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In this paper, we show how the notion of unequal Englishes can be deployed as an alternative way of accounting for the global spread of English. Through our data, we show how call-center agents in the Philippines espouse conflicting ideologies in the workplace that invoke unequal Englishes. On the one hand, they espouse ideologies of privilege by seeing themselves as being able to exploit the resources of English in the call-center workplace, thus celebrating themselves as proficient users of the language. On the other hand, they also espouse ideologies of delegitimization borne out of pressures to subscribe to American Standard English and the belief in the inherent superiority of 'native speaker' Englishes and their varieties. By mobilizing the paper towards unpacking inequalities of Englishes as invoked in the statements of call-center agents, we hope to contribute to critically engaged discussions of the role of English in the world today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper identifies a particular 'rapport-building' speech style prescribed to call centre workers in four countries - Denmark, Britain, Hong Kong and the Philippines - irrespective of the language being spoken in the service interaction. It then compares Danish and British call centre workers' compliance with the prescribed speech style and finds that Danish workers adhere significantly less to it than their British counterparts. It is suggested that this is attributable to the predominance of different politeness norms in the two cultures. The paper then discusses the indexicality of the prescribed speech style and argues that it is more commercially than culturally marked, despite the American origin of call centres. Overall, the paper draws attention to inadequacies in the paradigm focusing on the global spread of English, while lending support to recent theoretical suggestions to focus instead on how practices and styles are exported globally and potentially independently of language. Denne artikel identificerer en særlig 'relationsskabende' samtalestil som foreskrives til callcentermedarbejdere i fire lande - Danmark, Storbritannien, Hong Kong og Filippinerne - uafhængigt af hvilket sprog der benyttes i serviceinteraktionen. Herefter bliver danske og engelske callcentermedarbejderes brug af den foreskrevne samtalestil sammenlignet, og det vises at danske medarbejdere gør signifikant mindre brug af den end deres britiske modparter. Det foreslås at dette skyldes at der råder forskellige høflighedsnormer i de to kulturer. Artiklen diskuterer derefter indeksikaliteten af den foreskrevne samtalestil, og argumenterer for at den i højere grad er kommercielt end kulturelt kodet, på trods af callcentres amerikanske oprindelse. I sin helhed gør artiklen opmærksom på utilstrækkeligheder i det paradigme der fokuserer på hvordan engelsk breder sig globalt, mens den underbygger nylige teoretiske forslag om i stedet at fokusere på hvordan praksisser og stile eksporteres globalt og potentielt set uafhængigt af sprog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focusing on online interactions among young adults in Bangladesh and Mongolia - two countries located politically, culturally and economically on the Asian periphery - this paper looks at how young adults use linguistic and cultural resources in their online interactions as part of a complex and emergent stylization of place. On the one hand, they appropriate the cultural and linguistic flows according to their locations and engage in a playful stylization and reconfiguration of what the local means. On the other hand, they engage in stylization and reflexive language use, often involving exaggerated linguistic variation, mixing, and other semiotic resources in order to produce and perform a range of social and cultural identities. The paper hence shows how the circulation and takeup of popular cultural flows around Asia can involve diverse processes of linguistic and cultural stylization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, most scholarship on Arabic language ideologies has focused on the contentious relationship between Standard Arabic and the spoken vernaculars. This paper, in contrast, draws attention to the hierarchies among the regional varieties of vernacular Arabic. Specifically, it makes visible the workings of what it calls the 'Maghreb-Mashreq language ideology': the hierarchical relationship between Mashreqi (Middle Eastern) and Maghrebi (North African) vernacular Arabic varieties. The paper explores, in particular, the de/authentication of linguistic Arabness through a detailed analysis of a transnational pan-Arab reality/talent TV show. Drawing on clips of situated interactions from this series, which have been uploaded to YouTube and commented upon by viewers, the paper argues that the new media is a critical site for reworking longstanding language ideologies and the politics of identity in the Arabic-speaking world.