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The study was divided into 2 parts to investigate the acute postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE) responses to lower repetitions at the same load of 87% 1 repetition maximum (1RM) in the upper and lower body. In part 1, 14 athletes performed plyometric push-up (PPU) after the conditioning activity (CA) of bench press (BP). In part 2, 13 athletes performed a countermovement jump (CMJ) after the CA of parallel squat (PS). Subjects completed 3, 4, or 5 repetitions (trials CA-3, CA-4, or CA-5) of BP or PS in randomized and counterbalanced order. The velocity of each movement of the trial was recorded. The PPU or CMJ was tested every 2 minutes after the trial up to 12 minutes to assess the Post-Max and optimal individual PAPE time. The mean velocity of the last movement of BP in CA-5 was significantly lower than that in CA-3 (0.23 6 0.06 vs. 0.28 6 0.06 m·second-1, p, 0.05), and the velocity of PS in CA-4 or CA-5 was significantly lower than that in CA-3 (0.53 6 0.07 and 0.50 6 0.05 vs. 0.57 6 0.07 m·second-1, p, 0.05). The peak force of PPU and jump height of CMJ at Post-Max in the 3 trials were significantly greater than those at Pre (p, 0.05). There were no significant differences among trials in the optimal individual PAPE times in either part of the study. A single set of 87% 1RM resistance exercises with 3 or 4 repetitions in both the upper body and the lower body induces similar PAPE to repetition maximum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite being a global sport, there is a paucity of research investigating competition-related factors contributing to World Championship powerlifting success. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine competition strategies that underpin gold medalists' (GMs) and silver or bronze medalists' (SBMs) performances. Data collected from open-age International Powerlifting Federation (IPF) World Championship events 2013-2019 were analyzed (1,312 competitors [males n = 734, females n = 578]). Attempt weight and success for the squat (SQ), bench press (BP), and deadlift (DL); 'total' competition scores; category (age, weight class, and sex); and placing were categorized into 3 groups: GMs, SBMs, and nonwinners (fourth place or lower). One-way analysis of variances determined between group differences. Odds ratios (ORs) for the likelihood of winning and placing (i.e., GMs or SBMs) were also calculated. The odds of winning a competition were increased 5.9 times for men and by 1.5 times for women, when successfully completing 8 or 9 of 9 lift attempts. These findings provide comprehensive insight into intracompetition-related factors that contribute to World Championship powerlifting success to directly inform coach and athlete strategies. This information may also hold relevance for competitive state or national competitions and extend to other similarly structured strength-based sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accommodating resistance (AR) is a training technique that includes attaching elastic bands or chains to a loaded barbell to alter the resistance profile throughout the barbell movement. This study was the first to quantify the effects of AR versus a traditional resistance (TR) training program on changes in strength and power profiles in a trained female cohort. Resistance-trained (training history: 2.4 ± 1.4 years) females (age: 22.1 ± 3.0 years) completed baseline and postintervention tasks which included 1 repetition maximum (1 RM) testing in the back squat (BS) and bench press (BP), a repetitions to failure in the BP (60% of 1RM), and 1 30-s Wingate test. After baseline testing, subjects were stratified (based on relative strength) into either the AR (n = 9) or TR (n = 10) group and then completed a supervised, 7-week training intervention. Both groups improved their 1RM in both lifts, but no statistical differences were found between groups in 1 RM for BS, BP, or BP to failure (p > 0.05). However, the AR group increased Wingate peak power (837 ± 221 to 901 ± 215 W; p 5 0.04), whereas TR (868 ± 244 to 8,343 ± 182 W; p = 0.47) did not. This study supports AR with lighter relative barbell load incurs similar strength adaptations as TR. For coaches training athletes concerned with power, AR may be advantageous for improving rate of force development as demonstrated by large increases in peak Wingate power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to compare the long-term effects of resistance training programs based on traditional and rest redistribution set configurations on explosive-strength and strength-endurance performance of lower-body and upper-body muscles. Thirty physically active men were randomly assigned to a traditional group (TRG: 6 sets of 5 repetitions with 3 minutes of interset rest) or a rest redistribution group (RRG: 30 sets of 1 repetition with 31 seconds of interrepetition rest). The training program lasted 6 weeks (2 sessions·wk−1), and in each training session, the squat and bench press exercises were performed with maximal concentric effort against approximately the 75% of the 1 repetition maximum. Before and after training, explosive-strength performance (peak velocity reached at submaximal loads during the countermovement jump and bench press throw) and strength-endurance performance (mean set velocity of 10 repetitions using both traditional and cluster sets in the squat and bench press) were assessed. Significant improvements in all dependent variables were observed after training for both the TRG (p ≤ 0.004; effect size [ES] = 0.63–3.06) and RRG (p ≤ 0.001; ES = 0.58–3.23). The magnitude of the changes was comparable for both groups with the only exception of the larger improvements observed in the RRG for the bench press mean set velocity using both traditional (ES = 0.77) and cluster (ES = 0.82) set configurations. Traditional and rest redistribution set configurations are equally effective to improve lower-body explosive strength, lower-body strength endurance, and upper-body explosive strength, whereas rest redistribution set configurations could induce greater adaptations in upper-body strength endurance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weakley, J, Munteanu, G, Cowley, N, Johnston, R, Morrison, M, Gardiner, C, Pérez-Castilla, A, and García-Ramos, A. The criterion validity and between-day reliability of the Perch for measuring barbell velocity during commonly used resistance training exercises. J Strength Cond Res 37(4): 787–792, 2023—This study aimed to assess the criterion validity and between-day reliability (accounting for technological and biological variability) of mean and peak concentric velocity from the Perch measurement system. On 2 testing occasions, 16 subjects completed repetitions at 20, 40, 60, 80, 90, and 100% of 1-repetition maximum in the free-weight barbell back squat and bench press. To assess criterion validity, values from the Perch and a 3-dimensional motion capture system (criterion) were compared. Technological variability was assessed by determining whether the differences between the Perch and criterion for each load were comparable for both testing sessions, whereas between-day reliability with both technological and biological variability was calculated from Perch values across days. Generalized estimating equations were used to calculate R 2 and root mean square error, whereas Bland-Altman plots assessed magnitude of difference between measures. To support monitoring of athletes over time, standard error of measurement and minimum detectable changes (MDC) were calculated. There was excellent agreement between the Perch and criterion device, with mean velocity in both exercises demonstrating a mean bias ranging from −0.01 to 0.01 m·s−1. For peak velocity, Perch underestimated velocity compared with the criterion ranging from −0.08 to −0.12 m·s−1 for the back squat and −0.01 