst, Westend, and Greenford Broadway. Some inner London boroughs are among the highest injury frequency areas; however, a higher number of high child pedestrian injury boroughs are in outer London. Practical Applications: The paper provides recommendations for policy makers for targeted child pedestrian safety improvement interventions and prioritization to optimize the utilization of often constrained resources. The study also highlights the importance of considering social inequities in policies that aim at improving child traffic safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A preliminary conceptual framework of normalization of deviance is proposed. • Normalization of deviance appears dependent on the initial normalization of risk. • Impact of organizational factors on normalization of deviance development is shown. • Future research into risk normalization is proposed. Introduction: The concept of normalization of deviance describes the gradual acceptance of deviant observations and practices. It is founded upon the gradual desensitization to risk experienced by individuals or groups who recurrently deviate from standard operating procedures without encountering negative consequences. Since its inception, normalization of deviance has seen extensive, but segmented, application across numerous high-risk industrial contexts. The current paper describes a systematic review of the existing literature on the topic of normalization of deviance within high-risk industrial settings. Method : Four major databases were searched in order to identify relevant academic literature, with 33 academic papers meeting all inclusion criteria. Directed content analysis was used to analyze the texts. Results: Based on the review, an initial conceptual framework was developed to encapsulate identified themes and their interactions; key themes linked to the normalization of deviance included risk normalization, production pressure, culture, and a lack of negative consequences. Conclusions: While preliminary, the present framework offers relevant insights into the phenomenon that may help guide future analysis using primary data sources and aid in the development of intervention methods. Practical Applications: Normalization of deviance is an insidious phenomenon that has been noted in several high-profile disasters across a variety of industrial settings. A number of organizational factors allow for and/or propagate this process, and as such, the phenomenon should be considered as an aspect of safety evaluations and interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This paper examines seniors' perceptions and attitudes to a wide range of AV options from the perspective of pedestrians and users. • AV options included fully-automated, semi-automated, and shared autonomous vehicles. • The data were collected from 1000 older Americans during the COVID-19 pandemic. • Three clusters of seniors were identified with different perceptions and attitudes toward different AVs options as well as demographic characteristics. Introduction: Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are considered a promising solution to improve seniors' safety and mobility. However, to transition to fully automated transportation, especially among seniors, it is vital to assess their perception and attitude toward AVs. This paper investigates seniors' perceptions and attitudes to a wide range of AV options from the perspective of pedestrians and users in general, as well as during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Underlying this objective is to examine older pedestrians' safety perceptions and behaviors at crosswalks in the presence of AVs. Method: A national survey collected data from a sample of 1,000 senior Americans. Using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis, three clusters of seniors were identified with different demographic characteristics, perceptions, and attitudes toward AVs. Results: PCA findings revealed that "risky pedestrian crossing behavior," "cautious pedestrian crossing behavior in the presence of AVs," "positive perception and attitude toward shared AVs," and "demographic characteristics" were the main components explaining most of the variation within the data, respectively. The PCA factor scores were used in the cluster analysis, which resulted in the identification of three distinctive groups of seniors. Cluster one included individuals with lower demographic scores and a negative perception and attitude toward AVs from the perspective of users and pedestrians. Clusters two and three included individuals with higher demographic scores. Cluster two included individuals with a positive perception toward shared AVs from the user perspective, but a negative attitude toward pedestrian-AV interaction. Cluster three included those with a negative perception toward shared AVs but a somewhat positive attitude toward pedestrian-AV interaction. The findings of this study provide valuable insights to transportation authorities, AV manufacturers, and researchers regarding older American's perception and attitude toward AVs as well as their willingness to pay and use Advanced Vehicle Technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Reviewed 140 articles about Prevention through Design (PtD) in construction. • Identified an increasing trend in PtD publications between 2008 and 2020. • Previous work centers on PtD resources/tools/procedures and technology applications. • Findings provide a basis for future research related to PtD. • Findings provide implications for practitioners adopting PtD and selecting PtD tools. Introduction: The concept of addressing and minimizing construction site safety risks in the early phase of a project has generated research interest, especially since the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) launched its national Prevention through Design (PtD) initiative in July 2007. In the last decade, several studies on PtD with differeing goals and methods have been published in construction journals. To date, few systematic examinations of the development and trends associated with PtD research have been conducted in the discipline. Method: This paper presents a study of the latest PtD research trends in construction safety management through analysis of publications in prominent construction journals from 2008 to 2020. Both descriptive and content analyses were conducted based on the number of papers published annually and clusters of topics covered in the papers. Results: The study shows an increasing interest in PtD research in recent years. Research topics covered mainly focus on the perspectives of PtD stakeholders, PtD resources/tools/procedures, and technology applications to facilitate PtD implementation in practice. This review study provides an improved understanding of the state-of-the-art of PtD research in terms of accomplishments and research gaps. The study also compares the findings from journal articles with industry best practices related to PtD to guide future research in this domain. Practical Application: This review study is of significant value to researchers to overcome the limitations of the current PtD studies, and to extend the scope of PtD research, and can be used by industry professionals when considering and selecting appropriate PtD resources/tools in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Exploit deep transfer learning and anomaly detection for cycling safety. • Reduce the need for data labeling and model training. • Use case based on real data collected with high-frequency GNSS. • Application of the scheme is presented by plotting detected anomalies on a map in order to identify dangerous locations in the city of Catania Italy. Introduction: Despite the general improvements in road safety, with the growing number of bicycle users, cycling safety is still a challenge as demonstrated by the fact that it is the only road transport mode with an increase in the number of fatalities in EU cities. Problem: Moreover, to analyze the problem to improve the road transport system, the traditional network screening based on crash statistics is a reactive approach and less effective due to the lack of suitable bicycle data availability, as well. In such a framework, new opportunities for data collection in smart cities and communities are emerging as proactive approaches to identify critical locations where safety treatments can be effectively applied to prevent bicycle crashes. Method: This research applied a deep transfer learning model to detect anomalies in cycling behavior that can be associated with traffic conflicts or near-miss crashes. Results: The paper presents how to build a users' tailored riding model named DTL AD to detect and localize riding anomalies by using a set of data in the National Marine Electronics Association (NMEA) string of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) recorded with instrumented bicycles by different cyclists. Conclusion: More specifically, DTL AD exploits a convolutional autoencoder (CAE) with transfer learning to reduce data labelling and training effort. Practical Application: A case study demonstrates the identification of anomalies in cycling behavior visually represented on Geographic Information Systems (GIS) maps, showing how data clustering is well located in high-risk areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Commercial fishing involves a variety of activities and is hazardous. • Personal, situational, and environmental factors relate to fishermen nonfatal injury experience. • Fishing experience alone is not related to injury experience as work activities are associated. • Being tired and weather are contributing factors to nonfatal injuries. Introduction : Commercial fishing work involves a variety of activities and is hazardous. While much is understood to mitigate fatalities in this industry, research must further explore nonfatal injury characteristics, factors related to injury, and potential injury prevention strategies. This paper determines if fishing experience is associated with injury risk and explores common work activities associated with injury. Method: Key informant interviews and a survey of fishermen were conducted to refine work activity codes and collect injury experiences. Independent sample t-tests compared the means of the years fishing by injury