[Arabic] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This special issue seeks a new direction for the sociolinguistics of globalization in the process of transnationalism, using as a case study new modes of Korean migration that are changing the face of Korean transnationalism, including short-term early study abroad and return migration. Through a discussion of the historical and sociolinguistic context of South Korea, this paper demonstrates how transnational Korea is a relevant site for refining, reframing, and reconsidering the current sociolinguistics of globalization. We identify two important interventions into the theoretical considerations of language and globalization brought forward by the Korean case: (1) a heightened attention to multiple timescales and markets; and (2) a more serious engagement with and critique of neoliberalism. 본 특별호는 초국가성이 세계화의 사회언어학의 새로운 연구 방향이 되어야 한다고 주장하며, 조기유학과 재이주 등 한국의 초국가성의 양상을 변화시키는 새로운 이주 현상들을 그 사례로 제시한다. 한국의 역사적, 사회언어학적 배경에 대한 논의를 통해, 본 논문은 왜 한국의 초국가성이 세계화에 대한 사회언어학적 연구를 새롭게 정립하는데 유용한 연구대상이 될 수 있는지 설명한다. 한국의 사례는 언어와 세계화의 관계에 관한 이론의 발전을 위하여 다음과 같은 두 방향을 제시한다: (1) 시간단위와 시장들의 다양성에 촛점을 맞출 것; 그리고 (2) 신자유주의에 대한 더 진지한 비판에 임할 것. [Korean] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diaspora offers a fruitful and narrower approach to language and mobility than the study of globalization. By making the historical footprint of mobility evident, diaspora allows analysts to identify the tension between ideologies of language and ethnonational belonging, and patterns of mobility that destabilize them. This special issue features a series of case studies of that tension and its linguistic manifestations, and adds empirical evidence to the nuances and histories within diversity and mobility that concepts such as "globalization" and "superdiversity" can obscure. Further, the notion of diaspora has not been explored with the same rigor in linguistics as it has in other fields. Sociolinguistics stands to benefit from integrating a more nuanced understanding of diaspora into our key questions and assumptions in order to advance the field's critical capacity to respond to complexity. Diaspora sociolinguistics is able to trace and discuss those social processes that are crucial to shaping linguistic repertoires and linguistic behavior—transnationalism, racialization, negotiation of gender and class dynamics, generational differences, and more—with empirical detail and historical embedding. Increased theorization will contribute to new and perennial guiding questions in the field and allow sociolinguists to define the questions we ask about language in diaspora with rigor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the introduction to this special issue on Sociolinguistics and Tourism, we focus on language in tourism as an important window into contemporary forms of economic, political, and social change. Our aim is twofold: (1) to establish and extend 'sociolinguistics and tourism' as another social and applied domain of sociolinguistic research; and (2) to use tourism as a lens for a broader discussion of the sociolinguistics of late modernity. To this end, we outline the contours of language and tourism research to date; we consider the (re)conceptualization of key thematics or notions in sociolinguistic research - such as 'community', 'identity', and 'language' itself - as particularly germane to the study of tourism's fleeting encounters; we examine the inevitable tensions between commodification and authenticity; and we explore the links between performances of 'self' and 'other', and the contestation of different identity positions with regard to social actors' multilingual repertoires. We illustrate these issues with data examples from several tourist sites, where multilingual resources are deployed for identification, authentication and commodification. Finally, we briefly introduce the papers in this special issue and conclude by commenting on some sociolinguistic consequences of the study of language/s in tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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To date, most scholarship on Arabic language ideologies has focused on the contentious relationship between Standard Arabic and the spoken vernaculars. This paper, in contrast, draws attention to the hierarchies among the regional varieties of vernacular Arabic. Specifically, it makes visible the workings of what it calls the 'Maghreb-Mashreq language ideology': the hierarchical relationship between Mashreqi (Middle Eastern) and Maghrebi (North African) vernacular Arabic varieties. The paper explores, in particular, the de/authentication of linguistic Arabness through a detailed analysis of a transnational pan-Arab reality/talent TV show. Drawing on clips of situated interactions from this series, which have been uploaded to YouTube and commented upon by viewers, the paper argues that the new media is a critical site for reworking longstanding language ideologies and the politics of identity in the Arabic-speaking world.