to −0.02 m·s−1 for the bench press. Technological variability between-days were all less than the MDC. These findings demonstrate that the Perch provides valid and reliable mean and peak concentric velocity outputs across a range of velocities. Therefore, practitioners can confidently implement this device for the monitoring and prescription of resistance training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to establish whether a resistance exercise for the upper body may generate a postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE) in the lower body. Thirteen resistance-trained men (age = 26.4 ± 3.3 years, body mass = 76.9 ± 6.3 kg, and height = 177.6 ± 5.2 cm) participated in the present investigation and were tested for upper-body and lower-body power (bench press throw and countermovement jump power [CMJP] tests). Subjects were also tested for maximum force and electromyographic (EMG) activation of quadriceps muscles while performing an isometric leg extension. All assessments were performed before and 8 minutes after a high-intensity (HI: 5 sets of 1 rep at 90% of 1 repetition maximum [1RM]) bench press protocol, a high-power protocol (POW: 5 sets of 1 rep at 30% of 1RM with maximum explosive intent), and a control trial (CON). Subjects performed all trials in a randomized order and on different days. A significant trial × time interaction was detected for CMJP (p = 0.049). This parameter was significantly increased following the HI protocol only (p = 0.024). A significant interaction was also noted for EMG with a significant improvement following the HI protocol (p = 0.032) and a significant decrease following the POW protocol (p = 0.020). No other significant effects were detected (p > 0.05). The results of this investigation indicate that a HI bench press protocol may produce a PAPE in the lower-body power and increase the neuromuscular activation of leg extensor muscles. The POW bench press protocol did not show any positive effects on lower-body performance. Athletes and practitioners may take advantage from the inclusion of upper-body HI resistance exercises throughout complex resistance workouts to improve lower-body power output. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soriano, MA, Jiménez-Ormeño, E, Amaro-Gahete, FJ, Haff, GG, and Comfort, P. How does lower-body and upper-body strength relate to maximum split jerk performance? J Strength Cond Res 36(8): 2102–2107, 2022—The aims of this study were to (I) determine the relationships between the maximum dynamic strength of the upper and lower body, measured by overhead press and back squat 1 repetition maximum (1RM) performances, and the split jerk (SJ) performance in trained weightlifters and (II) explore the magnitude of these relationships for men and women to establish sex-specific prediction equations. Twenty men (age: 28.9 ± 6.6 years; height: 1.8 ± 0.1 m; body mass [BM]: 82.5 ± 10.2 kg; weightlifting training experience: 4.2 ± 2.4 years) and 13 women (age: 27.7 ± 4.4 years; height: 1.7 ± 0.1 m; BM: 61.8 ± 5.2 kg; weightlifting training experience: 2.7 ± 1.7 years) competitive weightlifters participated. The 1RM performances of the overhead press, back squat, and SJ were assessed for all subjects. A very strong correlation exists between the back squat and overhead press, with maximum SJ performance for all subjects (r = 0.97; p < 0.001). Similarly, very strong correlations were found for men (r = 0.90, p < 0.001) and women (r = 0.90, p = 0.0002), separately. The coefficient of determination indicates that the prediction equation for the maximum SJ performance is quite accurate (R 2 = 0.94) for all subjects and men (R 2 = 0.83) and women (R 2 = 0.81), separately. These results provide evidence that the maximum strength of the upper and lower body are major contributors to SJ performance. In addition, SJ performance can accurately be predicted from the back squat and overhead press performances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soriano, MA, García-Ramos, A, Calderbank, J, Marín, PJ, Sainz de Baranda, P, and Comfort, P. Does sex impact the differences and relationships in the one repetition maximum performance across weightlifting overhead pressing exercises? J Strength Cond 36(7): 1930–1935, 2022—This study aimed to determine the impact of sex on the differences and relationships of the one repetition maximum (1RM) performance between 3 overhead pressing exercises (push press [PP], push jerk [PJ] and split jerk [SJ]). 15 men (body mass [BM]: 82.3 ± 9.9 kg; weightlifting training experience: 2.6 ± 1.6 years) and 15 women (BM: 64.4 ± 7.0 kg; weightlifting training experience: 2.2 ± 1.4 years) participated in this study. A ratio-scaled (1RM·BM−1) was used for the comparison between them. The 1RM of the 3 exercises were evaluated within the same testing session using a combined 1RM assessment method. The interaction effect of exercise and sex did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.671; η2 = 0.001). In contrast, there were significant main effects of exercise (p ≤ 0.01) and sex (p < 0.001) with medium (η2 = 0.096) and large effect sizes (η2 = 0.306), respectively. A similar main effect of exercise was reported for both men (PP [1.0 ± 0.1 kg·kg−1] < PJ [1.1 ± 0.2 kg·kg−1] ∼ SJ [1.2 ± 0.2 kg·kg−1]) and women (PP [0.8 ± 0.1 kg·kg−1] < PJ [0.9 ± 0.2 kg·kg−1] ∼ SJ [0.9 ± 0.2 kg·kg−1]). The 1RM performance of the 3 exercises was significantly correlated for men (r [range] = 0.856–0.963) and women (r [range] = 0.636–0.925). Sex does not affect the differences in the 1RM performance across weightlifting overhead pressing exercises. However, stronger correlations and lower variation in the 1RM performance during the PP, PJ, and SJ are expected for men compared with women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Martins-Costa, HC, Lacerda, LT, Diniz, RCR, Lima, FV, Andrade, AGP, Peixoto, GH, Gomes, MC, Lanza, MB, Bemben, MG, and Chagas, MH. Equalization of training protocols by time under tension determines the magnitude of changes in strength and muscular hypertrophy. J Strength Cond Res 36(7): 1770–1780, 2022—The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 2 training protocols equalized by tension (TUT) on maximal strength (1 repetition maximum [RM]), regional cross-sectional areas (proximal, middle, and distal), and total cross-sectional areas (sum of the regional cross-sectional areas) of the pectoralis major and triceps brachii muscles. Thirty-eight men untrained in resistance training participated in the study and were allocated under 3 conditions: Protocol 3s (n = 11; 12 repetitions; 3s repetition duration), Protocol 6s (n = 11; 6 repetitions; 6s repetition duration), and Control (n = 11; no training). Training protocols (10 weeks; bench press exercise) were equated for TUT (36 seconds per set), number of sets (3–4), intensity (50–55% of 1RM), and rest between sets (3 minutes). Analysis of variance was used to examine a percentage change in variables of interest across the 3 groups with an alpha level of 0.05 used to establish statistical significance. Protocols 3s and 6s showed no differences in the increase of total and regional muscle cross-sectional areas. There were no differences in regional hypertrophy of the pectoralis major muscle. In the triceps brachii muscle, the increase in distal cross-sectional area was greater when compared with the middle and proximal regions. Both experimental groups had similar increases in the 1RM test. In conclusion, training protocols with the same TUT promote similar strength gains and muscle hypertrophy. Moreover, considering that the protocols used different numbers of repetitions, the results indicate that training volumes cannot be considered separately from TUT when evaluating neuromuscular adaptations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. Terada, K, Kikuchi, N, Burt, D, Voisin, S, and Nakazato, K. Full title: Low-load resistance training to volitional failure induces muscle hypertrophy similar to volume-matched, velocity fatigue. J Strength Cond Res 36(6): 1576–1581, 2022—We investigated how resistance training (RT) to failure at low load affects acute responses and chronic muscle adaptations compared with low-load RT to velocity fatigue at equal work volume. Twenty-seven subjects performed 8 weeks of bench press twice weekly. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of 3 groups: low-load volitional failure (LVoF, n = 9), low-load velocity fatigue (LVeF, n = 8), and high-load (HL, n = 10). Resistance training comprised 3 sets to failure at 40% one repetition maximum (1RM) in the LVoF group, 3 sets to velocity fatigue (20% lifting velocity loss) at 40% 1RM in the LVeF group, and 3 sets of 8 repetitions at 80% 1RM in the HL group. We measured muscle strength, hypertrophy, endurance, and power at baseline and after the RT program. We also measured muscle swelling and blood lactate after each RT bout to investigate the acute response. There were no differences in total work volume between the LVoF and LVeF groups. Responses to RT were similar between LVoF and LVeF, whether looking at acute muscle swelling, increase in blood lactate, chronic hypertrophy, and strength gain. However, LVoF and LVeF RT triggered different responses to muscle function in comparison with HL training: LVoF and LVeF showed enhanced acute responses and greater chronic endurance gains, but lower chronic strength gains than HL. In conclusion, low-load RT to volitional failure induces muscle hypertrophy similar to volume-matched velocity fatigue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maximum strength and speed strength are 2 major factors that determine a swimmer’s performance, including swim start and turn performance, which directly impacts overall swim sprint performance. Nevertheless, data regarding the relationship between swimming performance and maximum strength are not consistent. Specifically, there are minimal data examining the relationship between maximal strength levels, start and turn performances in the scientific literature. This study was designed to determine the relationship between strength and specific markers of swim performance. Therefore, 14 moderate trained swimmers (male; 17.5± 1.6 years; mass: 70.2 ± 4.8 kg; height: 181.9 ± 5.7 cm) were tested for maximum strength in back squat and bench press, squat and countermovement jump performance, tethered swimming and swim performance (50- and 100-m crawl sprint, where start and turn performances were also analyzed). A multiple regression analysis was performed using the maximum strength data as predictors of 15-m start performance and swimming power. Furthermore, bivariate Pearson correlation analyses were used to assess the relationship between the strength and power variables and the swim variables. Maximum strength in the bench press and squat explained 50–65% of the performance variance in swimming power and start performance and 45–62% of the performance variance in 50-/100-m swimming performance. The results of this study demonstrated that maximum strength of the upper and lower limbs and jump height were strongly related to sprint swim performance. Therefore, maximum strength in squat and bench press should be included in strength tests, and that swimmers should incorporate lower- and upper-body strength and power training into their training schedule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resistance training has been widely used for maintaining or improving the quality of life and sports performance. It is not clear, however, whether the load commonly used in these exercises is equivalent to the number of repetitions determined for execution, that is, the level of effort applied to the self-selected load. Ergo, the aim of this study was to identify the number of maximum repetitions that strength training practitioners can perform with the load commonly used (self-selected) to perform 10 repetitions in their training routines. The sample consisted of 160 healthy trained men (25.7 6 4.5 years, 81.2 6 10.4 kg, 177.9 6 6.2 cm). Subjects answered the question “What weight do you usually lift for 10 repetitions on free-weight bench press exercise?” The answer was considered the self-selected 10 repetitions load (S10RL). After a brief warm-up, each individual was instructed to perform as many repetitions as possible at S10RL (repetition maximum [RMS10RL]) at a single bout of free-weight bench press. The RMS10RL was analyzed with the single sample t test, adopting the reference value of 10 repetitions. Individuals performed 16 6 5RMS10RL (median = 15), which represent a statistical difference for the 10-repetition reference value (p, 0.001). The most prevalent RMS10RL range was from 13 to 15 repetitions (31%), and only 22% performed between 10 and 12 repetitions. It was concluded that most individuals can perform a number of repetitions well above the 10 repetitions predicted for the selected load. Therefore, the training routines are not compatible with maximum effort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to the potential benefits with monitoring training intensity with velocity-measuring tools during exercise, these devices also provide an opportunity for researchers and practitioners to provide feedback and instruction to performers in a new way. The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of instructing athletes with a target velocity vs. instructing them to move “as fast as possible” during a free-weight bench press. In addition, the effects of each instruction on future repetition maximum (RM) test performance was compared. Thirteen male powerlifters were recruited and performed 4 sets of 5 repetitions with 45% 1RM while being instructed to attain a target velocity of 1.0 m·s21 or to move as fast as possible. The maximum mean velocity attained in each set was compared with a repeated measures analysis of variance and Tukey’s post-hoc test. After these 4 sets of 5 repetitions, the number of repetitions performed during an RM test with 75% 1RM was compared with a Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test. Participants moved faster when they received the target velocity instruction (0.84 6 0.10m·s-1) than when they received the “move as fast as possible” instruction (0.82 60.09 m·s-1) (p, 0.001) with no differences in the number of repetitions performed in the following RM test between the 2 testing sessions (p 5 0.43). An instruction to attain a challenging velocity target may be a more effective strategy to use when attempting to elicit maximum barbell velocities during training relative to the traditional instruction to move as fast as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was 2 fold: (a) to determine whether differences in mean concentric velocity (MCV), repetitions-to-failure (RTF), measured 1 repetition maximum (1RM), and 1RM prediction methods vary between lifter and spotter sex and (b) determine the accuracy of velocity-based 1RM (MCV1RM) and repetitions-to-failure-based 1RM (RTF1RM) prediction equations in the presence of either a male or female spotter. Twenty resistance-trained individuals (50% men) participated in this study. The initial 2 visits involved measuring 1RM for the bench press with a male or female spotter. Visits 3 and 4 required subjects to lift loads at 30 (5-repetitions), 50 (5-repetitions), and 70% 1RM (RTF) in the presence of a male or female spotter. Velocity-based 1RM was determined through individual regression equations using the submaximal loads (MCV30, MCV50, and MCV70). Repetitions-to-failure-based 1RM was determined through the RTF at 70% 1RM using Wathen (Wathen1RM), Mayhew (Mayhew1RM), and Epley (Epley1RM) equations. There were significant interactions when assessing Wathen1RM and Mayhew1RM (p < 0.05). Female lifters produced significantly higher estimated 1RM values during