incident for all crab fishermen then stratified by position. Descriptive statistics explored the nature of injury in relation to work activity. Results: The level of experience was significantly lower for injured fishermen compared to fishermen who reported no injuries, but when stratified by position at the time of the injury, the association of injury to experience was only significant for owners. This stratified result demonstrates that the work activity, rather than experience, drives the apparent relationship of experience to injury. Being tired (24%) and weather (26%) were indicated as contributing factors at the time of injury. Conclusion: Modifying the work environment to better control hazards would benefit all fishermen, regardless of their experience, age, or position. Further work into effective interventions that fishermen would adopt is needed to reduce injury risk. Any formal or informal training of new fishermen should focus on the most hazardous activities, but more experienced fishermen would also benefit. Additionally, effective training or interventions for fatigue management, and decision support tools for weather- and navigation-related decisions would further reduce risk of at sea injuries. Practical Applications: Injury prevention training, for all fishermen, regardless of their position and years of experience, should cover the most hazardous tasks, fatigue risk management strategies, and weather decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Encouraging safe work practices (SWPs) is challenging in agriculture. Group-based social learning has effectively promoted SWPs and health behaviors in other occupations, and could be applied in agriculture (e.g., through farmer discussion groups (DGs)). In Ireland, dairy DG members are more likely to adopt novel technologies and practices, a relationship that might extend to SWPs. The extent of SWP adoption among Irish dairy farmers is unknown. This paper evaluates a 2018 baseline study of SWP implementation, conducted as part of a dairy DG-based intervention study. Method: A paper-based survey of SWP implementation and safety self-perception was distributed to 1,220 farmers from 84 dairy DGs. For eight SWPs, associated with high-risk farm hazards (livestock, slurry, machinery, or tractors), farmers were asked how frequently they implemented these practices in the previous year, and how frequently they intended to do so next year (0: never, 1: rarely, 2: sometimes, 3: most of the time, 4: all of the time). Results: Surveys were completed by 460 farmers. For the previous year, three SWPs, related to slurry, machinery, and tractor hazards, scored a median frequency of four. Four SWPs, related to livestock, slurry, and machinery hazards, scored a median frequency of three. The lowest median score (two) was for tractor exit behavior. Median intention scores matched or exceeded past frequency for all SWPs, while 73% intended to increase implementation of at least one SWP. Most (96%) considered themselves a "safe farmer." Conclusions: Farmers generally perceived themselves to be safe at work, which is reflected in their SWP implementation. Most farmers intended to increase SWP implementation, suggesting awareness of safety shortcomings and a desire to farm more safely. Practical applications: This study can inform farm safety promotion initiatives. The disconnect between farmers' safety self-perception and SWP implementation merits further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This study compared drivers of the same ethnic group driving across within-country borders. • The existing theoretical framework of cross-border risky behavior patterns has been expanded. • Gender, age, illumination, and weather do not individually affect cross-border driving risk. • Conclusions are of representative reference value for cross-border risk management policies. Introduction: Due to globalization and the acceleration of cross-border exchanges, cross-border risk behaviors have received widespread attention. Previous research has concluded that foreign cross-border drivers engage in relatively more risk-taking behavior patterns and are likely to experience a higher crash rate or be more inclined to cause severe crashes. However, there is little evidence on the comparison of drivers who belong to the same ethnic group driving across within-country borders. Method : Based on the cross-border motor-vehicle crash reports in 2006–2010 from the Road Traffic Accident Database of the China Ministry of Public Security, this paper examines the risk factors of being at fault and getting killed or seriously injured in cross-border traffic crashes and casual paths toward crash liability and injury severity for Hong Kong and Macao drivers driving in the Chinese mainland. Results : There are extremely complex factors behind drivers from Hong Kong and Macao causing at-fault crashes or sustaining fatal and serious injuries in the Chinese mainland. Factors such as gender, age, illumination, and weather conditions do not individually affect the risk of driver at-fault crashes or severe casualties in the crashes among Hong Kong and Macao drivers driving in the Chinese mainland. Nonetheless, collectively, these factors influence them along with different vehicle types, roads, and environmental factors. Conclusion s: This paper provides more theoretical findings for understanding the compound effect of multiple risk factors involving cross-border at-fault crashes or serious casualties. The conclusions of this research are valuable as representative references for cross-border risk management policies. Practical applications : To reduce the effects of different factors on cross-border risky driving behaviors and/or injurious crashes, various measures should be focused on, including specialized driver training, enhancement of the roads/environment, development of effective road safety campaigns, and directives facilitating cross-border cooperation in the field of road safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Co-occurrence network analysis of driving distraction literature in terms of time, country, publication, author and keywords. • Deep learning algorithm recognition model based on video surveillance data source has become the mainstream hotspot distraction recognition method. • Among the driving distraction detection methods based on video images, the accuracy of CNN is higher than that of random forest, but the real-time performance of random forest is better than that of CNN. • Based on ECG and GER to detect driving distraction, there is contact with the driver, the accuracy is high, but the real-time performance is poor. • Driving volatility can be used as a measure of driving distraction, and it is of great significance to study driving distraction. Introduction: The existing selection of driving distraction recognition methods is based on a specific research perspective and does not provide comprehensive information on the entire field of view. Method: We conducted a systematic review of previous studies, aiming to come up with appropriate research methods to identify the driver's distraction state. First, this article selects four sets of search keywords related to driving distraction discrimination from five databases (Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Springer Link, IEEE, and TRID) and identifies 1,620 peer-reviewed documents from 2000 to 2020; these 1,620 documents underwent bibliographic analysis and co-occurrence network analysis. The co-occurrence coupling relationship is analyzed from the aspects of time, country, publication, author and keywords. Second, 37 papers published were screened, and the driving distraction recognition methods proposed by these 37 papers were summarized and analyzed. Results: The results show that this field has been prevalent since 2013; countries such as the United States, Britain, Germany, Australia, China, and Canada are in the forefront of research in this field, and the cooperation between related countries is relatively close. The cooperation between authors is characterized by aggregation, and the mobile phone as the main keyword is almost connected to other keyword nodes; the recognition model of deep learning algorithm based on video surveillance data sources has become the mainstream hot spot distraction recognition method. The recognition model of machine learning algorithm based on vehicle dynamics data, driver physiology, and eye movement data sources has specific advantages and disadvantages. Practical Applications: The results can help people to understand the current situation of driving distraction comprehensively and systematically, provide better theoretical support for researchers to choose the subsequent driving distraction recognition model, and provide research direction for driving distraction recognition in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This paper uses a constructivist phenomenological study with 55 in-depth interviews. • Participants include representatives from diverse Western Australian businesses. • Uses a workplace vignette to elicit cultural norms from the participants. • Thematic analysis used to classify interview text into specific concepts and phrases. • New employees, pro-active approach, and 'No-blame' culture are the key themes. Introduction: This paper uses an extensive review of the safety culture literature to identify three key themes (a) role of new employees, (b) absence of a pro-active approach, and (c) need for a 'No-blame' culture, and explores their impact on the occupational health and safety culture (OHS). Method: We use a qualitative study with a constructivist phenomenological approach consisting of 55 in-depth interviews with a diverse range of participants, including business owners, line managers and supervisors, OHS advisors, workers, and union representatives in Western Australia. A workplace vignette was used to elicit cultural norms derived from the participants' attitudes and beliefs, which were analyzed using NVivo software to conduct a thematic analysis to classify the interview text into specific concepts and phrases. Results: Findings confirm the three themes identified from our literature review and provide useful insights into the challenges faced by the participants in the implementation of safety policies. Practical Applications: Besides