[Arabic] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to contribute to the understanding of place as it relates to globalization and mobility by examining the sociolinguistic construction of a tourism site. A former residential neighborhood, West Street in Yangshuo County, China, was gradually transformed into a so-called 'global village' for domestic tourists partly through appropriating English as one semiotic resource. Positioning this place in the global-national-local nexus, this study shows that the promotion of West Street as a 'global village' is not only driven by globalization or westernization, but more importantly capitalizes on English as a stylistic resource that indexes the modernist aspirations of the Chinese people. This commodified sense of place is nevertheless negotiated by tourists as they activate and (re-)work the social meaning of place through their discursive practices. This highlights how place is a social construct, constantly transformed in the process of socio-historical change, and also mediated by people's conceptualization, imagination and experience. 本文从社会语言学角度考察一处旅游景点的建构，旨在增进在全球化和流动时代背景下对'地域' (place) 的理解。位于中国阳朔县的西街，通过把英语作为一种符号资源，从一个历史居民街区转变成为所谓的'地球村'。本研究从全球-国家-地方三位连结的框架审视该地域，说明'地球村'不仅仅是全球化带动下的地方经济发展策略，更重要的是借用了在英语作为一种语言风格资源在中国社会中的作用。然而，这种构建的地域涵义也同时被游客通过不同方式激活和改写。本文提出，地域是社会构建的产物，其涵义随着社会历史的变革，人们对地域的理解，想象和体验，而不断改变。[Chinese] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The globalized new economy is bound up with transformations of language and identity in many different ways (cf., e.g. Bauman 1997; Castells 2000; Giddens 1990). These include emerging tensions between State-based and corporate identities and language practices, between local, national and supra-national identities and language practices, and between hybridity and uniformity. Ethnolinguistic minorities provide a particularly revealing window into these processes. In this paper, I explore ways in which the globalized new economy has resulted in the commodification of language and identity, sometimes separately, sometimes together. The paper is based on recent ethnographic, sociolinguistic research in francophone areas of Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author introduces articles about sociolinguistics and globalisation published in the volume 7 of the "Journal of Socioliguistics". The author discussed the general relationship between sociolinguistics and social theory; The papers were presented in events held in Wales; Research paper exploring the global dimension or context of specific language data; Addresses linguistic/textual/discursive features in different domains of use that need to be understood in relation to interlinked global processes; The foundational insight in globalisation theory.

The author introduces articles about the globalization of socioliguistics in the volume 7 of the "Journal of Sociolinguistics". Research papers in the issue addressing matters of scale; Various papers about the relationship between a world language and local speech repertoires or speech communities; Research paper by Thurlow and Jaworski showing how airlines produce self-imaginings of globality while remaining based in one country or place; The author define the term globalization; Machin and van Leeuwen's emphasizing of the domain-related spread of global registers rather than languages; Articles providing insights into the specific role of particular mediating institutions in economies; The author suggest the need to address the language-ideological level; The author asserts that the key to understanding the processes of globalized insertion of varieties into stratified orders of indexicality is to discover what such reorderings of repertoires actually mean; Suggestion of Meyerhoff and Niedzielski that vernacularization is ametapragmatic complex conveying all kinds of indexical meanings; Discussion of the Rip Slyme case by Alastair Pennycool.