the male spotter condition using Wathen1RM and Mayhew1RM than the female spotter condition (p = 0.032 and 0.033, respectively). MCV1RM and Epley1RM produced smaller mean differences than Wathen1RM and Mayhew1RM when compared with measured 1RM. However, MCV1RM produced the largest standard error of estimate, whereas Epley1RM produced the lowest values. Epley1RM should be used over MCV1RM, Wathen1RM, and Mayhew1RM when loads up to 70% 1RM are implemented. Also, spotter sex only seems to impact female lifters when using the RTF1RM prediction equations of Wathen1RM and Mayhew1RM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of caffeine on an upper-body resistance exercise workout. Fifteen men (mean ± SD: age, 23.1 ± 1.9 years; body mass, 89.1 ± 13.9 kg; height, 175 ± 6.1 cm) volunteered to come to the laboratory 3 times. During visit 1, 1-repetition maximum (RM) values were determined for the barbell bench press, incline barbell bench press, and dumbbell bench press exercises. For visit 2, subjects consumed either 800-mg caffeine or a placebo. Subjects then completed 3 sets to failure of each exercise using 80% of their 1RM. Visit 3 was the same as visit 2; however, participants consumed the opposite treatment as visit 2. Various perceptual measures were recorded before, during, and after the workouts. The results indicated that participants completed significantly more repetitions per set for the barbell bench press (4.80 ± 2.66) and incline barbell bench press (4.91 ± 2.29) in the caffeine condition compared with the placebo condition (4.42 ± 2.56 and 4.36 ± 2.11, respectively). Higher arousal scores were found in the caffeine condition. For vigor, participants reported higher scores with caffeine before warming up (caffeine = 10.20 ± 4.11, placebo = 6.20 ± 3.23) and mid workout (caffeine = 13.53 ± 2.29, placebo = 11.13 ± 2.79). These results suggest that caffeine has an ergogenic effect on strength workout performance due, at least in part, to positive effects on workout perception. Athletes and recreational lifters may want to consider the ingestion of caffeine before a resistance exercise workout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to assess the criterion validity, interunit reliability (accounting for technological and biological variance), and between-day reliability of a novel optic laser device (FLEX) for quantifying mean concentric velocity. To assess the validity against a three-dimensional motion capture system and interunit reliability with both technological and biological variation, 18 men and women completed repetitions at 20, 40, 60, 80, 90, and 100% of one repetition maximum in the free-weight barbell back squat and bench press. To assess interunit (technological only) reliability, a purpose-built, calibrated rig completed a set protocol with 2 devices. To assess between-day reliability of the technology, the same protocol was repeated 21 days later. Standardized bias, typical error of the estimate (TEE; %), and Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) were used to assess validity, whereas typical error and coefficient of variation (CV%) were calculated for reliability. Overall, TEE (±90 CL) between the FLEX and criterion measure was 0.03 (±0.004) and 0.04 (±0.005) m·s−1 in the back squat and bench press, respectively. For measures of reliability, overall interunit technological variance (CV% [± 90% confidence interval]) was 3.96% (3.83–4.12) but increased to 9.82% (9.31–10.41) and 9.83% (9.17–10.61) in the back squat and bench press, respectively, when biological variance was introduced. Finally, the overall between-day reliability was 3.77% (3.63–3.91). These findings demonstrate that the FLEX provides valid and reliable mean concentric velocity outputs across a range of velocities. Thus, practitioners can confidently implement this device for the monitoring and prescription of resistance training loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract : Ferland, PM and Comtois, AS. Classic powerlifting performance: A systematic review. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2019-The purpose of this study was to review all scientific publications related to able-body drug-tested classic powerlifting performance since January 1, 2012, and to regroup them into a brief narrative review. Three electronic databases were systematically searched in August 2018 using the wildcard: powerlift*. A manual search was performed from the reference list of all retained articles. The search and selection strategy permitted to gather a total of 16 scientific articles published in peer-reviewed journals. Results show that practitioners should prioritize a low-bar squat and a wide grip bench press because they generally contribute to moving greater loads, bring more attention to preventing injuries, since a fair amount of powerlifters seem to train injured and prioritize a hypertrophy-power-strength model when prescribing 3 times a week daily undulating periodization on nonconsecutive days for squat and bench. Practitioners could also introduce respiratory muscle training, use daily 1 repetition maximum training combined with down sets on experienced athletes and use a rate of perceived exertion scale based on repetitions in reserve combined with an individual velocity profile when prescribing intensity. Before competition, powerlifters seem to taper in this order: the deadlift, the squat, and lastly the bench press. The Slingshot does help to move more weight because it helps to generate more inertia, but it also deactivates the triceps. Finally, the present work was limited by the present literature but could serve as a reference in the field of powerlifting. Further research should include more details about the circumstances under which they were conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fahs, CA, Blumkaitis, JC, and Rossow, LM. Factors related to average concentric velocity of four barbell exercises at various loads. J Strength Cond Res 33(3): 597-605, 2019-The resistance exercise load is the primarily determinant of the average concentric velocity (ACV) during a repetition. It is unknown whether individual factors such as training experience or anthropometries also influence the ACV. Previous research has shown the ACV during the 1 repetition maximum (1RM) varies between exercises, but it is not clear whether ACV is different between exercises at various percentages of the 1 RM. This information could provide practical guidelines for trainees using ACV to select training loads. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether training age, current training frequency, limb length, height, and relative strength are related to ACV at loads between 35 and 100% of the 1 RM for the squat, bench press, deadlift, and overhead press. A secondary purpose was to compare the ACV values between the 4 lifts at each relative load. Fifty-one (18 women and 33 men) completed 2 testing sessions in which the squat, bench press, deadlift, and overhead press ACV were measured during a modified 1 RM protocol. Average concentric velocity values were significantly different among the 4 lifts (p < 0.05) at all relative loads between 35 and 100% 1 RM except for 55% 1RM (p = 0.112). Generally, compared at the same relative loads, the overhead press exhibited the greatest ACV followed by the squat, bench press, and deadlift (in order). In addition, relative strength level was inversely related to ACV at maximal loads (>95% 1 RM) for the squat, bench press, and deadlift while height was positively related to ACV at moderate loads (55% 1 RM) for all lifts (p < 0.05). These results suggest that the load-velocity profile is unique for each of these exercises, and that velocity ranges used for exercise prescription should be specific to the exercise. A trainee's relative strength and height may be a primary influence on the ACV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