extending the occupational health and safety literature, these findings have important managerial implications in view of the evolving nature of work and workplaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Risk management model for unsafe behavior in university laboratories is developed. • Risk factors for unsafe behavior are identified using the adapted HFACS-UL model. • A fuzzy BN model is proposed for the risk assessment of unsafe behavior. • Risk control strategies are presented from key agents' responsibility perspective. • Results from the chemistry laboratories demonstrate the credibility of the model. Introduction: Risk assessment for unsafe behavior is an important task in the management of university laboratories. Yet related research activities are still in the early stages. This paper attempts to deepen the insight and provide a basis for further research. Method: As traditional methods are inadequate in terms of quantitative assessment and uncertainty handling, this paper proposes a method to assess the risk of unsafe behavior in university laboratories using the human factor analysis and classification system for university laboratories (HFACS-UL)-fuzzy Bayesian network (BN) approach. A BN structure was established using the HFACS-UL model for the identification of factors influencing unsafe behavior. Using a fuzzy BN approach, parameters are learned based on prior knowledge and expert experience. The model is then applied for inference analysis to identify the main risk factors. The key agents were also analyzed along with meta-networks to determine further preventive and control measures. Results: Taking chemistry laboratories of a university as an example, the results show that the probability of unacceptable unsafe behavior in chemical laboratories is 86%, indicating that commitment and cooperation from different agents are required. Of the 24 risk factors, poor organizational climate, with a sensitivity value of 24.1%, has the greatest impact on unsafe behavior. The most fundamental factor contributing to the occurrence of unsafe behavior is inadequate legislation, which in turn results in unacceptable external factors and inadequate supervision, thus forming the most likely causal chain. The functional department, lab center director, and secondary faculty leadership team are the most critical agents. Conclusions: Results from the chemistry laboratories demonstrate the credibility of the model. Practical applications: This study may help provide technical support for risk management in university laboratories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We propose a procedure to compare micromobility solutions in field trials. • We exemplify the procedure by comparing a bicycle and an e-scooter. • We highlight the limitation of our preliminary results. • We present the potential of the procedure for further applications. Introduction: Recent advances in technology create new opportunities for micro-mobility solutions even as they pose new challenges to transport safety. For instance, in the last few years, e-scooters have become increasingly popular in several cities worldwide; however, in many cases, the municipalities were simply unprepared for the new competition for urban space between traditional road users and e-scooters, so that bans became a necessary, albeit drastic, solution. In many countries, traditional vehicles (such as bicycles) may not be intrinsically safer than e-scooters but are considered less of a safety threat, possibly because—for cyclists—social norms, traffic regulations, and access to infrastructure are established, reducing the number of negative stakeholders. Understanding e-scooter kinematics and e-scooterist behavior may help resolve conflicts among road users, by favoring a data-driven integration of these new e-vehicles into the transport system. In fact, regulations and solutions supported by data are more likely to be acceptable and effective for all stakeholders. As new personal-mobility solutions enter the market, e-scooters may just be the beginning of a micro-mobility revolution. Method: This paper introduces a framework (including planning, execution, analysis, and modeling) for a data-driven evaluation of micro-mobility vehicles. The framework leverages our experience assessing bicycle dynamics in real traffic to make objective and subjective comparisons across different micro-mobility solutions. In this paper, we use the framework to compare bicycles and e-scooters in field tests. Results: The preliminary results show that e-scooters may be more maneuverable and comfortable than bicycles, although the former require longer braking distances. Practical Applications: Data collected from e-scooters may, in the short term, facilitate policy making, geo-fencing solutions, and education; in the long run, the same data will promote the integration of e-scooters into a cooperative transport system in which connected automated vehicles share the urban space with micro-mobility vehicles. Finally, the framework and the models presented in this paper may serve as a reference for the future assessment of new micro-mobility vehicles and their users' behavior (although advances in technology and novel micro-mobility solutions will inevitably require some adjustments). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Mining has a high level of serious accidents compared to all other sectors. The analysis is based on 15,032 accidents. • 12 variables are studied and the influence of each variable on the severity, which is divided into three types (light, serious and fatal). • The results make it possible to design prevention measures for the situations that have led to the most serious accidents. Introduction: The aim of this paper is to understand the causes of occupational accidents in Spain's mining sector in order to propose action plans and improve future accident rates. Method: This research analyzed a pool of data on 15,032 accidents occurring in the mining sector and reported to authorities between 2013 and 2018. Accidents are divided into three levels of severity: light, serious, and fatal. We study the influence of 12 variables on the accident severity rate in our sample. Results: The results show that accident severity is related to age, gender, nationality, length of service, economic activity, company size, accident location, days of injury leave, day of the week, deviation, injury, and specific Spanish region. This sector produces a high rate of serious accidents compared to all other sectors; has a male-dominated, older and experienced workforce; and employs mainly Spanish workers. Its activity is concentrated in larger companies and the work involves the use of heavy machinery and dangerous materials. We offer conclusions and future lines of research to help regulators, companies and workers to improve worker safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Analysis of several factors that may be behind an undue extension of the injured worker's recovery time. • Comprehensive empirical analysis of more than 400,000 non-fatal work accidents in manufacturing industries. • Women, workers with more seniority, higher wages, and those employed in larger companies take longer to return to work after an occupational injury. • The duration of sick leave for immigrant workers is lower than for native-born workers. • Improving working conditions and supervision mechanisms during the recovery process is recommended to increase attendance motivation and reduce moral hazard exposure. Introduction : Despite the significant economic impact of occupational injuries on companies and society, studies focused on analyzing the determinants of workdays lost due to sick leave remain scarce and incomplete. This paper contributes to this issue by (a) analyzing the drivers of sick leave duration, distinguishing factors that explain the health recovery time from those that could lead workers to a voluntary extension of the absence period, and (b) formulating and empirically testing the effect of gender, citizenship, temporary work, job tenure, amount of disability benefit, and size of the injured worker's firm on the number of days the employee is off work after the injury. Method: Hypotheses are tested on a comprehensive dataset that includes all nonfatal occupational injuries causing sick leave that occurred in the manufacturing sector in Spain during 2015–2019, with more than 400,000 injuries. We conduct ordinary least squares and count data regression models in which the number of days off work is regressed on employees and work characteristics while accounting for a set of variables to control the injury's nature and severity. Results: The results show that after considering the intrinsic characteristics of the injury and the severity of the worker's injuries, women, native workers, workers with more seniority, workers with higher salaries, and those working in larger companies have longer periods of sick leave. The results suggest that moral hazard considerations significantly impact the time to return to work after an occupational injury. Practical applications: Based on the findings, several insights for company managers and public decision-makers are discussed. Specifically, interventions aimed at improving the organization of work and the working conditions of workers in manufacturing industries are highlighted, as well as the need to improve control and supervision mechanisms during the recovery process of injured workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• 24Model-WBA accident analysis program is proposed to clarify the accident evolution path. • Quantitative analysis and statistics of 64 typical university laboratory accidents. • Effectively identify the common problems in colleges and universities at this stage, and put forward preventive measures. Introduction: In recent years, with the rapid development of university laboratory construction, frequent laboratory accidents have aroused widespread concern. There is an urgent need to improve laboratory safety management's effectiveness further, enhance laboratory accident prevention ability, and reduce the occurrence of accidents. Method: Based on the accident causation theory, this paper uses the accident analysis path of 24Model and the logical idea of WBA (Why-Because-Analysis) to statistically analyze the