This paper concerns current transformations in the relationship between political and linguistic ideologies of la francophonie based on a sociolinguistic ethnographic study in a French-language minority school in Canada. A dominant modernist orientation, focussing on unilingual social spaces and the authenticity and integrity of French, is being confronted by an emerging globalizing orientation which emphasizes the value of French as an economic resource, or commodity, and which values both pluralism and a common language. The result is a crisis of legitimacy for francophone institutions, struggles for voice among old and new elites, and the marginalization of the working class speakers of the 'authentic' vernacular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to contribute to the understanding of place as it relates to globalization and mobility by examining the sociolinguistic construction of a tourism site. A former residential neighborhood, West Street in Yangshuo County, China, was gradually transformed into a so-called 'global village' for domestic tourists partly through appropriating English as one semiotic resource. Positioning this place in the global-national-local nexus, this study shows that the promotion of West Street as a 'global village' is not only driven by globalization or westernization, but more importantly capitalizes on English as a stylistic resource that indexes the modernist aspirations of the Chinese people. This commodified sense of place is nevertheless negotiated by tourists as they activate and (re-)work the social meaning of place through their discursive practices. This highlights how place is a social construct, constantly transformed in the process of socio-historical change, and also mediated by people's conceptualization, imagination and experience. 本文从社会语言学角度考察一处旅游景点的建构，旨在增进在全球化和流动时代背景下对'地域' (place) 的理解。位于中国阳朔县的西街，通过把英语作为一种符号资源，从一个历史居民街区转变成为所谓的'地球村'。本研究从全球-国家-地方三位连结的框架审视该地域，说明'地球村'不仅仅是全球化带动下的地方经济发展策略，更重要的是借用了在英语作为一种语言风格资源在中国社会中的作用。然而，这种构建的地域涵义也同时被游客通过不同方式激活和改写。本文提出，地域是社会构建的产物，其涵义随着社会历史的变革，人们对地域的理解，想象和体验，而不断改变。[Chinese] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This special issue seeks a new direction for the sociolinguistics of globalization in the process of transnationalism, using as a case study new modes of Korean migration that are changing the face of Korean transnationalism, including short-term early study abroad and return migration. Through a discussion of the historical and sociolinguistic context of South Korea, this paper demonstrates how transnational Korea is a relevant site for refining, reframing, and reconsidering the current sociolinguistics of globalization. We identify two important interventions into the theoretical considerations of language and globalization brought forward by the Korean case: (1) a heightened attention to multiple timescales and markets; and (2) a more serious engagement with and critique of neoliberalism. 본 특별호는 초국가성이 세계화의 사회언어학의 새로운 연구 방향이 되어야 한다고 주장하며, 조기유학과 재이주 등 한국의 초국가성의 양상을 변화시키는 새로운 이주 현상들을 그 사례로 제시한다. 한국의 역사적, 사회언어학적 배경에 대한 논의를 통해, 본 논문은 왜 한국의 초국가성이 세계화에 대한 사회언어학적 연구를 새롭게 정립하는데 유용한 연구대상이 될 수 있는지 설명한다. 한국의 사례는 언어와 세계화의 관계에 관한 이론의 발전을 위하여 다음과 같은 두 방향을 제시한다: (1) 시간단위와 시장들의 다양성에 촛점을 맞출 것; 그리고 (2) 신자유주의에 대한 더 진지한 비판에 임할 것. [Korean] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this commentary we respond to the articles of this special issue focusing on the proposal for a sociolinguistics of diaspora. We discuss especially whether diaspora as conceptualized in the articles helps sociolinguists better understand the intersection of migration, globalization, and language. Central to our comments is the question of whether the concept of diaspora is operationalized clearly enough to do the metalinguistic job it is invoked to do. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Work on variation and change in New Zealand English has identified a shift from older, more British-like norms to newer, more American-like ones in the last half century. The shift seems to affect lexical items, and phonological variables. This paper considers some general principles found, in the social sciences, to be associated with globalisation and considers what the theoretical and methodological implications are for the study of language variation if we talk about changes like those taking place in New Zealand English as being the effects of globalisation (or, more specifically, Americanisation). A study showing that New Zealanders have very different attitudes to variants that sociolinguists have lumped together in the past, suggests that globalisation with localisation is an important principle for variationists to take into account. It is suggested that variables hitherto analysed as being the consequence of globalisation might be better thought of as reflecting a ‘broadening of the vernacular base’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Debates over medium of instruction, as ideological skirmishes, showcase discursive identity construction, reproduction, and contestation by different social groups. Drawing on such debates in letters to the editor and internet‐based newsgroup posts written by Bangladeshi English‐medium (EM) and Bangla‐medium (BM) educated writers, this article examines the construction of elite identity by the