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Fluorescent molecularly imprinted nanoparticles have shown great promise in the field of chemical analysis or detection because of their high stability, selectivity, and sensitivity. In this work, fluorescent molecularly imprinted nanoparticles were synthesized by precipitation polymerization employing fluorescein isothiocyanate as luminescent material, which could efficiently and rapidly detect ciprofloxacin in water samples. The prepared fluorescent molecularly imprinted nanoparticles had remarkable stability and good selectivity with the method detection limit low to 4.04 nm. In addition, the fluorescent‐imprinted nanoparticles were capable of identifying the target with high detection efficiency and were applied to the detection of ciprofloxacin in aquaculture water with complex composition. All these would provide the direct monitoring of ciprofloxacin in environmental water with a promising fluorescent imprinting strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]