causative factors of 64 typical college laboratory fire and explosion accidents and find out the defects of current college laboratory management. Results: The study showed that unsafe human actions at the individual level were the most critical factors affecting laboratory safety management, with a high frequency of violations of experimental procedures (105 times) and managers' failure to perform their supervisory duties (98 times); low safety awareness and insufficient safety knowledge among laboratory personnel were key factors triggering unsafe actions. At the organizational level, the lack of training programs (92 times) and the lack of systematic procedures (106 times) are the weaknesses of the laboratory safety management system in general in all universities; the lack of safety culture construction is the root cause of laboratory management deficiencies. Conclusions: Based on the above statistical results, and taking into account the characteristics of university laboratories themselves, the root causes of poor safety are specifically analyzed and preventive measures are proposed in six areas to address the key causes of accidents. Practical Applications: The results of this study are essential for improving the ability to prevent accidents in flammable and explosive laboratories in universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• First study to examine paramedic psychological injury through EMS data linkage. • Fatality and cardiac arrest cases increase the odds of psychological injury. • Lower patient age is associated with paramedic psychological injury. • Findings may help facilitate the provision of early interventions to those at risk. Introduction : In comparison to the general population and other emergency services workers, paramedics experience high rates of work-related psychological injury. However, there is limited understanding of the case and practitioner-related factors that increase the risk of psychological injury among these workers. This paper aims to identify case and practitioner-related factors associated with paramedic work-related psychological injury in Victoria, Australia, through data linkage. Methods : Data linkage of 7,223 paramedic injury reports with electronic patient care records, and paramedic demographic data from the single state-wide ambulance service in Victoria, Australia – Ambulance Victoria. Injuries reported between 1 January 2015 and 30 June 2020 were included. Factors associated with paramedic psychological injury were assessed using multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results : A total of 4,641 (64%) injury reports were successfully linked, of which, 244 (5%) were psychological injuries. Shift hours between 0401 and 0800 (AOR 1.83; 95%CI: 1.12–2.97), cardiac arrest or deceased patient attendances (AOR 2.15; 95%CI: 1.06–4.34), hospital or medical center case locations (AOR 2.44; 95%CI: 1.22–4.91), and Priority 0 (AOR 2.27; 95%CI: 1.26–4.09), Priority 2 (AOR 1.56; 95%CI: 1.04–2.33), and Priority 3 (AOR 1.95; 95%CI: 1.15–3.32) dispatch codes were associated with increased odds of psychological injury. Increasing patient age (AOR 0.98; 95%CI: 0.97–0.99), and the absence of other emergency services on scene (AOR 0.50; 95%CI: 0.34–0.72) were associated with decreased odds of paramedic psychological injury. Conclusions: This is the first study to collectively examine and identify EMS case and practitioner-related characteristics associated with paramedic psychological injury through data linkage of EMS agency-level data sources. Practical application: The findings of this study highlight the dispatch case characteristics that may increase the risk of a paramedic sustaining a work-related psychological injury, and consequently facilitate the early identification, intervention, and support of the individuals most at risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A real-time Autonomous Emergency Braking system (RTAEB) is proposed considering accuracy and timeliness. • The system helps avoid collisions and enlarged the final headway distance. • 1.5 s TTC and −7.5 m/s2 deceleration thresholds could achieve the best collision avoidance effect. • Sudden brake and small car-following distance are more inclined to trigger the RTAEB. • Drivers' collision avoidance capability under the current situation is very important. Introduction: To assist drivers in avoiding rear-end collisions, many early warning systems have been developed up to date. Autonomous braking technology is also used as the last defense to ensure driver's safety. Method: By taking the accuracy and timeliness of automatic system control into account, this paper proposes a rear-end Real-Time Autonomous Emergency Braking (RTAEB) system. The system inserts brake intervention based on drivers' real-time conflict identification and collision avoidance performance. A driving simulator-based experiment under different traffic conditions and deceleration scenarios were conducted to test the different thresholds to trigger intervention and the intervention outcomes. The system effectiveness is verified by four evaluation indexes, including collision avoidance rate, accuracy rate, sensitivity rate, and precision rate. Results: The results showed that the system could help avoid all collision events successfully and enlarge the final headway distance, and a TTC threshold of 1.5 s and a maximum deceleration threshold of −7.5 m/s2 could achieve the best collision avoidance effect. The paper demonstrates the situations that are more inclined to trigger the RTAEB (i.e., a sudden brake of the leading vehicle and a small car-following distance). Moreover, the study shows that driver characteristics (i.e., gender and profession) have no significant association with system trigger. Practical Applications: The study suggests that development of collision avoidance systems design should pay attention to both the real-time traffic situation and drivers' collision avoidance capability under the present situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We introduce eight years' worth of New Zealand forestry incident data. • We analyse forestry incidents from the perspective of worker-failure and fatigue. • 70% of incidents in this data are attributed, at least in part, to worker-failures. • 78% of worker-failure based causes show indications of fatigue. Reports of incidents in dangerous work environments can be analysed to identify common hazards, in turn aiding in the prevention of future accidents. Whilst studies exist that do this, most focus on causes that involve physical risks. In this paper we propose an alternative approach, and illustrate causes of forestry incidents from the perspective of worker-failure and fatigue. This paper outlines the analysis of eight years' worth of New Zealand forestry incident data, with a focus on the cause of, and time that, incidents occur. This has resulted in two main findings. First, 70% of incidents can be attributed, at least in part, to worker-failures. Second, 78% of worker-failure based causes show indications of fatigue. This indicates that a significant number of forestry incidents are caused by worker-fatigue. Finally, this dataset showed inconsistencies in data quality, similar to those that exist in other datasets. This did not affect our analysis. However, these types of errors have the potential to affect the data quality in the national reporting system. The results from this study will be used in a larger project on detecting fatigue in forestry workers for injury and incident prevention. It is also our hope that other researchers may find these results of interest for further fatigue prevention research in hazardous industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The "linkage" role of micro-kinetic parameters between road characteristics and accidents was discovered. • The longitudinal kinetic characteristics of tires can reflect the risk of rear-end accidents. • Demonstrates changes in vehicle operating on high-risk segments through micro-kinetic parameters. • Proposed a relatively novel modeling method. • Reveals the reliability of micro-kinetic parameters in the field of accident analysis. Freeway accidents are a leading cause of death in China, which also triggers substantial economic loss and an emotional burden to society. However, the internal mechanism of how microscopic kinetic parameters of vehicles influenced by road characteristics determine the occurrence of different types of accidents has not been explicitly studied. This research aimed to explore the "link role" of tire microscopic kinetic parameters in road characteristic variables and traffic accidents to aid in facilitating the traffic design and management, and thus to prevent traffic accident. Method: A mountain freeway in Zhejiang Province, China was used as the research object and the data used in this paper were obtained through a real-time vehicle experiment. Multiple estimation models, including the standard ordered logit (SOL) model, fixed parameters logit (FPL) model, and random parameters logit (RPL) model were established. Results: The findings show that road characteristics will affect the longitudinal kinetic characteristics of the vehicle and, consequently, map the level of risk of rear-end accidents. Driving compensation effects were also identified in this paper (i.e., the drivers tend to be more cautious in complicated driving circumstances). Another finding relating to the mountain freeway is that different tunnel characteristics (e.g., tunnel entrance and tunnel exit) have different effects on different types of traffic accidents. Practical Applications: The framework proposed in this article can provide new insight for researchers to enlarge the research subjects of both explanatory and outcome variables in accident analysis. Future research could be implemented to consider more driving conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We analyzed older driver at-fault crashes at unsignalized intersections in Alabama. • We estimated random parameter models. • We introduced a deep learning approach based on Artificial Neural Networks. • We identified variables that increase the likelihood of injuries and fatalities. • We discussed possible countermeasures to address older driver at-fault crashes. Introduction: The research described in this paper explored