EM educated group. It illustrates how this group drew on changing discourses of elitism, language ideologies, and other identity resources to construct self‐identity that emphasized the achievement of qualifications and attributes rather than unearned social privilege, and how the territorially bound elite identity was transformed into deterritorialized cosmopolitan identity in the process. The article contributes to our understanding of the relationship between language, identity, and society by illustrating struggles for identity and status maintenance in education that is increasingly being dominated by English and English as a medium of instruction under the influence of neoliberal globalization. It also suggests how English and national languages may relate to (post)colonialism, nationalism, national identity, and social class in a globalized world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on fieldwork conducted between 2002 and 2012 in Switzerland, Catalonia and different zones of francophone Canada in sites related to heritage and cultural tourism, we argue that tourism, especially in multilingual peripheries, is a key site for a sociolinguistic exploration of the political economy of globalization. We link shifts in the role of language in tourism to shifts in phases of capitalism, focusing on the shift from industrial to late capitalism, and in particular on the effects of the commodification of authenticity. We examine the tensions this shift generates in ideologies and practices of language, concerned especially with defining the nature of the tourism product, its public and market, and the management of the tourism process. This results in an as yet unresolved destabilization of hitherto hegemonic discourses linking languages to cultures, identities, nations and States. Sobre la base del nostre treball de camp realitzat entre 2002 i 2012 en llocs associats al turisme cultural a Suïssa, Catalunya i en diverses zones del Canadà francòfon, en aquest article argumentem que el turisme, especialment el de les perifèries multilingües, constitueix un context clau per a explorar l'economia política de la globalització en els seus aspectes sociolingüístics. Considerem que els canvis de rol que experimenten les llengües en el turisme són indicadors de canvis de fase del capitalisme, en aquest cas del canvi del capitalisme industrial al capitalisme tardà, el qual té efectes importants en la mercantilització de l'autenticitat. En aquest article, examinem les tensions que aquests canvis produeixen en les pràctiques i ideologies lingüístiques a mesure que els actors socials malden per definir la naturalesa del producte turístic, el seu públic i mercat, i la gestió del procés turístic. Tot plegat comporta una desestabilització no resolta del que havien estat els discursos hegemònics que han lligat fins ara les llengües a les cultures, identitats, nacions i estats. A l'appui de recherches de terrain menées entre 2002 et 2012 sur des sites liés au tourisme patrimonial et culturel en Suisse, en Catalogne et dans différents espaces du Canada francophone, nous soutenons que le tourisme, en particulier en milieux périphériques multilingues, constitue un secteur clef pour une exploration sociolinguistique de l'économie politique de la globalisation. En nous concentrant sur le passage du capitalisme industriel au capitalisme tardif, et en particulier sur ses effets sur la commodification de l'authenticité, nous mettons en relation l'importance de la langue dans le tourisme avec les mutations du capitalisme. Nous examinons les tensions autour des idéologies et pratiques de la langue que génère ce changement, en particulier du point de vue de la définition de la nature du produit touristique, de ses publics et marchés, et de la gestion du processus touristique. Il en résulte une déstabilisation - encore irrésolue - des discours jusqu'ici hégémoniques liant les langues aux cultures, identités, nations et Etats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globalization, while deterritorializing identity and culture, generates new practices and subjectivities that must be understood with reference to relationships between identity, language, and class in multiple markets. Through interviews and ethnographic observations focusing on children's language learning practices, this article examines how transnational South Korean families locate themselves in relation to the phenomenon of jogi yuhak, 'early study abroad.' It focuses on two graduate student families' struggle over securing their social position by portraying themselves as different from other transnational Korean families through investing in alternate forms of linguistic capital. This reflects their contradictory and shifting subjectivities as they negotiate between foregrounding their roles as moral and intellectual elites vs. acting as materialistic parents. These transnational families' struggles and conflicts underline how globalization in general, and jogi yuhak as a transnational strategy in particular, affects individuals' subjectivities at the intersection of class, language, and transnationalism. 