Search

With this paper we present an extension of our recent ISSAC paper about computations of Gröbner(-Shirshov) bases over free associative algebras Z 〈 X 〉. We present all the needed proofs in details, add a part on the direct treatment of the ring Z / m Z as well as new examples and applications to e.g. Iwahori-Hecke algebras. The extension of Gröbner bases concept from polynomial algebras over fields to polynomial rings over rings allows to tackle numerous applications, both of theoretical and of practical importance. Gröbner and Gröbner-Shirshov bases can be defined for various non-commutative and even non-associative algebraic structures. We study the case of associative rings and aim at free algebras over principal ideal rings. We concentrate on the case of commutative coefficient rings without zero divisors (i.e. a domain). Even working over Z allows one to do computations, which can be treated as universal for fields of arbitrary characteristic. By using the systematic approach, we revisit the theory and present the algorithms in the implementable form. We show drastic differences in the behaviour of Gröbner bases between free algebras and algebras, which are close to commutative. Even the process of the formation of critical pairs has to be reengineered, together with implementing the criteria for their quick discarding. We present an implementation of algorithms in the Singular subsystem called Letterplace , which internally uses Letterplace techniques (and Letterplace Gröbner bases), due to La Scala and Levandovskyy. Interesting examples and applications accompany our presentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces an algorithmic approach to the analysis of bifurcation of limit cycles from the centers of nonlinear continuous differential systems via the averaging method. We develop three algorithms to implement the averaging method. The first algorithm allows one to transform the considered differential systems to the normal form of averaging. Here, we restricted the unperturbed term of the normal form of averaging to be identically zero. The second algorithm is used to derive the computational formulae of the averaged functions at any order. The third algorithm is based on the first two algorithms and determines the exact expressions of the averaged functions for the considered differential systems. The proposed approach is implemented in Maple and its effectiveness is shown by several examples. Moreover, we report some incorrect results in published papers on the averaging method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present an algorithm that, given a differential operator of order 2, detects if this operator comes from a simpler operator under a non-trivial change of variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we analyze the computational costs of various operations and algorithms in algebraic number fields using exact arithmetic. Let K be an algebraic number field. In the first half of the paper, we calculate the running time and the size of the output of many operations in K in terms of the size of the input and the parameters of K. We include some earlier results about these, but we go further than them, e.g. we also analyze some R -specific operations in K like less-than comparison. In the second half of the paper, we analyze two algorithms: the Bareiss algorithm, which is an integer-preserving version of the Gaussian elimination, and the LLL algorithm, which is for lattice basis reduction. In both cases, we extend the algorithm from Z n to K n , and give a polynomial upper bound on the running time when the computations in K are performed exactly (as opposed to floating-point approximations). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering a multivariate polynomial ideal over a given field as a vector space, we investigate for such an ideal a particular linear basis, a so-called staggered linear basis, which contains a Gröbner basis as well. In this paper, we present a simple and efficient algorithm to compute a staggered linear basis. The new framework is equipped with some novel criteria (including both Buchberger's criteria) to detect superfluous reductions. The proposed algorithm has been implemented in Maple, and we provide an illustrative example to show how it works. Finally, the efficiency of this algorithm compared to the existing methods is discussed via a set of benchmark polynomials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Holonomic sequences are widely studied as many objects interesting to mathematicians and computer scientists are in this class. In the univariate case, these are the sequences satisfying linear recurrences with polynomial coefficients and also referred to as D -finite sequences. A subclass are C -finite sequences satisfying a linear recurrence with constant coefficients. We investigate the set of sequences which satisfy linear recurrence equations with coefficients that are C -finite sequences and call them C 2 -finite sequences. These sequences are a natural generalization of holonomic sequences. In this paper, we show that C 2 -finite