the factors contributing to the injury severity resulting from the male and female older driver (65 years and older) at-fault crashes at unsignalized intersections in Alabama. Method: Random parameter logit models of injury severity were estimated. The estimated models identified a variety of statistically significant factors influencing the injury severities resulting from older driver at-fault crashes. Results : According to these models, some variables were found to be significant only in one model (male or female) but not in the other one. For example, variables such as driver under the influence of alcohol/drugs, horizontal curve, and stop sign were found significant only in the male model. On the other hand, variables such as intersection approaches on tangents with flat grade, and driver older than 75 years were found significant only in the female model. In addition, variables such as making turning maneuver, freeway-ramp junction, high speed approach, and so forth were found significant in both models. Estimation findings showed that two parameters in the male model and another two parameters in the female model could be modeled as random parameters, indicating their varying influences on the injury severity due to unobserved effects. In addition to the random parameter logit approach, a deep learning approach based on Artificial Neural Networks was introduced to predict the outcome of the crashes based on 164 variables that are listed in the crash database. The artificial intelligence (AI)-based method achieved an accuracy of 76% indicating the role of the variables in deciding the final outcome. Practical Applications: Future plans are set to study the use of AI on large sized datasets to achieve a relatively high-performance, and hence to be able to identify which variables contribute the most to the final outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We carried out an analysis of 344 construction firms in Majorca over seven years. • We used 'pooled ordered probit' and 'pooled probit regressions' methodologies to fit the models. • Lower accident rates can improve company earnings. • Evidence of the higher the accidents in a company the lower its probability of survival. • The risk of bankruptcy increases as the number of accidents rises. Introduction : This paper examines the relationships between the reported accidents of workers in construction firms and the probability of those firms' survival. Method: Between 2004 and 2010, a sample of 344 Spanish construction firms from Majorca were selected. The study built panel data with the reported official accidents from the Labor Authority records and the firm survival or mortality from the Bureau van Dijḱs Iberian Balance Sheet Analysis System database. The hypothesis is that a higher number of accidents directly affects the probability of the company surviving in the sector. By using a probit regression model with panel data, the relationship between these two variables were explored to test the hypothesis. Results: The study found evidence that an increment in accidents decreases the probability of the company continuing to operate, or worse, going bankrupt. The results can be useful to highlight the importance of defining policies to control those accidents effectively, since this may be a key factor in the sustainability, competitiveness, and growth of the construction sector for the economy of a region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The electronic logging device (ELD) system allowed research on a new safety system. • Four themes tied into cultural aspects were identified, indicating a safety culture existed. • The data suggested the ELD influenced both positive and negative safety behaviors. • Influence links connecting safety culture, safety climate, and safety behaviors were documented. Introduction: This paper examines the safety relationships between safety culture, safety influences, safety climate, and safety outcomes for long-haul truck drivers. The relationships focus on the intersection of the electronic logging device (ELD) technology, regulations, and truck drivers that fall into the lone-worker category. Results: Through research questions, links between safety culture and safety climate were established with links between the layers. Conclusions: The implementation of the ELD system was associated with safety outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Voicing concerns about safety is an important part of identifying and addressing work hazards. • The positive association between fear of injury and safety voice intentions is stronger among young workers high on invulnerability to danger. • Young workers' perception of invulnerability to danger differ, and managers should consider the implications for training and monitoring. Introduction: Young workers are at risk of workplace injuries for numerous reasons. One contentious yet untested theory is that subjective invulnerability to danger —a sense of indestructability in the face of physical hazards—can affect some young workers' reactions to workplace hazards. This study contends that subjective invulnerability can affect these reactions in two ways: (a) perceptions of physical hazards at work generate less fear of injury among those who perceive themselves as more invulnerable and/or; (b) fear of injury does not motivate speaking up about safety concerns (safety voice) among those who perceive themselves as more invulnerable. Method: This paper tests a moderated mediation model in which higher perceptions of physical hazards at work are related to higher safety voice intentions via higher fear of injury, but that subjective invulnerability reduces the extent to which: (a) perceptions of physical hazards at work are associated with fear of injury and/or; (b) fear of injury is associated with safety voice. This model is tested in two studies of young workers (Study 1 on-line experiment: N = 114, M age = 20.67, SD = 1.79; range = 18–24 years; Study 2 field study using three waves of data collected at monthly intervals: N = 80, M age = 17.13, SD = 1.08, range = 15–20 years). Results: Contrary to expectations, the results showed that young workers who feel more invulnerable to danger are more likely to speak up about safety when experiencing higher fear of injury, and that perceptions of physical hazards–safety voice relationship is mediated by fear of injury for those who perceive themselves to be more invulnerable to danger. Conclusions/Practical Applications: Rather than subjective invulnerability silencing safety voice as predicted, the current data suggest that subjective invulnerability may serve to accelerate how fear of injury motivates safety voice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A systematic literature review of immersive technologies (ImTs) for occupational safety and health (OSH) in construction is conducted. • OSH areas, hazards and conditions that are addressed by ImTs are provided. • Challenges and future research associated with the use of ImTs for OSH are provided. Introduction : The construction industry employs about 7% of global manpower and contributes about 6% to the global economy. However, statistics have depicted that the construction industry contributes significantly to workplace fatalities and injuries despite multiple interventions (including technological applications) implemented by governments and construction companies. Recently, immersive technologies as part of a suite of industry 4.0 technologies, have also strongly emerged as a viable pathway to help address poor construction occupational safety and health (OSH) performance. Method: With the aim of gaining a broad view of different construction OSH issues addressed using immersive technologies, a review on the application of immersive technologies for construction OSH management is conducted using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) approach and bibliometric analysis of literature. This resulted in the evaluation of 117 relevant papers collected from three online databases (Scopus, Web of Science, and Engineering Village). Results : The review revealed that literature have focused on the application of various immersive technologies for hazard identification and visualization, safety training, design for safety, risk perception, and assessment in various construction works. The review identified several limitations regarding the use of immersive technologies, which include the low level of adoption of the developed immersive technologies for OSH management by the construction industry, very limited research on the application of immersive technologies for health hazards, and limited focus on the comparison of the effectiveness of various immersive technologies for construction OSH management. Conclusions and Practical Applications: For future research, it is recommended to identify possible reasons for the low transition level from research to industry practice and proffer solutions to the identified issues. Another recommendation is the study of the effectiveness of the use of immersive technologies for addressing health hazards in comparison to the conventional methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Due to a variety of secondary tasks performed by drivers, distracted driving has become a critical concern. At 50 mph, sending/reading a text for 5 seconds is equivalent to driving the length of a football field (360 ft) with eyes closed. A fundamental understanding of how distractions lead to crashes is needed to develop appropriate countermeasure strategies. A key question is whether distraction increases driving instability, which then further contributes to safety–critical events (SCEs). Methods: By harnessing newly available microscopic driving data and using the safe systems approach, a subsample of naturalistic driving study data were analyzed, collected through the second strategic highway research program. Rigorous path analysis (including Tobit and Ordered Probit regressions) is used to jointly model the instability in driving (using coefficient of variation of speed) and event outcomes (including baseline, near-crash, and crash). The marginal effects from the two models are used to compute direct, indirect, and total effects of distraction duration on SCEs. Results: Results indicate that a longer duration of distraction was