세계화는 지역사회에 기반한 정체성과 문화를 약화시키기도 하지만, 복수의 국제 시장에서의 개인의 정체성, 언어, 그리고 사회계급간의 관계와 연관 지어 이해해야 하는 새로운 관행과 주관을 생성하기도 한다. 영어와 관련된 학습 관행에 초점을 맞춘 본 연구는 조기유학을 위해 고국을 떠나 외국에 거주하고 있는 한국 학생들과 그 가족들이 어떻게 자신들의 사회적 위치를 설정하는지에 대해서 면담과 민족지학적 관찰을 통해서 고찰한다. 미국에 거주하고 있는 두 대학원 유학생 가족들이 그들의 사회적 지위를 확보하기 위해서 어떻게 자신들의 정체성과 언어적 관행을 다른 조기유학생 가족들로부터 차별화하는지에 대해서 집중적으로 논의한다. 특히, 그들에게 거는 사회에서의 도덕적, 지적 엘리트로서의 역할에 대한 공언과 부모로서의 그들 자녀들의 영어 습득에 대한 물질주의적 갈망사이에서 갈등하는 모순적이고 변덕스러운 주관이 반영된 언어적 자산의 형태를 분석한다. 이들 초국가적 가정들의 노력과 갈등은 전반적으로 세계화와, 특별히 초국가적 전략으로서의 조기유학이 사회계급, 언어 그리고 초국가주의의 교차선상에서 개인의 주관에 어떻게 영향을 미치는지를 보여준다. [Korean] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globalization and the rise of 'Korean cool' provide middle-class Korean yuhaksaeng (visa students) in Toronto with resources they can mobilize as strategies of distinction. In their construction of themselves as new transnational subjects with hybrid identities that are simultaneously global and Korean, yuhaksaeng deploy re-valued varieties of Korean language and culture as stylistic resources in the globalized new economy. In this process, yuhaksaeng contest their marginal positions as 'FOBs' (Fresh-Off-the-Boats) and 'Nerds' in dominant Western racial discourse, and construct themselves as wealthy, modern, and cosmopolitan 'Cools' vis-à-vis long-term immigrants in local Korean diasporic communities as well as Canadians. The stories of yuhaksaeng illustrate how notions of 'global' and 'local' linguistic resources are transformed under the material conditions of globalization and its structures of inequality. 세계화와 '한국적 쿨'의 등장은 토론토에 거주하는 중산층 한국 유학생들이 차별화를 위해 사용할수 있는 자원을 제공한다. 유학생들은 세계화로 인한 새로운 경제체제에서 새롭게 가치평가된 한국 언어와 문화를, 자신들을 글로벌하면서도 동시에 한국적인 혼성적 정체성을 가진 새로운 초국가적 주체로 스타일링하기 위한 자원으로 활용한다. 이 과정에서 유학생들은 서양의 지배적 인종 담론내에서의 'FOBs' (Fresh-Off-the-Boats) 와 'Nerds' 와 같은 주변인 정체성에 저항하며, 자신들을 토론토에 거주하는 캐나다인들뿐 아니라 오래된 한국이민자들과 대비하여, 부유하고 모던하며 코스모폴리탄적인 '쿨'의 정체성을 형성한다. 이 글에 나타난 유학생들의 이야기는 세계화의 물질적 조건과 그 불평등의 구조 속에서 언어자원의 세계성과 지역성이 어떻게 변형되는지의 사례를 보여준다. [Korean] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South Korean early study abroad students and their parents in Singapore negotiate and redefine the values of Mandarin, English, and Singlish used in Singapore in an attempt to forge their own transnational identities. In this process, these Korean migrants tend to place more emphasis on metapragmatic discourses; that is, how to speak the languages appropriately. They then use such metapragmatic evaluations to justify their use of the local varieties and practices of language in Singapore. Their discourses are based on two language ideologies - pragmatism and sociolinguistic competence - which are examined here as alternative forms of language legitimacy that coexist with the dominant notion of legitimate language. These multiple language ideologies provide the basis for Korean migrants' emerging notions of the 'Asian global,' a desirable transnational subject who is more practical and sociocentric than the conventional image of high-ranking elites, with greater adaptability to various local situations. 조기유학을 위해 싱가포르로 이주해온 한국인 가족들은, 자신들의 세계적 정체성을 형성하는 과정에서, 영어, 중국어, 싱글리쉬의 세가지 언어에 대하여 다양한 가치와 태도를 보인다. 이러한 정체성 형성 과정에서, 한국인 조기유학 이주민들은 그들의 메타화용론적 담론, 즉 무슨 언어를 사용할 수 있는가 보다는, 어떻게 언어를 사회적으로 적절하게 구사하는가에 대해 더욱 강조하며, 이러한 평가는 동시에 싱가포르 내에서 사용되는 지역적 언어변이와 그 사용양식을 정당화하는 주요 기제가 된다. 나아가 이러한 메타화용적 담론은 실용주의와 사회언어적 능력의 중시라는 두 가지 언어이데올로기에 의해 매개되며, 이러한 대체적 언어이데올로기는 보다 공식적인 언어이데올로기와 공존하고 있다. 한편, 한국이주민들이 가지고 있는 다중 언어이데올로기는 이들이 새롭게 제시하는 '아시아적 세계인'의 모습, 즉 기존의 개인주의적이고 서구 중심적인 상층 엘리트의 이미지와는 다른, 보다 실용주의적이고 사회중심적이며, 어떠한 사회적 변화에도 유연하게 잘 적응할 수 있는 이상적인 초국가적 주체의 모습을 반영한다. [Korean] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mass migration characterizes the current moment of globalization. Constituting a particular subset of this global migration are Korean-American male English teachers who use the linguistic capital of English, commodified as the language of international communication, to exit from the United States and to return to South Korea as linguistic migrants, where they reassert their patriarchal privilege as Korean men. In the highly gendered and racialized Korean English language market, however, they must prove their 'native English speaker' status. Remaining oriented towards the U.S. as their proper home, they also continually defer leaving South Korea as it means giving up the privileges of being a male English speaker and become stuck in a life of leisure and aimlessness. As the shadow of neoliberal globalization deepens and their linguistic capital becomes devalued with the return of more Koreans from abroad, their feelings of being stuck turn into global fatigue. 