García-Ramos, A, Haff, GG, Jiménez-Reyes, and P, Pérez-Castilla, A. Assessment of upper-body ballistic performance through the bench press throw exercise: Which velocity outcome provides the highest reliability? J Strength Cond Res 32(10): 2701–2707, 2018—This study aimed to compare the between-session reliability of 3 velocity variables (mean velocity [MV], mean propulsive velocity [MPV], and maximum velocity [Vmax]) to assess bench press throw (BPT) performance. Twenty-one men were tested during 2 consecutive weeks in 2 variants of the BPT exercise (concentric-only and eccentric-concentric) against 5 different loading conditions (17, 27, 37, 47, and 57 kg). The 2 sessions of each BPT variant were performed within the same week separated by 48–72 hours. The main findings revealed that (a) the highest reliability was observed for Vmax (median coefficient of variation [CV] and range) (CV = 2.14% [1.43–4.02%]), followed by MV (CV = 3.18% [1.47–5.22%]), and finally, the MPV was the least reliable variable (CV = 4.27% [1.98–6.38%]), (b) all velocity variables demonstrated a higher reliability during the eccentric-concentric BPT (CV = 2.41% [1.43–5.30%]) when compared with the concentric-only BPT (CV = 4.02% [1.74–6.38%]), and (c) the reliability tended to decrease with the increment of the load: 17 kg (CV = 2.12% [1.43–4.68%]), 27 kg (CV = 1.96% [1.74–3.86%]), 37 kg (CV = 2.98% [2.47–5.67%]), 47 kg (CV = 4.59% [2.32–6.38%]), and 57 kg (CV = 3.92% [1.95–5.52%]). These results indicate that the assessment of the Vmax should be performed with a light-loading condition during the eccentric-concentric BPT for obtaining the most reproducible measure of upper-body ballistic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renals, L, Lake, J, Keogh, J, and Austin, K. Strongman log push press: The effect log diameter has on force-time characteristics. J Strength Cond Res 32(10): 2693–2700, 2018—Strongman training is becoming more common in strength and conditioning practices, particularly the log press. The existing literature analyzes force characteristics of the log clean and jerk or press compared with the weightlifting clean and jerk exercise. This investigation aims to explore the braking and propulsive phase performance characteristics of the push press with a barbell and strongman logs of different sizes. Ten experienced athletes volunteered to perform the push press exercise using 65% of their 1 repetition maximum using a small-diameter log, a large-diameter log, and a barbell. Analysis of variance showed a significant difference in all mean braking and propulsive characteristics (force, velocity, power, impulse, and displacement) between the barbell and both logs but there was no difference in lift duration. Comparison between both logs showed that the small log had significantly greater power (6%, p = 0.01), velocity (2%, p = 0.01), impulse (5%, p = 0.03), and force (3%, p = 0.01) but no difference in center of mass displacement or lift duration. In addition, propulsive phase when using the barbell was 4.4 times greater in force, 2.2 times in impulse, 1.8 times in velocity, and 2.3 times in power, and this was greater when compared with the larger diameter log. The athletes achieved larger propulsive outputs with a barbell over a log in the push press exercise in addition to showing a higher mechanical demand with a log that increases the larger log diameter, which may mean that the athlete needs to adapt loads when looking to optimize training parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the load-velocity and load-power relationships among 20 young (age 21.0 ± 1.6 years) and 20 middle-aged (age 42.6 ± 6.7 years) resistance-trained males. Participants performed 3 repetitions of bench press, squat, and bentover-row across a range of loads corresponding to 20-80% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM). Analysis revealed effects (p < 0.05) of group and load 3 group on barbell velocity for all 3 exercises, and interaction effects on power for squat and bentover-row (p < 0.05). For bench press and bent-over-row, the young group produced higher barbell velocities, with the magnitude of the differences decreasing as load increased (ES; effect size 0.0-1.7 and 1.0-2.0, respectively). Squat velocity was higher in the young group than the middle-aged group (ES 1.0-1.7) across all loads, as was power for each exercise (ES 1.0-2.3). For all 3 exercises, both velocity and 1RM were correlated with optimal power in the middle-aged group (r = 0.613-0.825, p < 0.05), but only 1RM was correlated with optimal power (r = 0.708-0.867, p < 0.05) in the young group. These findings indicate that despite their resistance training, middle-aged males were unable to achieve velocities at low external loads and power outputs as high as the young males across a range of external resistances. Moreover, the strong correlations between 1RM and velocity with optimal power suggest that middle-aged males would benefit from training methods which maximize these adaptations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sports analytics is best known as the field of research that focuses on discovering slight but significant improvements within competitions; however, broader sets of athlete- and team-level data from outside competitions (e.g., strength and conditioning metrics) have been typically left out from such analyses. Given that strength and conditioning programs are perhaps the most common avenue through which people expect extra-competition progress to translate into within-competition performance, it is clear that strength and conditioning metrics warrant closer analytic attention. To illustrate this approach, we present a study of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division 1 Men's Ice Hockey players that integrates both (a) strength and conditioning metrics and (b) in-game performance measurements. Bivariate analyses show a significant positive correlation between bench press performance and points scored (r = 0.15), although multivariate analyses point to positive relationships between strength and conditioning measures and playing time as the more important finding. Although within-competition data are increasingly accessible for analytics research, the basic approach that we develop highlights the importance of considering extra-competition variables such as strength and conditioning metrics for understanding both coaching decisions regarding playing time and within-competition performance. We also discuss ways in which the integrated approach that we present offers potential applications for strength and conditioning professionals as well as players, coaches, and team managers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to examine the strength, velocity, and power adaptations in youth rugby league players in response to a variable resistance training (VRT) or traditional free-weight resistance training (TRAD) intervention. Sixteen elite youth players were assigned to a VRT or TRAD group and completed 2 weekly upper- and lower-body strength and power sessions for 6 weeks. Training programs were identical except that the VRT group trained the bench press exercise with 20% of the prescribed load coming from elastic bands. Bench press 1 repetition maximum (1RM) and bench press mean velocity and power at 35, 45, 65, 75, and 85% of 1RM were measured before and after the training intervention, and the magnitude of the changes was determined using effect sizes (ESs). The VRT group experienced larger increases in both absolute (ES = 0.46 vs. 0.20) and relative (ES = 0.41 vs. 