sequences form a difference ring and provide methods to compute in this ring. Furthermore, we provide an analogous construction for D 2 -finite sequences, i.e., sequences satisfying a linear recurrence with holonomic coefficients. We show that these constructions can be iterated and obtain an increasing chain of difference rings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Approximate polynomial GCD (greatest common divisor) of polynomials with a priori errors on their coefficients, is one of interesting problems in Symbolic-Numeric Computations. In fact, there are many known algorithms: QRGCD, UVGCD, STLN based methods, Fastgcd and so on. The fundamental question of this paper is "which is the best?" from the practical point of view, and subsequently "is there any better way?" by any small extension, any effect by pivoting, and any combination of sub-routines along the algorithms. In this paper, we consider a framework that covers those algorithms and their sub-routines, and makes their sub-routines being interchangeable between the algorithms (i.e. disassembling the algorithms and reassembling their parts). By this framework along with/without small new extensions and a newly adapted refinement sub-routine, we have done many performance tests and found the current answer. In summary, 1) UVGCD is the best way to get smaller tolerance, 2) modified Fastgcd is better for GCD that has one or more clusters of zeros with large multiplicity, and 3) modified ExQRGCD is better for GCD that has no cluster of zeros. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years there has been increased use of machine learning (ML) techniques within mathematics, including symbolic computation where it may be applied safely to optimise or select algorithms. This paper explores whether using explainable AI (XAI) techniques on such ML models can offer new insight for symbolic computation, inspiring new implementations within computer algebra systems that do not directly call upon AI tools. We present a case study on the use of ML to select the variable ordering for cylindrical algebraic decomposition. It has already been demonstrated that ML can make the choice well, but here we show how the SHAP tool for explainability can be used to inform new heuristics of a size and complexity similar to those human-designed heuristics currently commonly used in symbolic computation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chow ring of the moduli space of stable marked curves is generated by Keel's divisor classes. The top graded part of this Chow ring is isomorphic to the integers, generated by the class of a single point. In this paper, we give an equivalent graphical characterization on the monomials in this Chow ring, as well as the characterization on the algebraic reduction on such monomials. Moreover, we provide an algorithm for computing the intersection degree of tuples of Keel's divisor classes — we call it the forest algorithm; the complexity of which is O (n 3) in the worst case, where n refers to the number of marks on the stable curves in the ambient moduli space. Last but not least, we introduce three identities on multinomial coefficients which naturally came into play, showing that they are all equivalent to the correctness of the base case of the forest algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we study the Shor relaxation of quadratic programs by fixing a feasible set and considering the space of objective functions for which the Shor relaxation is exact. We first give conditions under which this region is invariant under the choice of generators defining the feasible set. We then describe this region when the feasible set is invariant under the action of a subgroup of the general linear group. We conclude by applying these results to quadratic binary programs. We give an explicit description of objective functions where the Shor relaxation is exact and use this knowledge to design an algorithm that produces candidate solutions for binary quadratic programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sparse polynomial interpolation, sparse linear system solving or modular rational reconstruction are fundamental problems in Computer Algebra. They come down to computing linear recurrence relations of a sequence with the Berlekamp–Massey algorithm. Likewise, sparse multivariate polynomial interpolation and multidimensional cyclic code decoding require guessing linear recurrence relations of a multivariate sequence. Several algorithms solve this problem. The so-called Berlekamp–Massey–Sakata algorithm (1988) uses polynomial additions and shifts by a monomial. The Scalar-FGLM algorithm (2015) relies on linear algebra operations on a multi-Hankel matrix, a multivariate generalization of a Hankel matrix. The Artinian Gorenstein border basis algorithm (2017) uses a Gram-Schmidt process. We propose a new algorithm for computing the Gröbner basis of the ideal of relations of a sequence based solely on multivariate polynomial arithmetic. This algorithm allows us to both revisit the Berlekamp–Massey–Sakata algorithm through the use of polynomial