positively but non-linearly associated with higher driving instability and higher chances of SCEs. Where, the chance of a crash and near-crash was higher by 34% and 40%, respectively, with a unit increase in driving instability. Based on the results, the chance of both SCEs significantly increases non-linearly with an increase in distraction duration beyond 3 seconds. For instance, the chance of a crash is 16% for a driver distracted for 3 seconds, which increases to 29% if a driver is distracted for 10 seconds. Conclusions and Practical Applications: Using path analysis, the total effects of distraction duration on SCEs are even higher when its indirect effects on SCEs through driving instability are considered. Potential practical implications including traditional countermeasures (changes in roadway environments) and vehicle technologies are discussed in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Identification of important indicators for process safety. • A comparative study of process safety indicators in developing and developed countries. • Measuring the relative importance of the indicators using the Fuzzy Best Worst Method. Introduction: The importance of safety in high-risk industries such as oil and gas facilities has been reported previously. Process safety performance indicators can provide insight into improving the safety of process industries. This paper aims to rank the process safety indicators (metrics) by Fuzzy Best-Worst Method (FBWM) using the data gathered through a survey. Method: The study uses a structured approach considering the UK Health and Safety Executive (HSE), the Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS), and the IOGP (International Association of Oil and Gas Producers) recommendations and guidelines to generate an aggregate set of indicators. It calculates the level of importance of each indicator based on the opinions of experts from Iran and some Western countries. Results: The findings of the study demonstrate that some lagging indicators such as the number of times processes do not proceed as planned due to insufficient staff competence and the number of unexpected disruptions of the process due to failure in instrumentation and alarms are important in process industries in both Iran and Western countries. Western experts identified process safety incident severity rate as an important lagging indicator, whereas Iranian experts considered this as relatively unimportant. In addition, leading indicators such as sufficient process safety training and competency, the desired function of instrumentation and alarms, and proper management of fatigue risk play an important role in enhancing the safety performance of process industries. Experts in Iran viewed permit to work as an important leading indicator, while experts in the West focused on fatigue risk management. Practical Applications: The methodology used in the current study gives a good view to managers and safety professionals in regard to the most important indicators of process safety and allows them to focus more on important process safety indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We investigated the relationship between general transformational leadership (GTL) and safety-specific transformational leadership (SSTL). • Measurement models show that GTL and SSTL are distinct albeit highly correlated constructs. • We use paradox theory to argue for "either-or" and "both-and" mindsets in considering the relationship between safety and performance. • Perceived safety concern in the work environment helps to distinguish GTL and SSTL. Introduction: Research exploring the relationship between transformational leadership and safety has used transformational leadership in context-free (e.g., "general transformational leadership," or GTL) and context-specific forms (e.g., "safety-specific transformational leadership," or SSTL), assuming these constructs are theoretically and empirically equivalent. In this paper, a paradox theory is drawn on (Schad, Lewis, Raisch, & Smith, 2016; Smith & Lewis, 2011) to reconcile the relationship between these two forms of transformational leadership and safety. Method: This is done by: (a) investigating whether GTL and SSTL are empirically distinguishable; (b) testing the relative importance of GTL and SSTL in explaining variance in context-free work outcomes (i.e., in-role performance, organizational citizenship behaviors) and context-specific (i.e., safety compliance, safety participation); and (c) examining the extent to which perceived safety concern in the work environment renders GTL and SSTL distinguishable. Results: Two studies (one cross-sectional, one short-term longitudinal) show that GTL and SSTL are psychometrically distinct albeit highly correlated. Furthermore, SSTL explained statistically more variance than GTL in both safety participation and organizational citizenship behaviors, whereas GTL explained more variance in in-role performance than did SSTL. However, GTL and SSTL were only distinguishable in low-concern contexts but not high-concern contexts. Conclusions and Practical Applications: These findings challenge the "either-or" (vs "both-and") approach to considering safety and performance, cautioning researchers to consider nuanced differences in context-free and context-specific forms of leadership and to avoid further proliferation of often redundant context-specific operationalizations of leadership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The increased number of reports submitted to the Aviation Safety Reporting System during the onset of COVID-19 highlights a need to evaluate safety issues during periods of disruption. • The generalized random forest and difference-in-difference techniques were used to estimate the heterogeneous effects of COVID-19. • Certain categories of variables and attributes were identified as contributing to incursions/excursions during COVID-19. • The findings provide aviation organizations insights to improve prevention and recovery mechanisms for future pandemics or extended disruptions to aviation operations. Introduction: Disruptions to aviation operations occur daily on a micro-level with negligible impacts beyond the inconvenience of rebooking and changing aircrew schedules. The unprecedented disruption in global aviation due to COVID-19 highlighted a need to evaluate emergent safety issues rapidly. Method: This paper uses causal machine learning to examine the heterogeneous effects of COVID-19 on reported aircraft incursions/excursions. The analysis utilized self report data from NASA Aviation Safety Reporting System collected from 2018 to 2020. The report attributes include self identified group characteristics and expert categorization of factors and outcomes. The analysis identified attributes and subgroup characteristics that were most sensitive to COVID-19 in inducing incursions/excursions. The method included the generalized random forest and difference-in-difference techniques to explore causal effects. Results: The analysis indicates first officers are more prone to experiencing incursion/excursion events during the pandemic. In addition, events categorized with the human factors confusion, distraction, and the causal factor fatigue increased incursion/excursion events. Practical Applications: Understanding the attributes associated with the likelihood of incursion/excursion events provides policymakers and aviation organizations insights to improve prevention mechanisms for future pandemics or extended periods of reduced aviation operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This paper presents a re-analysis of a previous study of the effects on accidents of technical inspections of heavy vehicles in Norway and a replication of the study using more recent data. Method: Increasing the number of technical inspections is associated with a reduction in the number of accidents. Reducing the number of inspections is associated with an increase in the number of accidents. The relationship between changes in the number of inspections and changes in the number of accidents is well described by means of logarithmic dose–response curves. Results: These curves show that inspections had a larger effect on accidents in the recent period (2008–2020) than in the first period (1985–1997). Based on recent data, a 20% increase in the number of inspections is associated with a 4–6% reduction in the number of accidents. A 20% reduction of the number of inspections is associated with a 5–8% increase in the number of accidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• 34 participants rode a bike, an e-bike, an e-scooter, and a Segway in field trials. • We collected acceleration and braking maneuvers from in-vehicle sensors and LiDAR. • Micromobility behavior is predictable and different across vehicle types. • We propose models for the prediction of micromobility kinematics. • Active safety and automated driving may benefit from these models. Introduction: While micromobility vehicles offer new transport opportunities and may decrease fuel emissions, the extent to which these benefits outweigh the safety costs is still uncertain. For instance, e-scooterists have been reported to experience a tenfold crash risk compared to ordinary cyclists. Today, we still do not know whether the real safety problem is the vehicle, the human, or the infrastructure. In other words, the new vehicles may not necessarily be unsafe; the behavior of their riders, in combination with an infrastructure that was not designed to accommodate micromobility, may be the real issue. Method: In this paper, we compared e-scooters and Segways with bicycles in field trials to determine whether these new vehicles create different constraints for longitudinal control (e.g., in braking avoidance maneuvers). Results: The results show that acceleration and deceleration performance changes across vehicles; specifically, e-scooters and Segways that we tested cannot brake as efficiently as bicycles. Further, bicycles are experienced as more stable, maneuverable, and safe than Segways and e-scooters. We also derived kinematic models for acceleration and braking that can be used to predict rider trajectories in active safety systems. Practical Applications: The results from this study suggest that, while new micromobility solutions may not be intrinsically unsafe, they