0.19) bench press 1RM. Similar results were observed for mean velocity as well as both absolute and relative mean power at 35, 45, 65, 75, and 85% of 1RM. Furthermore, both groups experienced large gains in both velocity and power in the heavier loads but small improvements in the lighter loads. The improvements in both velocity and power against the heavier loads were larger for the VRT group, whereas smaller differences existed between the 2 groups in the lighter loads. Variable resistance training using elastic bands may offer a greater training stimulus than traditional free-weight resistance training to improve upper-body strength, velocity, and power in elite youth rugby league players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Priming" or preactivation strategies performed in the hours leading into competition have been suggested to improve game day performance. Therefore, this study assessed the effectiveness of a resistance training priming activity on eliciting changes in lower- and upper-body power output, along with perceptual measures. To assess these changes, 13 state-level rugby players (aged 18.5 ± 0.5 years) completed a test-retest protocol using a counterbalanced crossover design. Perceptual (readiness to perform questionnaire) and performance measures (20-kg countermovement jump [CMJ], 20-kg bench throw) were completed before either a control (rest) or priming activity (4 sets of 3 banded back squats and banded bench press). After a 1-hour and 45-minute recovery period, perceptual and performance measures were repeated. Readiness to perform showed no meaningful differences pre- and postintervention. Bench throw peak power (8.5 ± 5.8%, 90% confidence limit; p ≤ 0.05) improved after the priming activity when compared with the control trial. Countermovement jump peak power (3.4 ± 4.9%; p > 0.05) had a small decrease after the priming activity when compared with the control trial. Therefore, completing a priming activity 1 hour and 45 minutes before competition is recommended to improve upper-body power output. However, further research into lower-body priming protocols should be conducted before implementing a lower-body priming activity before competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to investigate the influence of subjects' strength level on both the ability to maintain power output performance and the physiological and perceived exertion responses during a power training session when different rest intervals (RI) are used. Thirty-eight (18 men and 20 women) subjects were divided into a stronger or weaker group based on their ability to produce peak power output. Testing was performed using the same protocol (5 sets of 8 repetitions with 40% of 1 repetition maximum) in the bench press throw exercise, but differing the RI between sets (1, 2, and 3 minutes). During the sessions, mechanical (peak power), physiological ([La-]) and perceptual (RPE) variables were measured. In addition, delayed onset muscular soreness (DOMS) 24 and 48 hours after the training session was reported. Both stronger and weaker (men and women) groups showed significant impairments in mechanical, physiological, and perceptual data when resting 1 minute. Nevertheless, although stronger groups were able to sustain power output over the sets when using the 2-minute RI, weaker groups needed at least 3 minutes to maintain power output performance. Therefore, strength level heavily influences the rest interval required during a power training session and should be taken into account when prescribing such training sessions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Daily undulating periodization (DUP) is a growing trend, both in practice and in the scientific literature. A new form of DUP, flexible daily undulating periodization (FDUP), allows for athletes to have some autonomy by choosing the order of their training. The purpose of this study was to compare an FDUP model to a traditional model of DUP on powerlifting performance in resistance-trained men. Twenty-five resistance-trained men were randomly assigned to one of 2 groups: FDUP (N = 14) or DUP (N = 11). All participants possessed a minimum of 6 months of resistance training experience and were required to squat, bench press, and deadlift 125, 100, and 150% of their body mass, respectively. Dependent variables assessed at baseline and after the 9-week training program included bench press 1 repetition maximum (1RM), squat 1RM, deadlift 1RM, powerlifting total, Wilks Coefficient, fat mass, and fat-free mass (FFM). Dependent variables assessed during each individual training session were motivation to train, Session Rating of Perceived Exertion (Session RPE), and satisfaction with training session. After the 9-week training program, no significant differences in intensity or volume were found between groups. Both groups significantly improved bench press 1RM (FDUP: +6.5 kg; DUP: +8.8 kg), squat 1RM (FDUP: +15.6 kg; DUP: +18.0 kg), deadlift 1RM (FDUP: +14.8 kg; DUP: +13.6 kg), powerlifting total (FDUP: +36.8 kg; DUP: +40.4 kg), and Wilks Coefficient (FDUP: +24.8; DUP: +26.0) over the course of study (p = <0.001 for each variable). There was also a significant increase in FFM (FDUP: +0.8 kg; DUP: +0.8 kg) for both groups (p = 0.003). There were no differences in motivation to train, session RPE, or satisfaction with training session measurements between groups (p = 0.369-0.702, respectively). In conclusion, FDUP seems to offer similar resistance training adaptations when compared with a traditional DUP in resistance-trained men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the time course of 96 hours of muscle recovery after 3 different chest press exercises with different stability requirements in resistance-trained men. Twenty-seven men (23.5 ± 3.8 years) were randomly assigned to one of the 3 groups: (a) Smith machine bench press; (b) barbell bench press; or (c) dumbbell bench press. Participants performed 8 sets of 10 repetition maximum with 2 minutes rest between sets. Muscle thickness, peak torque (PT), and soreness were measured pre, post, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after exercise. There were no differences in the time course of PT or muscle thickness values of the pectoralis major (p = 0.98 and p = 0.91, respectively) or elbow extensors (p = 0.07 and p = 0.86, respectively) between groups. Muscle soreness of the pectoralis major was also not different between groups (p > 0.05). However, the Smith machine and barbell groups recovered from triceps brachii muscle soreness by 72 hours after exercise (p > 0.05), whereas the dumbbell group did not present any triceps brachii muscle soreness after exercise (p > 0. 05). In conclusion, resistance-trained men experience similar muscle damage recovery after Smith machine, barbell, and dumbbell chest press exercise. However, muscle soreness of the elbow extensors takes a longer time to recover after using a barbell chest press exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on research which was conducted to investigate the differences in peak and mean power of concentric-only and countermovement resistance exercises (AP) with different weights. Researchers evaluated 27 male subjects who performed three repetitions of either barbell bench presses or barbell squats on different days. They found that maximal AP calculated from the peak and mean values in the acceleration phase of bench presses was achieved at lower weights and that maximal AP calculated from the peak and mean values in the acceleration phase of squats was achieved at lower weights.