일반 대중들의 대규모 이동은 오늘날 지구화/세계화의 특징적 현상이다. 이러한 전지구적 이주의 한 부분을 구성하는 집단으로 이 연구는 특별히 남성 재미교포 영어교사들에 주목한다. 지구화 시대의 국제 언어로 상품화된 영어 자본은 이들이 미국으로부터 탈출하여 남성으로서 가부장적 특권을 누릴 수 있는 한국사회로 언어적인 이주자로 되돌아 갈 수 있는 기회를 제공해준다. 그러나 성별, 인종 별로 고도로 세분화되고 차등화된 산업구조를 발달시켜온 한국의 영어교육 시장 안에서 이들은 '영어 모국어 사용자'로서의 지위를 다시금 증명해야만 한다. 언제고 다시 되돌아 가야 할 자신들의 진정한 고향은 미국이라고 주장하면서도, 계속해서 미국으로의 귀환을 미루는 이면에는 한국사회에서 남성이자 영어모국어 사용자로서 누려온 특권을 포기하지 못한 채, 유흥과 목적 없는 한국생활에 갇혀 버린 현실이 있다. 그러나 신자유주의적 세계화의 그늘이 점점 깊어가고, 외국에서 교육받고 한국으로 되돌아오는 영어에 능통한 한국인들이 늘어나면서 자신들의 영어자본의 가치가 점점 떨어지는 것을 지켜보며, 이들이 느끼는 정체감은 다시 세계화에 대한 불안과 피로감으로 바뀌게 된다. [Korean] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conduct a multi-local, multivariate analysis of be like in comparable datasets from three discontinuous geographic settings (the U.S.A., England, and New Zealand). Previously, comparative cross-variety analysis of this form has been fundamentally hampered by key methodological differences. A methodologically coherent analysis reveals that the ‘classic factors’ ( Tagliamonte and D’Arcy 2007 : 203) grammatical person and content of the quote, as well as the effect of mimesis, are transferred to the receptor variety, albeit with varying degrees of completeness. Other conditioning factors are particularized to the local system into which be like is adopted, which leads us to define its spread as a case of weak transfer. We suggest that there are at least two explanations for this finding: (1) global innovations must be considered in light of the local systems into which they are adopted; and (2) the form and amount of contact must be correlated with respect to the knowledge transfer they allow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Communities, identities, processes, and practices are key linked concepts of concern to research on the role of language in the construction of social relations within the nation-state. In the current globalizing context, sociolinguistics has begun to recognize the need to reorient studies of language, community, and identity in the nation-state away from autonomous structure and towards process and practice, in order to capture the ways in which linguistic variation is central to new forms of social organization. Such an approach examines the circulation of communicative, symbolic, and material resources, as well as the trajectories of social actors and of discursive spaces. The example of francophone Canada shows how dominant ideas about language as bounded systems, identities as stable social positions, and communities as uniform social formations are superseded by mobility and multiplicity. Sociolinguistics is well positioned to take on the challenge of addressing how social actors construct such flows and transformations and to contribute to a social theory of globalization, transnationalism, and the new economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the history of sociolinguistics and linguistic anthropology shows, a sharp distinction between these fields and others concerned with the sociocultural investigation of language is untenable given their significant common ground. The article describes the current state of relations between sociolinguistics, linguistic anthropology, and similar approaches to language, culture, and society. It then locates theoretical, methodological, thematic, and political points of commonality and explores emerging areas of productive dialogue among these closely overlapping research traditions. Two analytic examples, one focused on race talk in sociolinguistic interviews with European American youth and the other on ideologies of English among sexual and gender minorities in India, illustrate the benefits of bringing together different branches of sociolinguistics and linguistic anthropology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the attitudes of British respondents towards the quotatives be like and go. The results of a matched guise test and a social attitudes survey are presented and compared with the findings of studies on be like and go-perception in the U.S. It is found that the perceptual load of the two quotatives on both sides of the Atlantic is similar in some respects and different in others. This effectively means that, in cases of borrowing, the stereotypes attached to linguistic items are not simply taken over along with the surface item. Rather, the adoption of global resources is a more agentive process, whereby attitudes are re-evaluated and re-created by speakers of the borrowing variety. It is suggested that attitudinal information presents an important backdrop to distributional studies in cases of global language trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]