divisions and to completely revise the Scalar-FGLM algorithm without linear algebra operations. A key observation in the design of this algorithm is to work on the mirror of the truncated generating series allowing us to use polynomial arithmetic modulo a monomial ideal. It appears to have some similarities with Padé approximants of this mirror polynomial. As an addition from the paper published at the ISSAC conference, we give an adaptive variant of this algorithm taking into account the shape of the final Gröbner basis gradually as it is discovered. The main advantage of this algorithm is that its complexity in terms of operations and sequence queries only depends on the output Gröbner basis. All these algorithms have been implemented in Maple and we report on our comparisons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In algebraic geometry, the Frobenius map (or called Frobenius action , or Frobenius operator) F ⁎ on cohomology groups plays an important role in the classification of algebraic varieties over a field of positive characteristic. In particular, representation matrices for F ⁎ give rise to many important invariants such as p -rank and a -number. Several methods for computing representation matrices for F ⁎ have been proposed for specific curves. In this paper, we present an algorithm to compute representation matrices for F ⁎ of general projective schemes over a perfect field of positive characteristic. We also propose an efficient algorithm specific to complete intersections; it requires to compute only certain coefficients in a power of a multivariate polynomial. Our algorithms shall derive fruitful applications such as computing Hasse-Witt matrices, and enumerating superspecial curves. In particular, the second algorithm for complete intersections provides a useful tool to judge the superspeciality of an algebraic curve, which is a key ingredient to prove main results in Kudo and Harashita (2017a,b, 2020) on the enumeration of superspecial genus-4 curves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consider an action of a connected solvable group G on an affine variety X. This paper presents an algorithm that constructs a semi-invariant f ∈ K [ X ] = : R and computes the invariant ring (R f) G together with a presentation. The morphism X f → Spec ((R f) G) obtained from the algorithm is a universal geometric quotient. In fact, it is even better than that: a so-called excellent quotient. If R is a polynomial ring, the algorithm requires no Gröbner basis computations. If R is a complete intersection, then so is (R f) G. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We develop the first algorithm for computing rational solutions of scalar integro-differential equations with polynomial coefficients. It starts by finding the possible poles of a rational solution. Then, bounding the order of each pole and solving an algebraic linear system, we compute the singular part of rational solutions at each possible pole. Finally, using partial fraction decomposition, the polynomial part of rational solutions is obtained by computing polynomial solutions of a non-homogeneous scalar integro-differential equation with a polynomial right-hand side. The paper is illustrated by examples where the computations are done with our Maple implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mixed trigonometric-polynomials (MTPs) are functions of the form f (x , sin ⁡ x , cos ⁡ x) where f is a trivariate polynomial with rational coefficients, and the argument x ranges over the reals. In this paper, an algorithm "isolating" all the real roots of an MTP is provided and implemented. It automatically divides the real roots into two parts: one consists of finitely many roots in an interval [ μ − , μ + ] while the other consists of countably many roots in R ﹨ [ μ − , μ + ]. For the roots in [ μ − , μ + ] , the algorithm returns isolating intervals and corresponding multiplicities while for those greater than μ + , it returns finitely many mutually disjoint small intervals I i ⊂ [ − π , π ] , integers c i > 0 and multisets of root multiplicity { m j , i } j = 1 c i such that any root > μ + is in the set (∪ i ∪ k ∈ N (I i + 2 k π)) and any interval I i + 2 k π ⊂ (μ + , ∞) contains exactly c i distinct roots with multiplicities m 1 , i ,... , m c i , i , respectively. The efficiency of the algorithm is shown by experiments. The method used to isolate the roots in [ μ − , μ + ] is applicable to any other bounded interval as well. The algorithm takes advantages of the weak Fourier sequence technique and deals with the intervals period-by-period without scaling the coordinate so to keep the length of the sequence short. The new approaches can easily be modified to decide whether there is any root, or whether there are infinitely many roots in unbounded intervals of the form (− ∞ , a) or (a , ∞) with a ∈ Q. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let G be a finite solvable group, given through a refined consistent polycyclic presentation, and α an automorphism of G , given through its images of the generators of G. In this paper, we discuss algorithms for computing the order of α as well as the cycle length of a given element of G under α. We give correctness proofs and discuss the theoretical complexity of these algorithms. Along the way, we carry out detailed complexity analyses of several classical algorithms on finite polycyclic groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we prove a supercongruence via the Wilf–Zeilberger method and symbolic summation algorithms in the setting of difference rings. That is, for any prime p > 3 , ∑ n = 0 (p − 1) / 2 3 n + 1 (− 8) n ( 2 n n ) 3 ≡ p (− 1 p) + p 3 4 (2 p) E p − 3 (1 4) (mod p 4) , where (⋅ p) stands for the Legendre symbol, and E n (x) are the Euler polynomials. This confirms a special case of a recent conjecture of Z.-W. Sun (Sun, 2019 , (2.18)). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We show how the classical notions of cohomology with local coefficients, CW-complex, covering space, homeomorphism equivalence, simple homotopy equivalence, tubular neighbourhood, and spinning can be encoded on a computer and used to calculate ambient isotopy invariants of continuous embeddings N ↪ M of one topological manifold into another. More specifically, we describe an algorithm for computing the homology H n (X , A) and cohomology H n (X , A) of a finite connected CW-complex X with local coefficients in a Z π 1 X -module A when A is finitely generated over Z. It can be used, in particular, to compute the integral cohomology H n ( X ˜ H , Z) and induced homomorphism H n (X , Z) → H n ( X ˜ H , Z) for the covering map p : X ˜ H → X associated to a finite index subgroup H < π 1 X , as well as the corresponding homology homomorphism. We illustrate an open-source implementation of the algorithm by using it to show that: (i) the degree 2 homology group H 2 ( X ˜ H , Z) distinguishes between the homotopy types of the complements X ⊂ R 4 of the spun Hopf link and Satoh's tube map of the welded Hopf link (these two complements having isomorphic fundamental groups and integral homology); (ii) the degree 1 homology homomorphism H 1 (p − 1 (B) , Z) → H 1 ( X ˜ H , Z) distinguishes between the homeomorphism types of the complements X ⊂ R 3 of the granny knot and the reef knot, where B ⊂ X is the knot boundary (these two complements again having isomorphic fundamental groups and integral homology). Our open source implementation allows the user to experiment with further examples of knots, knotted surfaces, and other embeddings of spaces. We conclude the paper with an explanation of how the cohomology algorithm also provides an approach to computing the set [ W , X ] ϕ of based homotopy classes of maps f : W → X of finite CW-complexes over a fixed group homomorphism π 1 f = ϕ in the case where dim ⁡ W = n , π 1 X is finite and π i X = 0 for 2 ≤ i ≤ n − 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sparse difference resultant introduced in Li et al. (2015b) is a basic concept in difference elimination theory. In this paper, we show that the sparse difference resultant of a generic Laurent transformally essential system can be computed via the sparse resultant of a simple algebraic system arising from the difference system. Moreover, new order bounds of sparse difference resultant are found. Then we propose an efficient algorithm to compute sparse difference resultant which is the quotient of two determinants whose elements are the coefficients of the polynomials in the algebraic system. The complexity of the algorithm is analyzed and experimental results show the efficiency of the algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we study matching in equational theories that specify counterparts of associativity and commutativity for variadic function symbols. We design a procedure to solve a system of matching equations and prove its termination, soundness, completeness, and minimality. The minimal complete set of matchers for such a system can be infinite, but our algorithm computes its finite representation in the form of solved set. From the practical side, we identify two finitary cases and impose restrictions on the procedure to get an incomplete algorithm, which, based on our experiments, describes the input-output behavior and properties of Mathematica's flat and orderless pattern matching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given n ⩾ 2 and a 1 , ... , a n ∈ N. Let S = 〈 a 1 , ... , a n 〉 be a semigroup. The aim of this paper is to give an effective pseudo-polynomial algorithm on a 1 , which computes the Apéry set and the Frobenius number of S. We also find the Gröbner basis of the toric ideal defined by S , for the weighted degree reverse lexicographical order ≺ w to x 1 , ... , x n , without using Buchberger's algorithm. As an application we introduce and study some special classes of semigroups. Namely, when S is generated by generalized arithmetic progressions and generalized almost arithmetic progressions with the ratio a positive or a negative number. We determine symmetric and almost symmetric semigroups generated by a generalized arithmetic progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]