The article presents the results of a study which investigated the effect of periodized resistance training on upper-body muscle strength and endurance. Methods of predicting one-repetition maximum bench press performance were also studied in this context. An overview of related previous research is provided, along with details of the experimental protocol.

The article presents a study that examines the effect on Smith machine bench press throw performance of the use of a counterbalance weight system. Ten men and fourteen women participated, Results indicated the counterbalance weight system diminished the performance measurements of bench press throws at light and moderate loads.

The article presents a study that examined the impact on performance in strength training of acute prior consumption of caffeine. Caffeine consumption was seen aid performance in the leg press exercise by a small but noticeable amount, but not the upper-body exercises studied. The use of caffeine to enhance strength training was thus seen to have limited value, although further study is said to be warranted.

The article presents a study which looked at the influence of exercise order on maximum muscle volume and strength following 12 weeks of nonlinear periodized resistance training. Exercises used include triceps extensions, biceps curls, and bench presses. Results suggest that performing small muscle group exercises prior to large muscle group exercises can increase bench press strength.

The article reports on research which was conducted to compare the effects of volume load of performing paired set resistance training with traditional set resistance training in weight lifters who performed 3 consecutive sets of exercises. Researchers evaluated 16 athletes. They found that paired set training may be more effective than traditional set training in terms of volume load and may also be more efficient.

The article reports on research conducted to investigate the factors that influence the maximum number of repetitions in two upper body resistance exercises called the biceps curl and the bench press. Researchers evaluated 13 male athletes. They determined that several factors, including an athlete's training status and intensity levels at which the exercises are performed, impact the maximum number of repetitions which could be conducted. The results' impact on resistance training is discussed.

The article reports on research conducted to investigate the validity and reliability of a bench press power (BPP) test which used a medicine ball and measured upper body power. Researchers evaluated 43 college students. They found that the test was a valid and reliable test for coaches and trainers to use to assess upper body strength in college aged men and women.

The article reports on research conducted to compare existing one repetition maximum (1RM) bench press prediction equations in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division IA college football players and determine if the error associated with the prediction of 1 RM bench press from the National Football League (NFL)-225 test could be reduced through the addition of anthropometry. Researchers found that anthropometry increases 1RM maximum predictive ability.

The article reports on research conducted to examine the linearity and reliability of the mechanomyographic (MMG) amplitude versus concentric dynamic constant external resistance (DCER) relationships for the bench press exercise. Researchers evaluated 21 resistance exercise trained men. They found that the relationships were not linear and not reliable enough to be used for assessing issues such as the neural versus hypertrophic contributions to training- induced strength gains.

The article reports on research conducted to determine the effects acute low- and high-volume static and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching had on athletes who performed a one-repetition maximum bench press. Researchers evaluated 15 college football players. They found that there were no significant differences in bench press performance in athletes who participated in either type of stretching.

The article reports on research conducted in an effort to create a new way to identify the end of the concentric phase during ballistic upper body movements. Researchers evaluated 30 men who performed four ballistic bench press repetitions at six relative loads. They found that a direct method of measurement may be the most appropriate way to provide an accurate assessment of the means or temporal variables of any ballistic movement.

The article reports on research conducted to document the alterations in lifting velocity that occur when the bench press (BP) exercise is performed as standard (BP) or with the substitution of resistance via chains draped over the barbell (BP+CH). Researchers evaluated 13 professional rugby players. They found that there were physiological differences between the two forms of exercise and that the use of chains appears warranted when athletes need to lift heavy resistances explosively.

The article reports on research conducted to determine the recovery time required to observe enhanced upper-body muscle performance after heavy resistance training (HRT) in 26 professional rugby players who performed a ballistic bench press (BBP.) Researchers determined that muscle performance can be significantly enhanced after bouts of HRT during a BBP providing that adequate recovery (8 minutes) is given between the HRT and activity.

The article reports on the results of research which was conducted to determine whether wearing a bench press shirt would alter the natural mechanics of the bench press, causing a more efficient lift when pressing the same weight as without the bench shirt. Researchers found that a bench shirt can improve load capacity and that a bench shirt may decrease the forces that act on the shoulder for a given weight and as a result may decrease the risk of injury in power lifters.

The article reports on the results of research which was conducted in an effort to study was to validate a method including a metronome and a measurement tape as inexpensive tools for the estimation of mean lifting velocity during the bench press exercise. Researchers evaluated 15 athletes. They found that the use of a metronome and a measurement tape may be a valid method to estimate the mean velocity of execution during the bench press.

The article presents the results of a study which investigated the total energy expenditure associated with bench pressing on a Smith machine. Details of the experimental protocol, which involved measurements of oxygen uptake and blood lactate, are presented. It was found that a reasonable estimate of energy expenditure could be calculated using this procedure.