may require some behavior and/or infrastructure adaptations to improve their safety. We also discuss how policy making, safety system design, and traffic education may use our results to support the safe integration of micromobility into the transport system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Safety Leadership influences both safety motivation and safety motivation. • Safety knowledge and motivation mediates safety leadership and safety behavior. • Effective safety leadership in hospitals indirectly leads to better safety behavior. • Safety leadership consist of caring, controlling, and coaching dimensions. • Self-efficacy theory sheds light on safety leadership and safety behavior. Introduction: This paper investigates the relationships among safety leadership, safety motivation, safety knowledge, and safety behavior in the setting of a tertiary hospital in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Method: Underpinned by the self-efficacy theory, we argue that high-quality safety leadership enhances nurses' safety knowledge and motivation and subsequently, improves their safety behavior (safety compliance and safety participation). A total of 332 questionnaire responses were gathered and analyzed using SmartPLS Version 3.2.9, revealing the direct effect of safety leadership on both safety knowledge and safety motivation. Results: Safety knowledge and safety motivation were found to directly and significantly predict nurses' safety behavior. Notably, safety knowledge and safety motivation were established as important mediators in the relationship between safety leadership and nurses' safety compliance and participation. Practical Applications: The findings of this study offer key guidance for safety researchers and hospital practitioners in identifying mechanisms to enhance safety behavior among nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A spatiotemporal risk prediction of wildlife-vehicle collisions (WVCs) is presented. • A Bavarian dataset of around 731,000 accidents over a period of 10 years (2010–2019) was used. • Heterogenous datasets of impact factors are pre-processed using GIS. • Different machine learning (ML) approaches are applied - random forest, feedforward neural networks, and support vector machine classifier to predict the risk of WVCs. • ML algorithms provide high risk prediction quality of over 86% (double-weighted sensitivity and single-weighted specificity rate). • Spatial transferability and temporal forecast of WVC prediction was verified. Introduction: The technology in the automotive industry is becoming increasingly safer in the age of automated driving, but the number of accidents is still high, especially in wildlife-vehicle collisions (WVCs). To better avoid these accidents, patterns involved in these accidents must be detected. Method : This paper presents a spatiotemporal risk prediction of WVCs, including various road and environmental characteristics. A process of data preparation using GIS automated by Python scripts was developed to enable a spatiotemporal link of diverse features for the subsequent predictive data analysis. Different machine learning (ML) approaches were applied- random forest (RF), feedforward neural networks (FNN), and support vector machine classifier (SVM) - including automated ML to predict the risk of WVCs. Therefore, a dataset of approximately 731,000 accidents reported to the police in Bavaria over a period of 10 years (2010–2019) was used. In addition, non-accidents were randomly generated in Python over time and space for the supervised ML processes. As the actual risk probability for WVCs and non-WVCs is not entirely known, the impact of different training ratios between accidents and non-accidents was tested on the risk prediction quality (RPQ) (25%, 50%, 75%, 90% WVCs) of the double-weighted sensitivity and single-weighted specificity rate. Results: The test yielded high mean values of RPQ as an indicator for a suitable WVC prediction. Both RF (86.6%) and FNN (86.7%) were identified as suitable choices for WVC risk prediction in terms of RPQ. The SVM yielded a lower prediction quality, even though acceptable results could be achieved within a shorter runtime. Practical Applications: Spatial transferability was verified since the algorithm was trained on the dataset of Bavaria (excluding Upper Bavaria) and successfully tested in Upper Bavaria. WVC forecasts were also proven through training with datasets from 2010-2017 and in prediction for 2018 and 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Crashes generated from near-crashes were compared to crashes from in-depth data. • Impact speed and scenario type were substantially different between the data types. • Criticality and benefit estimates were similar between near-crashes and crashes. • Scenario type and driving speeds are important data matching criteria. Introduction: Developers of in-vehicle safety systems need to have data allowing them to identify traffic safety issues and to estimate the benefit of the systems in the region where it is to be used, before they are deployed on-road. Developers typically want in-depth crash data. However, such data are often not available. There is a need to identify and validate complementary data sources that can complement in-depth crash data, such as Naturalistic Driving Data (NDD). However, few crashes are found in such data. This paper investigates how rear-end crashes that are artificially generated from two different sources of non-crash NDD (highD and SHRP2) compare to rear-end in-depth crash data (GIDAS). Method: Crash characteristics and the performance of two conceptual automated emergency braking (AEB) systems were obtained through virtual simulations – simulating the time-series crash data from each data source. Results: Results show substantial differences in the estimated impact speeds between the artificially generated crashes based on both sources of NDD, and the in-depth crash data; both with and without AEB systems. Scenario types also differed substantially, where the NDD have many fewer scenarios where the following-vehicle is not following the lead vehicle, but instead catches-up at high speed. However, crashes based on NDD near-crashes show similar pre-crash criticality (time-to-collision) to in-depth crash data. Conclusions: If crashes based on near-crashes are to be used in the design and assessment of preventive safety systems, it has to be done with great care, and crashes created purely from small amounts of everyday driving NDD are not of much use in such assessment. Practical applications: Researchers and developers of in-vehicle safety systems can use the results from this study: (a) when deciding which data to use for virtual safety assessment of such systems, and (b) to understand the limitations of NDD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A systematic review is done on the effects of safety climate on safety performance. • Safety climate is predominantly used as a predictor. • Safety-related behavior is the most common definition of safety performance. • Methods used to link safety climate and safety performance is methodologically biased. • Literature on safety climate is dominated by studies in developed countries. Introduction: Since its inception more than four decades ago, research on safety climate has been conducted in many industries. Subsequently, a plethora of systematic literature reviews on safety climate in various work environments has focused on research trends and measurement scales. Yet, despite these reviews, the overall picture of how safety climate influences performance is still not well understood. The current study reviews existing literature on safety climate, specifically how it affects safety performance. Method: Literature searches were conducted using EBSCOhost and Web of Science databases in March 2021. We included English-language, peer-reviewed studies that reported the results of research done on safety climate and safety performance. We extracted data (contextual, theoretical, methodological and definition of safety performance) from these studies and were deductively analyzed and categorized into common themes. Results: One hundred and sixty-two safety climate studies were identified. We found that studies on safety climate–performance were conducted in 16 types of industries while 23 different theories explained the safety climate–performance relationship. The quantity and quality of variables and methods used varied considerably across the surveys. Safety climate is predominantly used as a predictor while safety-related behavior is the most common definition of safety performance among the articles we reviewed. Few papers from the current review were methodologically strong, suggesting that current evidence on the link between safety climate and safety performance still suffers from common method bias. Conclusions: Although literature has provided evidence for the positive effect on safety performance via a strong safety climate, strong and convincing methods are still lacking and the causality of an improved safety climate still needs to be demonstrated. Practical applications: The findings of the current review offer a better understanding of how employers can improve safety climate in the workplace in various settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This paper critically reviews the extant research on young worker safety. • We reconcile the inconsistent definitions used in young worker safety research. • Safety campaigns and safety training should consider interactions among young workers' age, gender, minority status, and job characteristics. Introduction: Research on young worker safety often relies on inconsistent definitions of young workers and poorly delineated indicators of occupational safety. This review aims to reconcile these fundamental issues by critically integrating research across disciplines and providing clear directions for future research on young worker safety. Method: We critically review the extant research on young worker safety. Results: We first reconcile the inconsistent definitions of young workers and specify the indicators of occupational safety used in young worker safety research. We next describe the prevalence of workplace injuries and population-level predictors of these injuries among young workers and