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The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is employed to gather real-time traffic information for drivers, and base stations in 5G systems are used to assist in traffic data transmission. For rapid implementation, the applications in vehicles are available to be offloaded to edge nodes (ENs) which are enhanced from micro base stations. Despite the benefits of IoV and ENs, the explosive growth of offloaded vehicle applications exceeds the capacity of ENs, causing the overload of fractional ENs. Therefore, it is necessary to offload the computing applications in overloaded ENs to other idle ENs, while it is a challenge to select appropriate offloading destination ENs. In this paper, we first consider edge computing framework for computation offloading in IoV under the architecture of 5G networks. We then formulate a multi-objective optimization problem to select suitable destination ENs, which aims to minimize the vehicle application offloading delay and offloading cost as well as realizing the load balance of ENs. Moreover, a computation offloading method for IoV, named COV, is designed to solve the multi-objective optimization problem. Finally, various simulation analyses demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of COV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet of connected vehicles (IoV) are expected to enable intelligent traffic management, intelligent dynamic information services, intelligent vehicle control, etc. However, vehicles' data privacy is argued to be a major barrier toward the application and development of IoV, thus causing a wide range of attentions. Local differential privacy (LDP) is the relaxed version of the privacy standard, differential privacy, and it can protect users' data privacy against the untrusted third party in the worst adversarial setting. Therefore, LDP is potential to protect vehicles' data privacy in the practical scenario, IoV, although vehicles exhibit unique features, e.g., high mobility, short connection times, etc. To this end, in this paper, we first give an overview of the existing LDP techniques and present the thorough comparisons of these work in terms of advantages, disadvantages, and computation cost, in order to get the readers well acquainted with LDP. Thereafter, we investigate the potential applications of LDP in securing IoV in detail. Last, we direct several future research directions of LDP in IoV, to bridge the gaps between LDP researches and the privacy preservation in IoV. The originality of this survey is that it is the first work to summarize and compare the existing LDP research work and that it also does an pioneering work toward the in-depth analysis of the potential applications of LDP in privacy preservation in IoV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the different weights of various heterogeneity node importance in power grid and communication network and the possibility of the power grid island as well as the independent operation of the local area network, a more accurate method is proposed to evaluate the fragility of a cyber-physical system. According to the quo of grid construction and the background of cyber-physical fusion, the hierarchical system and distributed system model are established, respectively. Simulation results of conducting random attack and deliberate attack on two systems indicate that the proposed method is correct and better than others and it can identify the balance of the network structure. The distributed system is more robust than the hierarchical system under different weighting factors, while the robustness of the hierarchical system is more sensitive to the weighting factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]