The article presents the results of a survey on weight training techniques used by elite British powerlifters. An overview of the distinctions between powerlifting and Olympic weightlifting is presented. It is said that training by powerlifters has evolved to be more similar to that used by Olympic lifters. The use of chains, elastic bands and plyometric techniques is discussed.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the additive effects of ballistic training to a traditional heavy resistance training program on upper- and lower-body maximal strength. Seventeen resistance-trained men were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups: (i) a combined ballistic and heavy resistance training group (COM; age = 21.4 ± 1.7 years, body mass = 82.7 ± 15.1 kg) or (ii) a heavy resistance training group (HR; age = 20.1 ± 1.2 years, body mass = 81.0 ± 9.2 kg) and subsequently participated in an 8-week periodized training program. Training was performed 3 days per week, that is, 6-8 exercises per workout (6-8 traditional exercises for HR; 4-6 traditional + 2 ballistic exercises In COM) for 3-8 repetitions. A significant increase in 1 -repetition maximum (1 RM) squat was shown in both groups (COM = 15.2%; HR = 17.3%) with no difference observed between groups. However, 1RM bench press increased to a significantly greater extent (P = 0.04) in COM than HR (11.6% vs. 7.1%, respectively), For peak power attained during the jump squat, an interaction (P = 0.02) was observed where the 5.4% increase in COM and -3.2% reduction in HR were statistically significant. Nonsignificant increases were observed in peak plyometric push-up power in COM (8.5%) and HR (3.4%). Lean body mass increased significantly in both groups, with no between-group differences observed. The results of this study support the inclusion of ballistic exercises into a heavy resistance training program for increasing 1RM bench press and enhancing lower-body power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exercise or Swiss balls are increasingly being used with conventional resistance exercises. There is little evidence supporting the efficacy of this approach compared to traditional resistance training on a stable surface. Previous studies have shown that force output may be reduced with no change in muscle electromyography (EMG) activity while others have shown increased muscle EMG activity when performing resistance exercises on an unstable surface. This study compared 1RM strength, and upper body and trunk muscle EMG activity during the barbell chest press exercise on a stable (flat bench) and unstable surface (exercise ball). After familiarization, 13 subjects underwent testing for 1RM strength for the barbell chest press on both a stable bench and an exercise ball, each separated by at least 7 days. Surface EMG was recorded for 5 upper body muscles and one trunk muscle from which average root mean square of the muscle activity was calculated for the whole 1RM lift and the concentric and eccentric phases. Elbow angle during each lift was recorded to examine any range-of-motion differences between the two surfaces. The results show that there was no difference in 1 RM strength or muscle EMG activity for the stable and unstable surfaces. In addition, there was no difference in elbow range-of-motion between the two surfaces. Taken together, these results indicate that there is no reduction in 1RM strength or any differences in muscle EMG activity for the barbell chest press exercise on an unstable exercise ball when compared to a stable flat surface. Moreover, these results do not support the notion that resistance exercises performed on an exercise ball are more efficacious than traditional stable exercises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the relationships between muscle power output using the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) and maximum strength, as measured by the 1 RM (1 repetition maximum) test and the isokinetic dynamometer under elbow flexion. Sixteen trained, young adult males pulled a constant load of 40% MVC (maximum voluntary elbow flexion contraction) by ballistic elbow flexion under the following two preliminary conditions; 1) the static relaxed muscle state (SR condition) and 2) using the SSC (SSC condition). Muscle power was determined from the product of the pulling velocity and load mass by a power measurement instrument with a rotary encoder. The 1 RM bench press (1 RM BP) and isokinetic maximum strength under elbow flexion with the Cybex-325 were measured as indicators of dynamic maximum strength. 1) The early power output exerted under the SSC condition showed a significant and high correlation with the 1 RM BP (r = 0.83), but only moderate correlation with the isokinetic muscle strength (r = 0.50-0.67). 2) The contribution of the 1 RM BP to the early muscle contraction velocity exerted under the SSC condition was large. These results suggested that muscle power exerted using the SSC shows a stronger relationship with maximum muscle strength measured by a 1 RM test rather than isokinetic maximum strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present investigation was to determine if significant differences exist among 3 different periodization programs in eliciting changes in strength. Twenty-eight recreationally trained college-aged volunteers (mean = SD; 22.29 = 3.98) of both genders were tested for bench press, leg press, body fat percentage, chest circumference, and thigh circumference during initial testing. After initial testing, subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 training groups: (a) linear periodization (n = 9), (b) daily undulating periodization (n = 10), or (c) weekly undulating periodization (n = 9). The training regimen for each group consisted of a 9-week, 3-day-per-week program. Training loads were assigned as heavy (90%, 4 repetition maximum [4RM]), medium (85%, 6RM), or light (80%, 8RM) for bench press and leg press exercises. Subjects were familiarized with the CR-10 rated perceived exertion scale and instructed to achieve an 8 or 9 on the final repetition of each set for all other exercises. Subjects were then retested after 4 weeks of training. Training loads were then adjusted according to the new 1RM. Subjects were then retested after 5 more weeks of exercise. For all subjects, significant (p < 0.05) increases in bench press and leg press strength were demonstrated at all time points (T1-T3). No significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed between groups for bench press, leg press, body fat percentage, chest circumference, or thigh circumference at all time points. These results indicate that no separation based on periodization model is seen in early-phase training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that a repetitions-to-maximum test is a predicator of a 1 repetition maximum (1RM) performance for evaluating upper and lower body strength in women high school athletes. Fifty-seven high school athletes ages 14-18 participated in this study. All of the participants completed a 1RM bench (1RMBP) and leg press (1RMLP) test, as well as leg press repetitions-to-fatigue (91 kg; LPRTF91) and bench press repetitions-to-fatigue (27 kg; BPRTF27) tests. A Pearson product correlation and regression analysis was used to determine relationships between 1RM strength and the repetitions-to-fatigue for upper and lower body strength. On the basis of the data analysis, it was concluded that BPRTF27 had a high correlation with 1RMBP strength (r = 0.802) and LPRTF91 had a correlation with 1RMLP strength (r = 0.793), indicating that these test measures were viable alternatives to 1RM testing for strength assessment. A regression analysis further confirmed that BPRTF27 was a significant variables in developing the model 1RMBP = 28.88 ° (0.68)BPRTF27 for predicting upper body strength (p - 0.001). Similar results occurred 1RMLP = 106.3 ° (2.4)LPRTF91 in developing the lower body model (p - 0.001). From data analysis, it was concluded that repetitions-to-fatigue testing can be used to evaluate upper and lower body strength in women high school athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]