then outline other factors that increase young workers' susceptibility to workplace injuries. Finally, we discuss the convergence of many of these issues on family farms—a context commonly studied in young worker safety research. Conclusions: Clearer definitions of young workers and indicators of occupational safety can improve the interpretation and comparability of extant research findings. Furthermore, the prevalence of workplace injuries and population-level predictors of injury among young workers are subject to the interactions among age, gender, minority status, and job characteristics. Other factors that increase young workers' susceptibility to injury include young workers' responses to hazardous work, individual differences stemming from young workers' biological and psychological development, managerial attitudes about young workers, and the limited safety training young workers are thus provided, the types of work that young workers typically perform, and the range of social influences on young workers. Practical Applications: Safety campaigns and safety training should consider interactions among young workers' age, gender, minority status, and job characteristics, rather than considering these features independently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Reviewed 13 studies on road users' engagement in prosocial and altruistic behaviour. • Both personal and contextual factors influenced engagement in prosocial behaviour. • Review provided some support for school-based injury prevention programs. • Outcomes may guide the development of future road safety public education messages. Introduction: Engagement in prosocial and altruistic on-road behaviors is a new area of research with potential safety benefits for road users. This paper systematically reviewed studies on road users' engagement in prosocial and altruistic behaviors to provide guidance regarding the next steps in this area of research, particularly to inform targeted interventions. The objective was to identify the types of on-road prosocial and altruistic behaviors that have been studied, and the factors associated with these behaviors. Road users were defined as drivers, passengers, or vulnerable road users (e.g., pedestrian, motorcyclists, and bicyclists). Method: The database search was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRIMSA) guidelines and was conducted in June 2021. A total of 23,090 articles were identified in four databases including APA PsycINFO, Embase, Web of Science, and the Transportation Research Information Database. Eleven articles (13 studies) published between 2004 and 2021 met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Results: Six studies focused on intervening behaviors, specifically relating to passengers' willingness or intentions to speak up to a driver engaging in unsafe driving behaviors, four studies focused on drivers' yielding behaviors at crosswalks, and one study each focused on altruistic driving behaviors, prosocial driving behavior at long-wait stops, and prosocial behavior towards cyclists. Studies typically examined characteristics of the prosocial road user, including self-esteem, efficacy, and subjective norms, as well as contextual factors, such as other road users' behaviors and on-road messaging. Conclusions: This review highlights specific factors that may predict road users' engagement in prosocial and altruistic on-road behaviors. Practical Applications: The outcomes from this review may be used to guide the development of future road safety public education messages designed to encourage greater participation in prosocial and altruistic on-road behaviors that act to benefit all road users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Empirical analysis reveals tensions between nuclear safety and security practices. • To a large extent, tensions are rooted in three paradoxes. • Safety and security tensions can be generative for the organization. • Tension venues can act as reflective spaces to unveil and address tensions. • Effective safety-security articulation should allow for tension venues. While safety in high-risk organizations has been high on the agenda for multiple decades, these organizations are now increasingly concerned about security threats. In light of this, academics and institutions have set forth the vision of a synergistic integration of safety and security, warranted by their common goal to protect people and the environment. However, it is not always clear how this vision should be enacted on the work floor. While safety and security policies share some elements, recent studies point out that their practical enactments may diverge and lead to potential tensions. Methods: Using an empirically grounded inquiry within a nuclear research center, this paper analyzes how safety and security practices interact. Our analysis reveals that, while they contain similar management frameworks and practical means, safety and security interactions are also characterized by various tensions. Mobilizing paradox theory, we highlight how these tensions are (to a large extent) rooted in three underlying paradoxes: distrust vs trust; transparency vs confidentiality; and movement enablement vs movement restriction. Practical Applications: We discuss the practical implications of these findings and, based on these, we argue that an integrated approach to safety and security should, rather than sideline tensions, promote the creation of 'tension venues.' Such tension venues offer spaces for reflection, and as such would enable the co-creation of innovative measures to articulate safety and security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We summarize insights from developing six industry-specific safety climate scales. • Safety climate has been inconsistently operationalized and specific issues are identified. • The conceptualization of safety climate dimensions differs within industries. • Best practice guidelines to develop robust safety climate scales are offered. Introduction: Researchers are finding merits in utilizing industry-specific safety climate scales that capture the nuances of context, and tend to show stronger associations with safety behavior and outcomes like incidents. Yet, to date, guidance around the practicalities of developing and validating such industry-specific scales is lacking in the safety science literature. Method: In this paper we outline our experiences developing six industry-specific safety climate scales and highlight strengths and limitations of our approach. We also briefly review the industry-specific safety climate literature and offer highlights for consideration when developing such scales. Our method to develop industry-specific safety climate scales followed an established best practice structure: literature review of existing published industry scales, collation and review of existing scale items, consultation interviews with industry experts, item drafting, exploratory and confirmatory statistical analyses, and finally, a real-world ecological validity test. Results: Our research highlighted the diversity of safety climate dimensions (both the conceptual and content domains of each dimension) when it is considered at an industry level. Also, the literature reviews revealed a dearth of industry-specific safety climate scales in the areas we engaged with, so our project filled a glaring gap in research and practice. Best practice safety climate scale development methods are provided to stimulate further research. Conclusions: We conclude with reflections on the nature of safety climate within and across industries, and offer suggestions for future lines of research across other contexts (e.g., national culture, geography, and regulatory settings). We suggest that industry-specific safety climate scales have a specific use case, such as identifying specific areas to improve and evaluating the impact of safety interventions. Practical Applications: This article provides applications for both applied researchers (to improve capabilities in safety climate scale development) and practitioners who wish to measure organisational safety climate and design effective interventions. Engaging with regulators to build safety climate scales is powerful because their personnel have rich experiences to share across multiple workplaces. Organisational researchers can engage with survey panels to build robust scales. Finally, industry-specific nuances can lead to richer insights into an organisation's safety climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The California mandate for solar PV systems on residential rooftops will have a negative occupational safety impact. • Results indicate that 16.6 recordable non-fatal injuries are expected to occur between 2020 and 2029 as a result of this policy. • The impact could be reduced by 18% by eliminating work on roofs. Introduction: A 2018 change to the California building code mandates that new residential construction in the state include rooftop solar photovoltaic power systems beginning in 2020. As residential construction (especially work on rooftops) is among the more dangerous occupations in the United States, this paper seeks to quantify the increased risks to workers as a result of this mandate. Method: An analysis of the trends by occupation of nonfatal safety incident rates in the United States combined with a Monte Carlo simulation provide an estimate of the uncertain impact of this new mandate. Results: Recordable safety incidents are anticipated to increase by a total of 16.6 incidents (standard deviation = 1.0 incidents) over the 2020–2029 time period as a result of this policy change. However, lessons from Germany and other industries offer potential avenues to reduce the negative social impact of this mandate. Conclusions: While it is not possible to increase employment in any sector without increasing the expected number of occupational injuries to some degree, these results indicate that risks could be considerably reduced by making solar PV system design decisions that increase worker productivity and reduce roof exposure time. Practical Applications: Changes such as eliminating work on roofs could decrease the expected number of recordable injuries over the 10-year period by 0.30 incidents per year (a reduction of 18%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]